LS | |e eee 3 Wine Antenn [Cag 3.1 RESONANT WIRE ANTENNA : sae ; Resonant antennas are those which corresponds to a resonant transmission line which A exactly an integer multiple of half wave length (3) long. Such anterna are open ended « are not terminated with their characteristic impedance. These are used for fixed frequen operations. Resonant antenna can also be characterized as standing wave antenna with zero reactan: (No X. or Xe) at resonance frequency for which they are designed. It mitatis-in-resonsi: antenna there exists forward (incident) waves and backward (reflected) waves, hence th: radiation pattern of resonant antennas are bi-directional. The current distribution over different resonant antennas is shown in fig. 3.1.1. a b—1.2—_| | +. 22). —_ }_-_ —30.2)302 ———_.| 1 Current Distribution on dipole antenna of different wavelength The distribution of the radiation about a resonant wire depends upon the length of the wire. The relative field strength as a function of direction for « number of represent cases is shown in fig. 3.1.2. These patterns ean be regarded as cross-section of figures of revolution ubout an axis coinciding with the wire. ‘The directional characteristic is seen to consist of a number of lobes, the largest of which is the one making the smallest Scanned with CamScanner~~ a o Wire Antennas a angle with respect to the wire axis, Increase in the wire length as measured in wave Tengths, reduces the angle that this major lobe makes with the axis and also increases the number of minor lobes. Se \ | (a) length = 44 (bp) length = 0 (c) length = rr (d) length = 40 owing strength of field radiated in various directions from 1 wire remote from ground Fig, 3.1.2 Polar diagrams antennas consisting resonan' 32 NON RESONANT WIRE ANTENNA : Non resonant antennas corresponds 10 the transmission line having length which may or may “(h c o ‘ot an integer multiple of & |, half wavelength. Such type of antennas are excited at one end and terminated properly at the other end so that there are no reflected waves and all the incident energy will be absorbed in terminating resistance. Radiation obtained only in forward (incident) direction, e non resonant antennas are also referred as unidirectional and Sometimes also as traveling wave antenna. It is w wideband antenna, because they are not fesonate at a single frequency. Scanned with CamScanner42 Antenna and Wave Propagay, ‘There are no standing wave on non-resonant antenna becaus (Qvave) from the terminating terminal, henee such anten there is no reflection of en., as referred as traveling wave ante), Sueh anten suit the re employed when the antenna has to operate on a number of frequencic. changing condition of ionosphere. -Curront distribution L: z Terminating Resistance (a) Non-Resonant Antenna Antenna wire < (b) Directional Pattern for (©) Directional Pattern for L = 4A and negligible L = 4A and total attenuation attenuation. aL = 0.8 Fig. 3.2.1 he ‘relative field strength as a function of direction about such a non-resonant wi depends upon the length of the wire and the attenuation. When the attenuation te secu {0 be zero, an approximation permissible when the wire is not over a tew wave-lengtl long, the directional characteristic has the character shown in fig, 3.2.1(b), which vas bs considered as the cross section of figure of revolution having the e as the axis. pattern differs fine in that radiation is strongly unidirectional, At the same time, there > a close relation between the directional pattern of a resonant and a non-resonant wit antenna, Scanned with CamScannerwire antennas Non Resonant : (b) Radiation pattern of wave (a) Radiation pattern of wave travelling towards left travelling toward right (c) Radiation pattern of resonant wire. i.e. vector sum of (a) and (b)- _ Fig. 3.2.2 So the Radiation Pattern of two non-resonant antenn: of Resonant Antenna. 33 V ANTENNA : —— V antenna is a long wir ‘antenna are arranged in form of horizontal V shape, ie “V antenna”. It is fed at the apex. Two wired of the ant cout of phase with each other. 1a is equal to the Radiation pattern a e antenna with length of legs, greater then (3) The legs of the and so the name given to this antenna enna are fed with the signals 180° oo aa Scanned with CamScanner44 Antenna and Wave Propagay, m= any non integer value Backward direction —— —> Forward Mast or direction pole Fig. 3.3.1 V Antenna When the angle between the two sides of the V, known as apex angle, is less then or eq to twice the angle that the cone of maximum radiation of each wire makes with the axis that wire (leg). Then the two cones will add up in the direction of the line bisecting the ap: angle, which increases the directivity and gain of the antenna. Directivity and gain of the antenna are also depends upon the length of the legs (wire) of V, greater the length grea: will be the directivity and gain. The greater directivity is achieved due to cancellation oppositely radiating lobes in each legs and by addition of similarly directed lobes in each le The resultant effect of the above is a bi-directional pattem which is sharper than radiatic pattern of single long wire. The gain of V antenna is nearly twice compare to single long. Wi: antenna. The apex angle of V.antenna is also very important which varies according to tt: length of the leg. It varies between 36° to 72° for a V antenna structure of 8A to 2A lon: When the V antenna is designed over a wideband of frequency. The optimum apex angle selected as an average of the apex angles calculated for highest and lowest operating frequent’ Lobes D+D" Lobes B+B' Feedline <<)=apexangle = (Bidirectional) Fig. 33.2 Pattern of resonant V antenna in which lobes D-D' and B-B' combine while A concels C' and C coneels A’ as they are opposity directed: The resonant V antenna discussed above can be converted into non resonant V anal by simply terminating the legs of antenna in pure resistance which is equal to characlagisi Scanned with CamScannerae Wire Antennas 45 impedance of the leg. By such mechanism the radiation pattern of V antenna becomes unidirectional as shown in fig. 3.3.3. R=Zo Non indective resistance Feed line Lobes B+B" (Unidirectional) R=Zo RS Non indective resistance Fig. 33.3 Unidirectional pattern obtained by V Antenna terminating the ends by characteristic impedance he resonant V antenna is the cheapest antenna for providing a law angle beam for high frequency transmission and reception. At the same time it has a major drawback of having strong minor lobes. 34 RHOMBIC ANTENNA = ‘As the name states Rhombic Antenna is having the shape ‘of a rhombous. It consists of four straight wires arranged in shape of rhombous or diamond and suspended horizontally above ane nrace of the earth, It can be regarded as two inverted V antennas connected in series ‘with terminating impedance or two V antenna connected end to end forming an included Sngle 2c. (where 90° <2 0. < 180°) a8 shown in fig, 3.4.1 Under the influence of the earth magnetic field, the major lobe will be tilted down the earth. Hence to’ compensate it the” gesembly of the rhombous antenna is given an elevation (Wt) f} w.tt. ground, The overall ater of these resufts into, an almost horizontal major lobe, The elevation angle B is approximately equal {0 99° minus half of the included angle ot Sinee for a change of wave Jenzth from 4, 10 82 the angle’of major lobe varies from 17° to 24 only, hence (his can operates over a wide quency. $$ Scanned with CamScanner46 my Antenna and Wave Propagatio, Terminating Resistance Fig. 3.4.1 Rhomic Antenna Rhombic antenna is installed over the ground at height ‘h’ It is fed through a balanced lin, and terminated with hon-inductive resistor which is adjusted so that traveling waves are <: up in the four lags of the rhombic. Radiation Patter Fig. 3.4.2 Radiation Antenna In this antenna the two wires are pulled apart to such an extent that the four lobes B-C-E-H becomes additive which results into the additional gain in direction of axis as shown in fig. 3.4.2. The remaining lobes A-D-F-G becomes subtractive and results into partial cancellation which gives very small side lobes. A Rhombic antenna is design for some operating frequency band with designing parameters h ~ height from the ground 1 = length of the legs © ~ the half of the included angle and ~an elevation angle. If height above the ground is less than that required for the design, alignment can be obtained by increasing the legs length. If height h is maintained but the leg length is reduced, alignment can be obtained by varing the angle 0. and if both height and leg length are reduced, the angle & can be changed to produce alignment upto certain extent. - Advantages of rhombic antenna are, a Scanned with CamScanner— 47 wire Antennas i) Multiple rhombous antennas can be arranged to increase the directivity. (ii) The i/p impedance and radiation pattern do not change considerably compare to dipole or other antenna systems with change in frequency. (ii)It isa highty directional broadband antenna with greatest radiated or received power along the main axis. (iv) It is cheaper and easy to design. : (vy) It is vary efficient and widely employed antenna for radio communication. ‘Along with above advantages rhombic are have some disadvantages also, It requires lager space for its installation. Gi) It generates number of minor lobes. 35 LOOP ANTENNA : ‘The loop antenna is a radiating coil of any suitable cross-section of one or more turns camying radio frequency current. Loop is designed so that its dimensions are small compared tothe wavelength, and hence the current through out the coil (loop) is of the same magnitude and of same phase. (b) Rectangular (©) Circular Fig. 3.5.1 Loop Antenna of different shapes (a) Square Direction of incoming waves LAU Fig, 3.5.2 Square loop antenna with rotational axis Scanned with CamScanner48 ™ Antenna and Wave Propagatio, jonal pattern is independent of the exact shape of the loop and is'identical to ty, elementary doublet or hertizian dipole. The loop antenna may have any of the shape as show, in fig. 3.5.1, To understand the working principle of loop antenna consider.a square lov, antenn: The loop is located in such a way that it can rotate aroun; S. Out of the four sides of the square antenna sides AB and CD will act as horizont id (wo vertical arms AD and BC act as vertical dipoles. It is assumed that the lox, Placed in a plane of vertically polarized waves. Then in any situation the currents an hence the field induced in the horizontal dipoles due to vertically polarized waves will | zero. It means any current flow in the loop is only due to vertical sides AD and BC. ~ The current distribution and induced electric field E in two vertical arms of the loop can t explained by considering two optimum cases. Radiation Patte: dipole Loop (Plan view) (a) Directional characteristics in horizontal plane CASE : 1 (b) Directional characteristics in perpestive directional Direction of incoming waves (a) Perspective view (b) Plan view shalets E, (c) Vector difference between E, and E; is zero Fig. 3.5.3 a ~ Scanned with CamScanner<< aa Wire Antennas 36 —— 49 If the plane of the loop is set at right angle to ae from which vertically polarized waves are coming as shown in fig, 3.5.3, then same voltage will be induced in each of the Vertical sides. Which set currents around the loop in the opposite direction with equal amplitude ‘and hence they will cancel out each other. This happens because during normal position of Joop antenna plane wat incoming waves both the sides are at equidistance from the transmitter. The voltage inducted in side AD is E; and in side BC is E2, having equal magnitude but ‘opposite polarity, so the resultant of these two is zero. CASE : Il Direction of Incoming waves (a) Front view Resultant vector E=6,-Ey Ey-Ep 5 2 E,-E2 3.5.4 (c) Vector addition of voltage Now, let the loop be rotated by 90° 0 that plane of the loop is along the direction of incoming EM waves. In this case the distance involved with the EM waves coming from the transmitter to two vertical sides of loop are not equal (differ by side AB or CD of loop). The radio waves takes some time to reach from one side to aniother and hence a little phase difference (01) exists between the induced voltage E; and E3. Therefore the resultant induced fig. 3.5.4. It can be implied from the above ‘emf around the Joop will be E,-E2 as shown in discussion that, at any instant there is an emf around the loop equal to the difference between femfs induced in vertical sides, except the right angle position. If an angle 0 is exists between the loop and direction of EM waves then resultant induced emf in any direction 0 can be calculated as Fig. Eo = Erms cos 0 Where Byam is the rms value of resultant emf FOLDED DIPOLE : itis an extremely practical resonant wire antenna, It consists of two parallel dipoles connected ‘nds forming a narrow wire loop, with dimension ‘d’ much smaller than Las well as E, — E) over the complete wavelength. at the ¢1 Scanned with CamScanner50 Antenna and Wave Propagation, ‘uch smaller than w: ‘velength A. The: feed point is at the centre of one dipole. It is depicteg in fig. 3.6.1, , ae) Feed 5 | Folded Dipole Fig. 3.6.1 The operation of folded dipole is analysed b Modes, as represented in fig, 3.6.2. @ Transmission Line Mode : y considering the current to be composed of two Current in this mode have fields that tends to’ cancel at far fields. Antenna Mode : z Im this mode the field due to the current in each vertical section reinforces at the far field, so they are simitarly directed. (a) Transmission Line Mode (b) Antenna Mode Fig. 3.6.2 In case of simple dipole the charges reflects from the ends and results into twice (doublet) the current, whereas in case of folded dipole the charges “go around the comer” and become responsible for current in other dipole. That's why the current amplitude in each parallel dipole will be half that of in a single dipole. This phenomenon results into increased ip impedance at antenna terminals as explained below mathematically. a Let consider that the folded dipole is cut across from centre and when folded out withodt disturbing the current, it would appear just like as shown in fig. 3.6.3. Scanned with CamScanner51 Fig. 3.6.3 Current distribution over a folded dipde of length A, which has been folded out without disturbing the current. ‘The i/p powers 1 Pony I;?Z, (Power on folded dipole) 1 Py = 5 F? Zs (Power in conventional dipole) (simple) Sales : In above equation — is taken, b’cog I; and 1, are concerned with total wavelength whereas the dipoles we are discussing are half wavelength dipoles. Since total currents in both cases are same, the total radiated power also same. Py = Pa ly 1, gl Zr= 5 le Za (algae lesa a(t) a=3 ua ZrstZ -- 3.1) [Current distribution on folded dipole Vs simple dipole of length 2] : — Fig. 3.6.4 Scanned with CamScannerOO ——————L— 7 ‘Antenna and Wave Propagation ° p impe ‘ ce of folded dipole is four times greater han that of simple dipo| 7 pole is 73 2 where as ' folded dipole becomes 5 dipole here as that of fol The impedance of a single win ded dipole. . ed fol BQx4 . Hence twin coaxial cable of 300 @ is used (0 fe 37 THEORY OF ARRAY : Av antenna can be considered as a point source atthe fl b'coz any antenna ean be regarded as an array of point-sources. the analysis of point source array will be greatly useful. 3.7.1 An Array of 2 Point Sources : nati yf amplitud: ~ Let star from an array of two point sources, There are five different combinations of amp! and phase are possible in two point sources. 1 field. This concept has a great value Hence to analyse an antenna, Electric field measured at this far point 3.7.4.4 (Case: 1) 3.7.1.4 (Case :2) 3.7.1.7 (Case: 3) Fig. 3.7.1 CASE : 1 Two isotropic point sources of same amplitude and same phase. With respect to the origin the phase of point source ¢ will be retarded by Fdreos ¢ [- g] 1 while the field from source 2 will be advanced by z dr cos @ ( 72 }+ Where dr is the redial distance between sources | and 2 expresied in radians. The radiai distance dr and linear distance d between the two point sources can be relate with each other by the equation. ae - (3.2) . dr Scanned with CamScanner53 ire Antennas, ‘The above said relation is explained in detal Append ‘The total field at a far distance r in direction > from the origin is, B =E,e% +E, 7% (source 1) (sour 2) Where y is the phase difference between the field component due to point sources 1 and'2 at far distance and it is given by E90" (From source 2) y = drcos @ Now. ( 4 tt : 225 E =2E, 2 =2E cost oo" rome) — Fig. 3.7.2 E = 2E, cos (¢ cos +) ae G3) ‘Above result realize that the received field at the far distance is not a function of y but that of the 9. In equation | the value of cos function varies from —1 to 1. Hence maximum value of E will be 2E,. When cos function approaches the value of 1. ++ Emax = 2Eo [: cos (¢ cos ¢) = ‘| Now normalizing the electric field dr fe 2E, cos (¢ cos ¢) ~ Emax 2E, E, = cos (= cos ) Direction of Maxima : The direction in which maximum radiation is received is denoted as Om. The maximum value of E, is 1. Therefore dr aE on cos (¢ 608 4 max ) 1 Scanned with CamScanner54 ‘Antenna and Wave Propagati, dr T £8 b mnoe = kre (k = 0, 2,4, 6 (Sh x \t £08 Pinag = 0 (for k = 0) Assume the linear distance between two sources equal t0 9+ 2n x RH COS max = O J £08 max = 0 COS max = O imax = (2K + 1) % (where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, for k=0 fork =1 r 3n mae = > max = > Tt 3n + Oma = 2 and oF Direction of Minima (Null) : The direction in which minimum radiation take place is denoted as mis. The minimum value of normalized electric field is zero. dr cxe(S co tae) =0 dr = in |} =O cos( £05 Pn SE 08 Onin = (2K + nF (where, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . 2 (+ when ] x % conan =F (0r= x for d= 3 and k= 0) 605 Onin = (where k = 0, 1, 2, 00... ) and fork = 1 Son = 180° nin = O° od ¢ + (3.5) Scanned with CamScannerOmar =F fig. 3.73 I's prove that in this case radiation pattern will be as shown in fig. 3. radiation normal to the array and minimum in the direction of array. CASE : 2 Two Isotropic point sources of same amplitude but opposite phase. with maximum Ege”? 3.7.4 (Case 2) < 3.7.1.6 (Case 2) Se ge? Fig. 3.7.4 The phase difference between the field components due to point sources 1 and 2, as explained M case 1, will be i Scanned with CamScannerAntenna and Wave Propagati, Wo = dr-cos @ and dr = ae | And the electric field at distance ris E . : . Eye? + (2, eM) (+ sources are oscillating out of phase] (Source) (Source 1) B, (ei¥ — ¢ i) W = 2E, sin Y a 2B, sin (=s"2) 2 ‘The value of sin function varies from -1 to 1. Hence the maximum value of electric field E is 2jB,. + Emax = 2jEo Now normalizing the electric field E we get E En = Emax oy 2jE, = 2)E, sin > 2jEo y = sin 2 7 (* cos *) one 204 nos g ‘ede 2m = sin | 2 Sera for linear spacing between sources equal to 4. Scanned with CamScanner87 Wire Antennas a cos = sin : [ed=¥] B= sin (5 cos ‘) Direction of Maxima : Direction of maximum radiation is denoted as max and the maximum value of the func- tion is 1. Hence a Bs (St) = x 4 J 608 Onax = + (2k + 1) % (where k = 0, 1, 2, for k = 0, fork =1 Prax u ca T .. 3.6) 0 max = 60" ‘omax=30" mare 1 omax=0° 375 (Cane2) 3.7.1.6 (Case 2) Omin = 270° Fig. 3.7.5 Scanned with CamScanneree ” Dirvetion of Minin pe fi Dinvetion of minim alain fs denoted 8 un and vale of normalized electric Feld © 2000, Os sin (5 cos eo} cos nin} =0 xn ( x $+ TEOS Min = A hee (where k #0, 1, 2. 3, +» a i SSF S08 Hain =O ss COS Prin = O Onin = (2k + % (uiere k= 0, 3, « 3 Soin = % (fork =0) | Onin = tS (for k = 1) 3.7) As per the result obtained in equation (3.6) and (3.7), the radiation pattern can be draw as shown in fig. 3.7.5. ; CASE :3 Two isotropic point sources of same amplitude but with phase quarature(9! Ege'eeo 3.7.1.8 (Case 3) - 7 E eo"? Fig. 3.7.6 ‘The phase difference in field components due to source 1 and source 2 will be ny) _ ® a ieg)|™ wt 7 wt the fur distance, Scanned with CamScanner59 wire. Antennas, ence electric field E will become wef D pe, ote Jet take 2E, = 1 and d = 2 then, -- 3.8) E = cos (7 +¥ e000) Direction of Maxima: For direction of maximum radiation the phase of cos function in equation (3.8). FF cos dae = # Kt K = 011, 2 Sree For K=0 2 _t con Gan = 5 08 bran © “> dna = “5 * nox = 7 and * [rare ~ Direction of Minima + To obtain direction of mini. radiation 2,8 a4 OK +) = K=0, 4 ty 608 Onin = + Do =0, 1,2, Scanned with CamScannerAntenna and Wave Propagay, Let take K = 0 non Tt 5008 bin et = 7a ry = Rx z 2 FS ben SEE 60s Onin tr = 608 bmin = 2° mi COS min = wees (3.10) oan ® 300° ge = 240° Fig. 3.7.7 (Case : 3) Scanned with CamScannerbl Wire antennas 61 aq an array of n-isotropic point sources : Here we have assumed that point source | is located at the origin and all other sources of equal amplitude and spacing are located as shown in fig. 3.7.8. = 90" at far end Fig. 3.7.8 The field E at the far end due to the individual effect of all point sources at an angle 9 is E=l+e%se eis. - @ Where y = phase difference between electric field components atthe far end due to adjacent point sources = drcos 6 +8. Lt el@- Dy Here 8 = phase difference between the signals applied to two adjacent point sources. Now, multiplying the equation (1) with ei¥ 2 Bel¥ = ei +6) 4 ci + ee + Od Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2) fU - ei¥) = 1 - el p—ei"¥ IN -4 2 «Toe * ciel Scanned with CamScannerAntenna and Wave Propagay, {here i v) isthe angle betwesn the resultant electri field vector & an reference field vector of point source from array of n point sources ay sin BY. 2 ~ Baap 46 sin Fig. 3.7.9 ield phase is referenced to the centre point of the array then £ = 0 If the far fi And | L Scanned with CamScannerea . a 63 540 Es E, E Fig. 3.7.10 Now, taking limit for y — 0, the electric field E will be maximum. It is so because when y = 0, all electric field vector will fall in line and become additive Ena = y 0 a sin? tim, CF) () "= &) ni we we 7G)«(2) Resultant electric field E=E,+E,+ Este, Fig, 3.7.11 The above result represents the maximum value for E. Hence for normalized field E, = 3 The field given by above equation is called “array factor”. The field from the array at far end will be maximum for an angle for which w becomes zero. in other words in this direction the fields from all sources arrive in same phase. mee Scanned with CamScanner‘Antenna and Wave Propagay,, 64 CASE : 1 Broadside Array : This is the special case of linear array of n is same phase. It means 8 = 0. Wo =drcos 048 Wo =drcos > i components of adjac:, Where w is the total phase difference between the electric field ip sources of array. tropic point sources of the same amplitude ;, 01 Direction of Maxima (Maximum Radiation) : This will be directions in which y = 0, as discussed in previous theory. “dF COS Omae = 0 Ce w= 0) COSmax = 0 . Omax = + (2K + 1) 7 (K =0, 1, 2, for K =0 7 sts max = $F x 3x == and = max 2 and > @=90" _ @= 180" @=0" (Girection of array) Polit sources Fig. 3.7.12 Scanned with CamScannerantennas vailable perpendicular to the direction of arra; Results shows that m jon is a ‘The radiation pattern for the Broadside array of fo ur point sources spaced at distance axe is shown in fig. 3.7.12. Case 2: End—Fire Array? + = 180" (direction of array) $= 270" Fig. 3.7.13 sotropic point sources in which maximum radiation is = 0°) As shown in fig. 3.7.13. the required condition is W = It is the special case of array of n i obtained in the direction of array ( We know that for maximum radiation, y= drcos@+5=0 dr cos (0°) + 8 = dr+5= 0 , hence taking, [> $ = 0° for direction of array] md =-dr= The above results shows the phas sources of array. ‘Above result also shows that the phase difference between sources is retarded progressively by the same amout as the spacing between sources (dr) in radians, because 5 a dr. se difference between signals applied to two consecutive Scanned with CamScannerAntenna and Wave Propagat, 2nd Spacing between sources dra = 8 =-dr an dr = 2n & =-2n a iF dren been a an dr == eed 2 2 The radiation pattern for the array of four point sources spaced at distance Yh for an en, fire condition is shown in fig. 3.7.13, : CASE : 3 Binomial Array : Unitorm array Non unitorm aay Fig. 3.7.14 To understand the significance of Binomial Array, let consider a linear array of five poitt sources with spacing between them equal to x And if the sources are fed with signals which are in phase and equal in amplitude, the field pattern obtained will have maximum directivity with significant minor robes. It results into waste of power and false target detection especial in case of Radar. To reduce the side lobe level of linear in phase broadside array, the point sources are fed by non uniform amplitude signals. Here if amplitudes of signals fed to the point sources follows the coefficients of Binomial series than the array is known as Binomial Array. \ Scanned with CamScanner38 YAGI ANTENNA = ~ Yagi-Uda antenna is gi antenna and only one € all other array elements are pa Similarly if the amplitudes of signals follows th gray known as Tchebysceff Array. Binomial series, for n point sources eb = art b+ (n- D at? bl + ‘The secondary (minor) lobes can be eli satisfied. If, (Spacing between two consecut (ii) The current amplitudes in radiatin, successive terms of binomial series. the relative amplitudes for # For example, (a No. of point sources Such amplitude distribution result beam width (decreased directivity). required to feed the point sources of (@) 1 won 6 67 he coefficient of Tchebysceff series, then the inated entirely if the following two conditions are ane a tive radiating sources does not exceeds >- \g sources are proportional to the coefficients of the he array of upto 6 point sources are as follows. Relative Amplitudes (Pascal Triangle) L 1 1 = 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 - 4 6 4 1 F 7 10 10 2 As well f array, ven its name after the nat Jement will be fed di coupling from the driven element. The basic design of an Yagi (i) Driver (ii) Reflector (iii)Director Consider a dri Positioned very close to ae amplitude, so the field incident on the par: Encidem Ln jven element that is a reson: Basiver it will be exci 's into minimum or zero side lobes, rasitic (ndt fet 1 but at a cost of increased ‘as for Jage array various amplitude signals are which results into more complex system. me of its inventors of Japan, It is an array rectly which is known as active element while d directly) and receive their excitation by field ‘Antenna consists of 3-clements. ant half-wave dipole. If a parasitic element is ted by the driven element with roughly equal itic element is bs Scanned with CamScanner68 Antenna and Wave Propagat, ; i tric field (Epunsie) d A current is excited on the parasite and the resulting sella me, ae earn & this excited current is equal in amplitude and opposite in pl z Fig. 3.8(a) This is because the total electric field concem to a waste + Eincident = O Eparasite = —-Eincident Eparssite = — Egsiver Driver Ale : y ne z Reflector i (®) Array configuration (ii) H-plane pattern according (\ (equal length of driver and reflector) Fig. 3.8(b) From the theory of an array, we know that two closely spaced, equal amplitude, opposit? Phase elements will have an end-fire radiation pattern as shown in fig, 3.8(b). good conductor is always zero. to theory of array \ Scanned with CamScannerwire, Antennas - A: : Reflector| f ightly (ji) Radiation directed greater towards the direction of active element. (@ Array with reflecto larger in length compared to resonant length of driv. — Fig. 3.8(¢) Now, if the parasitic clement is slightly greater length is placed, the ra modified as shown in fig. 3.8(c) ry by Director M2 Zz Driver} i (i) Radiation directed more in the direction of director diation pattern will be (i) Director sightly lesser in length to that of resonant length of driver. Fig. 3.8(@) - in front of driver, then the radiation pattern will be maxi power is directed toward direction of parasitic Similarly if the parasitic element is placed ~ modified according to shown in fig. 3.8(@), element. a y, L z [, Director Driver Reflector Fig, 3.8(¢) Scanned with CamScanner70 . Antenna and Wave Propagatic, Proper combination of both refiector and director along with driver greatly improve) directivity of Yagi Antenna as shown in fig. 3.8(€)- Higher directivity and gain can be achieved by increasing number of directors. Application : Wis fixed frequency antenna with small bandwidth which is suitable to TV recepticn Yagi offers very high directional gain. It is easy to design. Yagi offers excellent front to bac power ratio. EXERCISE Q.1 Enumerate different wire antennas. Why they are known as wire antenna ? Q 2 Fill in the blanks. L. In... array the maximum radiation take place in the direction normal to the axi (Binomial, End-fire, Broadsid: 2. Resonant antennas are .. band antenna. (Broad, Narrow, Infinite . antenna is used as direction finder. (Dipole, Loop, Rhombous 4, In Yagi-Uda antenna the element having longest length is knwon as (Reflector, Director, Multiplie: . antenna has unidirectional radiation pattern. (Resonant, Non-resonant) 6. The impdenace of & folded dipole i8 enn (300 Q, 75 Q , 1207 7. Folded dipole in Yagi antenna is element. (active, passive, idal) List different types of array and discuss them in terms of their radiation pattern, amplitude and phase of the array sources. Give comparision between Resonant and Non-resonant antenna. Write short notes on : 1. V Antenna 2. Rhombic Antenna 3. Loop Antenna Q. 6 Discuss the salient feature of folded dipole along with current distribution on it. Also derive its impedance in terms of impedance of simple dipole. Q.7 Draw radiation pattern for, : cae . a 1. Two isotropic point sources spaced at distance z and having same amplitude and phas? of source signals. eee we 2. Two isotropic point sources of same amplitude and phase difference of. Sources ar® aS spaced at distance 5. 3. End fire away of 4 point sources spaced at distance &, Q. & Discuss the merrits and demerrits of Binomial Array antenna, Q. 9 Design a Yagi Antenna for a TV receiver to receive a transmissio Q.10 List antenna used at VLP. mn on channel no, 4. TL Scanned with CamScanner