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Many of you might be well acquainted with binomial Theorem specially those
who had mathematics in their high school and those of you who know
nothing about you will learn everything that’s necessary about it in this article.
Let’s dig a deeper meaning in the nomenclature “Binomial Theorem/
Expansion”. Now Binomial means sum or difference of two terms and Binomial
Expansion is the expansion of that sum of two terms. Since we have learnt
what literally the meaning is, now is the time for some mathematics.
If both x and y are real and all n N then the Binomial Expansion of
= ∑nr=0 nCr xn-r y
Therefore,
(x + y)2 = 2C0 x2 y0 + 2C1 x y + 2C2 x0 y2
= x2 + 2xy+ y2
2
(x + y)3 = 3C0 x3 y0 + 3C1 x2 y + 3C2 x1 y2 + 3C3 x0 y3
And so on.
Special Cases
Formulas to remember
nC0 = 1
nC1 = n
nC2 = n (n – 1)/2
nC3 = n (n – 1) (n – 2)/ 3!
∑ni=0 (nCi) = 2nCn
∑ni=0 i (nCi)= n. 2n-1
∑ni=0 i (i – 1) … (i – k + 1) (nCi) = n (n-1)… (n – k + 1)
We can now move to some basic application of the above learned concept
that can come in competitive exams such as CAT, XAT, IIFT, SNAP etc.
a. 40
b. 50
c. -50
d. 60
The terms giving x5 in the above product is (5x²) (4x³) + (10x⁴) (4x)
⇒(20 + 40) x5
⇒60x5
a. 20
b. 16
c. 18
d. 15
= 7 (5051 – 51C1 5050+ 51C2 5049 – … – 1)
= 7 (5051 – 51C1 5050+ 51C2 5049 -…) – 7 + 18 – 18
= 7 (5051 – 51C1 5050+ 51C2 5049 -…) – 25 + 18
= k + 18 (here,
k is divisible by 25)
a. 10150
b. 9950 + 10050
d. None of these
and 9950 = (100 – 1)50 = 10050 – 50.10049 + [(50. 49)/ 2. 1]. 10048 – ….
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. None of these
(32)32 = (2 + 3. 10)32
= (26 + 10r). 4, r
Hence, last digit of 32)32 = last digit of 232 = last digit of 26. 4= last digit in 4 x 4
= 6.
i.) Write down the general term in the expansion of (x + a) ne. (r + 1)th term.
⇒ Tr+1 = nCr xn-r ar
ii.) Separate the constants and variables. Also, group them separately.
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Method 1
iii.) Put Tr/ Tr+1 ≥ 1 and Tr/ Tr-1 ≥ This will give an inequality from where value or
values of r can be obtained.
iv.) Then, find the rth term Tr, which is the greatest term.
Method 2
ii.) If k is an integer, then Tk and Tk+1 are equal and both are greatest term.
iii.) If k is not an integer, then T(k) + 1 is the greatest term, where (k) is the
greatest integral part of k
The middle term in the binomial expansion of (x + y) n depends upon the value
of n.
i.) If n is even, then there is only one middle term i.e. (n/2 + 1) th term.
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ii.) If n is odd, then there are two middle terms i.e. (n+1/ 2) th term and (n +
3)/ 2 th term.
When there are two middle terms in the expansion, their binomial
coefficients are equal.
Binomial coefficient of the middle term is the greatest binomial
coefficient.
a.) (5 x 311) /2
b.) (5 x 313) /2
c.) (7 x 313) /2
Therefore, m = | [x (n + 1)]/ (x + 1) |
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I hope the above examples have given you a fair idea about such multiple
usages of the Binomial Expansion. And, these are only a few sums and there
can be a thousand others in which might not directly give you hint about the
effectiveness of solving this expansion in problem solving. These applications
can only be known and mastered with practice only. So, keep practicing!