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Online Class June 2020 –Lecture 4

S4 ME202: ADVANCED MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Module 5 – Part B Slide Nos. 1 - 20


Module 6 – Part A Slide Nos. 21 - 37

(KTU Syllabus)

Dr. Mathew John


Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Government Engineering College Barton Hill
Thiruvananthapuram-35
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Module 5 – Part B

Text Books for Reference:

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
TORSION OF
GENERAL PRISMATIC BARS – SOLID SECTIONS

Ref: S. Jose, Advanced Mechanics of Materials


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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
St. Venant’s Theory

Ref: S. Jose, Advanced Mechanics of Materials 4


Ref: S. Jose, Advanced Mechanics of Materials 5
Saint Venant’s Method

Ref: S. Anil Lal , Advanced Mechanics of Solids 6


The components of displacements are;
Sub sin α = y/r and cos α = x/r

Angle ß =θz

Ref: Advanced Mechanics of Solids by L.S Srinath 7


The components of displacements are;

Where,

is called Warping function or Torsion function. It is a scalar function.

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
The components of strain are;

Substitute eqns (a), (b) and © in the above relations, We get

The non-zero strain


components

Ref: Advanced Mechanics of Solids by L.S Srinath 9


Now apply Hooke’s Law

Since,

Now, the non-zero stress components corresponding to the non-zero


strain components are,

Sub. Strain components; ie. eqns. (1) and (2) above;

We get the non-zero stress


components as,

Ref: Advanced Mechanics of Solids by L.S Srinath 10


Governing Equation (GE)
from the Equations of Equillibrium
The stress components should satisfy the equations of equilibrium

(Eq. 5)

Sub. the non-zero stress components, eqns.


(3) and (4) in the above third eqn.(5); We get,

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
(Eq. 6)

Governing Equation (GE) for Torsion of arbitrary cross-section


Warping function must satisfy the above GE; the Laplace Equation.
i.e. The Warping function should be Harmonic

It is a boundary value problem. Hence formulation of a Boundary


Condition (BC) is required for its solution.
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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
Boundary Condition of Warping Function
Equate the resisting traction and external traction

(Eq. 7)

On sub. the non-zero stress components above;

BC in terms of stress
components
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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
Ref: Advanced Mechanics of Solids by L.S Srinath 14
Substitute direction cosines nx and ny, we get the boundary
condition as,

(Eq. 8)

Ref: Advanced Mechanics of Solids by L.S Srinath 15


Torque (T) in terms of Warping function
Shear stresses on the
shaded area are shown

Ref: S. Anil Lal , Advanced Mechanics of Solids 16


Ref: S. Anil Lal , Advanced Mechanics of Solids
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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
Eq: (9)

Eq: (10)

Ref: S. Anil Lal , Advanced Mechanics of Solids 18


Eq: (10)

Torsion Equation

Eq: (11)

Ref: S. Anil Lal , Advanced Mechanics of Solids 19


Equation for Torque (any cross section)

Where, J - to be determined from


Eq: (11) for the given Cross-Section

Qn: Obtain the solutions for (a) Circular (b)


Elliptical cross-sections using St. Venant’s Theory
Hint: Take a suitable warping function and find out J for each case- circular or elliptical

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
Module 6 – Part A

Text Books for reference:

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
PRANDTL’S SRESS FUNCTION
For TORSION- General Formulation
An alternative approach proposed by Prandtl leads to
a simpler boundary condition as compared to Eq. (8).
In this method, the principal unknowns are the stress
components rather than the displacement components
as in the previous approach (St. Venant’s).

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
For non circular cross sections without constraint in z-
direction (σz = 0), The plane surfaces perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis will not remain plane and the surfaces warp.
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Ref: Richard G. Budynas
Enlarged view of the element 24
Ref: Richard G. Budynas
Governing Equation (GE)
from the Equations of Equillibrium

The stress components should satisfy the equations of equilibrium

(Eq. 5)

The non-vanishing stress components are σzx and σyz. In order to


satisfy the equations of equilibrium we should have
(Now Eq. 5 becomes)

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
i.e.
….(Eq. 12)

Ref: Advanced Mechanics of Solids by L.S Srinath 26


The components of displacements are;
Sub sin α = y/r and cos α = x/r

Angle ß =θz

Ref: Advanced Mechanics of Solids by L.S Srinath 27


The components of displacements are;

For Non-circular sections , the surface warps and


in general the point will also deflect in the z-
direction w. However this is independent of z.
i.e. W = w (x,y).
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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
The components of strain are;

….(Eq. 14)

Substitute eqns (a), (b) and © in the above relations, We get

The non-zero strain


components

Ref: Advanced Mechanics of Solids by L.S Srinath 29


Now apply Hooke’s Law

Since,

Now, the non-zero stress components corresponding to the non-zero


strain components are,

Sub. Strain components; ie. eqns. (1) and (2) above;

We get the non-zero stress


components as,

Ref: Advanced Mechanics of Solids by L.S Srinath 30


Find Sub non-zero shear stresses i.e.
(Eq. 17 and 18), We get

Now, Substitute the Prandtl torsion


stress function, ϕ, Eqn. 13,
in Eqn (19); We get,

Eq. (20) is called Poisson’s Equation.


It is the Governing Equation
for the torsional stress function ϕ 31
Boundary Condition of Stress Function (ϕ)
Equate the resisting traction and external traction

(Eq. 7)

On sub. the non-zero stress components above; we get,

….(Eq. 21)

BC in terms of stress components


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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
We know, (Ref slide No. 14 )

Substitute direction cosines nx and ny in Eq. (21), we get the boundary


condition as,

Now, Substitute
the Prandtl torsion stress function, ϕ,
in Eqn (22); We get,

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
Boundary Condition of Stress Function (ϕ) is;

ϕ = Constant ….(Eq. 23)

ϕ = Zero
i.e., ϕ is constant along the boundary of the cross-section.
The value of this constant is arbitrary and is normally chosen to zero.
If the boundary of the cross-section is a well behaved functions of
x and y such as a circle, ellipse etc., the equation of boundary
becomes an excellent stress function.

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
Equation of Torque (T) transmitted in terms of
Stress function (ϕ)
Shear stresses on the
shaded area are shown

Ref: S. Anil Lal , Advanced Mechanics of Solids 35


To relate Stress function to the transmitted torque (Ref. Fig.);

The total torque – Integrate the torque about the z- axis due to the stresses on the dx dy element
over the entire cross-sectional area,

….(Eq. 24)

Now, Substitute
the Prandtl torsion stress function, ϕ,
in Eqn (24). Therefore Eqn. 24 reduces to,

….(Eq. 25)

Consider the first term in the integral. Integrate this with respect to x by parts; we get

….(Eq. 26)
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In a similar fashion, Consider the second term in the integral. Integrate this with respect to y
by parts; we get

….(Eq. 27)

Ref. Class note for details.

Sub. Eq. 26 and 27 in Eqn. 25; we get,

….(Eq. 28)

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
Qn: Obtain the solutions for (a) Circular (b)
Elliptical cross-sections using Prandtl stress
function Method

Refer the lecture note attached.

Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill


Appendix
The torsion equation for circular section- from elementary Strength of Materials

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Dr. Mathew John S4 ME - AMOS GEC Barton Hill
Contd……..

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