Induction motor 1

Induction motor
An induction motor or asynchronous
motor is a type of alternating current motor
where power is supplied to the rotor by
means of electromagnetic induction.[1]
An electric motor turns because of magnetic
force exerted between a stationary
electromagnet called the stator and a
rotating electromagnet called the rotor.
Different types of electric motors are
distinguished by how electric current is
supplied to the moving rotor. In a DC motor
and a slip-ring AC motor, current is
Three-phase induction motors
provided to the rotor directly through sliding
electrical contacts called commutators and
slip rings. In an induction motor, by
contrast, the current is induced in the rotor
without contacts by the magnetic field of the
stator, through electromagnetic induction.
An induction motor is sometimes called a
rotating transformer because the stator
(stationary part) is essentially the primary
side of the transformer and the rotor
(rotating part) is the secondary side. Unlike
the normal transformer which changes the
current by using time varying flux,
induction motors use rotating magnetic
fields to transform the voltage. The current
in the primary side creates an
electromagnetic field which interacts with Animation of a squirrel-cage AC motor
the electromagnetic field of the secondary
side to produce a resultant torque, thereby transforming the electrical energy into mechanical energy. Induction
motors are widely used, especially polyphase induction motors, which are frequently used in industrial drives.

Induction motors are now the preferred choice for industrial motors due to their rugged construction, absence of
brushes (which are required in most DC motors) and—thanks to modern power electronics—the ability to control the
speed of the motor.

History
The idea of the rotation magnetic field was developed by Francois Arago (1824) and implemented first by Walter
Baily.[2] [3] [4] The practical induction motors were independently realized by Galileo Ferraris, in Italy, and Nikola
Tesla, in America.[5] [6] [7] Tesla had conceived the rotating magnetic field principle in 1882 and used it to invent the
first brushless AC motor or induction motor in 1883.[8] [9] Ferraris developed the idea in 1885.[10] [11] [12] In 1888,
Ferraris published his research in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin where he detailed the
theoretical foundations for understanding the way the motor operates.[13] Separately, in the same year, Tesla gained
Induction motor 2

[14]
U.S. Patent 381,968 . The induction motor with a cage was invented by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky about a
year later.

Principle of operation and comparison to synchronous motors

The basic difference between an induction motor and a synchronous
AC motor with a permanent magnet rotor is that in the latter the
rotating magnetic field of the stator will impose an electromagnetic
torque on the magnetic field of the rotor causing it to move (about a
shaft) and a steady rotation of the rotor is produced. It is called
synchronous because at steady state the speed of the rotor is the same
as the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator.

By way of contrast, the induction motor does not have any permanent
magnets on the rotor; instead, a current is induced in the rotor. To A 3-phase power supply provides a rotating
achieve this, stator windings are arranged around the rotor so that when magnetic field in an induction motor.
energised with a polyphase supply they create a rotating magnetic field
pattern which sweeps past the rotor. This changing magnetic field pattern induces current in the rotor conductors.
These currents interact with the rotating magnetic field created by the stator and in effect causes a rotational motion
on the rotor.

However, for these currents to be induced, the speed of the physical rotor must be less than the speed of the rotating
magnetic field in the stator (the synchronous frequency ) or else the magnetic field will not be moving relative to
the rotor conductors and no currents will be induced. If by some chance this happens, the rotor typically slows
slightly until a current is re-induced and then the rotor continues as before. This difference between the speed of the
rotor and speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator is called slip. It is unitless and is the ratio between the
relative speed of the magnetic field as seen by the rotor (the slip speed) to the speed of the rotating stator field. Due
to this, an induction motor is sometimes referred to as an asynchronous machine.

Synchronous speed
Understanding the behaviour of induction motors, it's useful to understand the differerences from a synchronous
motor. That type of motor always runs at a synchronous speed- a shaft rotation frequency that is an integer fraction
of the supply frequency. The synchronous speed of an induction motor is the same fraction of the supply.
It can be shown that the speed of a synchronous motor is determined by the following formula:

where is the (synchronous) speed of the rotor (in rpm), f is the frequency of the AC supply (in Hz) and p is the
number of magnetic poles.[15]
For example, a 6 pole motor operating on 60 Hz power would have a speed of:

Note on the use of p - some texts refer to number of pole pairs per phase instead of number of poles per phase. For
example a 6 pole motor, operating on 60 Hz power, would have 3 pole pairs. The equation of synchronous speed
then becomes:

with being the number of pole pairs.

Induction motor 3

Slip
slip s, is calculated using:

Where
= rotor rotation speed (rpm)
= synchronous rotation speed (rpm)

Construction
The stator consists of wound 'poles' that carry the supply current to induce a magnetic field that penetrates the rotor.
In a very simple motor, there would be a single projecting piece of the stator (a salient pole) for each pole, with
windings around it; in fact, to optimize the distribution of the magnetic field, the windings are distributed in many
slots located around the stator, but the magnetic field still has the same number of north-south alternations. The
number of 'poles' can vary between motor types but the poles are always in pairs (i.e. 2, 4, 6, etc.).
Induction motors are most commonly built to run on single-phase or three-phase power, but two-phase motors also
exist. In theory, two-phase and more than three phase induction motors are possible; many single-phase motors
having two windings and requiring a capacitor can actually be viewed as two-phase motors, since the capacitor
generates a second power phase 90 degrees from the single-phase supply and feeds it to a separate motor winding.
Single-phase power is more widely available in residential buildings, but cannot produce a rotating field in the motor
( the field merely oscillates back and forth), so single-phase induction motors must incorporate some kind of starting
mechanism to produce a rotating field. They would, using the simplified analogy of salient poles, have one salient
pole per pole number; a four-pole motor would have four salient poles. Three-phase motors have three salient poles
per pole number, so a four-pole motor would have twelve salient poles. This allows the motor to produce a rotating
field, allowing the motor to start with no extra equipment and run more efficiently than a similar single-phase motor.
There are three types of rotor:
• Squirrel-cage rotor
The most common rotor is a squirrel-cage rotor. It is made up of bars of either solid copper (most common) or
aluminum that span the length of the rotor, and those solid copper or aluminium strips can be shorted or connected
by a ring or some times not, i.e. the rotor can be closed or semiclosed type. The rotor bars in squirrel-cage induction
motors are not straight, but have some skew to reduce noise and harmonics.
• Slip ring rotor
A slip ring rotor replaces the bars of the squirrel-cage rotor with windings that are connected to slip rings. When
these slip rings are shorted, the rotor behaves similarly to a squirrel-cage rotor; they can also be connected to
resistors to produce a high-resistance rotor circuit, which can be beneficial in starting
• Solid core rotor
A rotor can be made from a solid mild steel. The induced current causes the rotation.
Induction motor 4

Speed control
The synchronous rotational speed of the rotor (i.e. the theoretical unloaded speed with no slip) is controlled by the
number of pole pairs (number of windings in the stator) and by the frequency of the supply voltage.
However, for a loaded rotor, for any given drive frequency and current and mechanical load, synchronous motors
should be run in the 'operating zone' for that particular induction motor. This is the shaft rotation speed range above
the peak torque. In this zone slightly increasing the slip speed increases the torque, and decreasing the slip decreases
the torque. Hence in this zone the motor will tend to run at constant speed. Below the operating zone, the run speed
tends to be unstable and may stall out or run at reduced shaft speed, depending on the nature of the mechanical load.
Before the development of economical semiconductor power electronics, it was difficult to vary the frequency to the
motor and induction motors were mainly used in fixed speed applications. As an induction motor has no brushes and
is easy to control, many older DC motors are now being replaced with THR induction motors and accompanying
inverters in industrial applications.

Equivalent circuit
This section has been recently been machine translated from the German Wikipedia, and partially human
translated. If you can continue the translation, please do so
To understand the processes of a speed controller, it is helpful to look at the induction motor's equivalent circuit. The
equivalent circuit shows an electrically equivalent circuit to the motor's construction, where the two leftmost
terminals would be connected to a power supply.
On the left side of the circuit, the equivalent resistance of the stator,
which consists of the copper resistance and core resistance in series, is
shown as . During asynchronous operation, stator also induces
some reactance, which is represented by the inductor . The next
inductor represents the effect of the rotor (commonly a
squirrel-cage) passing through the stator's magnetic field. The effective Equivalent circuit
resistance of the rotor (again with rotating in a magnetic field), , is
composed of:
• the equivalent value of the machine's real power (which changes with the torque and the load on the machine)
• the ohmic resistance of the stator windings and the short circuit cage
At idle, the induction motor equivalent circuit is essentially just and , which is why this machine only takes
up mostly reactive power. The idle current draw is often near the rated current, due to the copper and core losses
which exist even at no load. In these conditions, this is usually more than half the power loss at rated load. If the
torque against the motor spindle is increased, the active current increases by , and thus in the rotor.
Due to the construction of the induction motor, the two resistances both induce a magnetic field, in contrast to the
three-phase synchronous machine, where the magnetic flux is induced only by the reactive current in the stator
windings.
The current produces a voltage drop in the cage portion of the , but only a slightly higher voltage drop in the
stator windings. Consequently, the losses increase with increasing load in the rotor faster than they do in the stator.
The copper resistance and the "copper" resistance from the cage portion of both cause losses, and
therefore the efficiency of the machine improves with increasing load. The efficiency of the machine reduces with
temperature.
In contrast with a smaller frequency of the reactance also getting smaller. In compliance with the rated current
must shrink by the drive voltage delivered. Thus, the ratio of the voltage divider to and and this
increases engine power losses. In continuous operation this can only be an approximation because a nominal torque
Induction motor 5

is generated because the cooling of rotor and stator is not included in the calculation. At higher than the rated speed
or rated frequency induction motor can, however - in the context of isolation - are working on higher voltages and is
more effective.
Frequently today, are measure automatically and are thus in a position for any motor connected to
automatically configure itself and thus to be protected from overload. A holding torque or speed close to zero can be
achieved with a vector control. Here, too though, there can be problems with cooling since the fan is usually
mounted on the rotor.

Starting of induction motors

Single Phase
In a single phase induction motor, it is necessary to provide a starting circuit to start rotation of the rotor. If this is not
done, rotation may be commenced by manually giving a slight turn to the rotor. The single phase induction motor
may rotate in either direction and it is only the starting circuit which determines rotational direction.
For small motors of a few watts, the start rotation is done by means of one or two single turn(s) of heavy copper wire
around one corner of the pole. The current induced in the single turn is out of phase with the supply current and so
causes an out-of-phase component in the magnetic field, which imparts to the field sufficient rotational character to
start the motor. Starting torque is very low and efficiency is also reduced. Such shaded-pole motors are typically
used in low-power applications with low or zero starting torque requirements, such as desk fans and record players.
Larger motors are provided with a second stator winding which is fed with an out-of-phase current to create a
rotating magnetic field. The out-of-phase current may be derived by feeding the winding through a capacitor or it
may derive from the winding having different values of inductance and resistance from the main winding.
In some designs, the second winding is disconnected once the motor is up to speed, usually either by means of a
switch operated by centrifugal force acting on weights on the motor shaft or by a positive temperature coefficient
thermistor which, after a few seconds of operation, heats up and increases its resistance to a high value thereby
reducing the current through the second winding to an insignificant level. Other designs keep the second winding
continuously energised when running, which improves torque.

Induction generator
Induction motors can also generally be run as generators if run above a critical speed (which is usually marked on
the motor). Some source of electricity is needed to run the coils, but this can be provided by the motor once it is
running via capacitors, or provided by external power supplies such as from a grid connection.

Sources
• Henri Boy de la Tour (1906). The induction motor: its theory and design, set forth by a practical method of
calculation [16]. Translated Cyprien Odilon Mailloux. McGraw Pub. Co..
• Benjamin Franklin Bailey (1911). The induction motor [17]. McGraw-Hill.
• Bernhard Arthur Behrend (1901). The induction motor: A short treatise on its theory and design, with numerous
experimental data and diagrams [18]. Electrical world and engineer.
Induction motor 6

References
[1] http:/ / www. wisegeek. com/ what-is-an-induction-motor. htm
[2] Silvanus Phillips Thompson, Polyphase electric currents and alternate-current motors. Page 84 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=TvwHAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA84).
[3] Walter Baily, "A mode of producing Arago's Rotations". Pholosophical magazine, Physical Society of London. June 28, 1879. Page 286-290.
[4] AC Power History (http:/ / www. edisontechcenter. org/ AC-PowerHistory. html) (cf. "1879 - London: Walter Baily makes a copper disc
rotate using alternating current (this is a weak early AC motor) which was not effective for baring any load [...]")
[5] Alternating currents of electricity: their generation, measurement, distribution, and application by Gisbert Kapp, William Stanley, Jr..
Johnston, 1893. Page 140. [cf., This direction has been first indicated by Professor Galileo Ferraris, of Turin, some six years ago. Quite
independent of Ferraris, the same discovery was also made by Nikola Tesla, of New York; and since the practical importance of the discovery
has been recognized, quite a host of original discoverers have come forward, each claiming to be the first.]
[6] Larned, J. N., & Reiley, A. C. (1901). History for ready reference: From the best historians, biographers, and specialists; their own words in a
complete system of history. Springfield, Mass: The C.A. Nichols Co.. Page 440 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=fRSOIHe7gyIC&
pg=PA440). [cf., At about the same time [1888], Galileo Ferraris, in Italy, and Nikola Tesla, in the United States, brought out motors
operating by systems of alternating currents displaced from one another in phase by definite amounts and producing what is known as the
rotating magnetic field.]
[7] The Electrical engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co. Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating current in the production of
rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted
general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required."]
[8] Seifer, M. J. (1998). Wizard: The life and times of Nikola Tesla : biography of a genius. New York: Citadel Press. Page 24 (http:/ / books.
google. com/ books?id=h2DTNDFcC14C& pg=PA24)
[9] Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla. Pg 115
[10] Galileo Ferraris, "Electromagnetic rotation with an alternating current," Electrican, Vol 36 [1885]. pg 360-75.
[11] "The History of Alternating Current" (http:/ / www. edisontechcenter. org/ AC-PowerHistory. html). .
[12] "Early three-phase power" by Gerhard Neidhöfer
[13] http:/ / www. fi. edu/ learn/ case-files/ tesla/ motor. html
[14] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents?vid=381,968
[15] http:/ / www. electricmotors. machinedesign. com/ guiEdits/ Content/ bdeee11/ bdeee11_7. aspx
[16] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=hbM_AAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=induction+ motor& source=bl& ots=_JgDsnjN2s&
sig=LHXibhTQ9XXIOvzsWATRSHA-xkA& hl=en& ei=X1O3TOekFpCisAPomqGeCQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=14&
sqi=2& ved=0CFoQ6AEwDQ#v=onepage& q& f=false
[17] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=r_dOAAAAMAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=induction+ motor& source=bl& ots=g7Th09trR-&
sig=onxjvgyC920oARs_LUDqnzV2kHg& hl=en& ei=1VS3TNTyNoKKlwfWwJ3MDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4&
ved=0CDcQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage& q& f=false
[18] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ffpOAAAAMAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=induction+ motor& source=bl& ots=AWJzYuRVCl&
sig=Bm0VKBdRKgCfTPpeR5_YU3BCrso& hl=en& ei=1VS3TNTyNoKKlwfWwJ3MDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&
resnum=7& ved=0CEUQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage& q& f=false

External links
• A drawing (http://aungwin.htut.googlepages.com/inductionmotor2.jpg) of an induction motor
• (Italian) Rotating magnetic fields (http://www.sandroronca.it/elettrotecnica/asincrono/camporotante0.html):
interactive
• Construct your squirrelcage electromotor (http://magrf.grf.hr/~mtodorov/tesla/build_3ph_induction.html)
using povray
Article Sources and Contributors 7

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Paulpw, Piano non troppo, Postmand, Quaerendo, RCopple, RandyKaelber, Rcawsey, Rchandos, Reconsider the static, Reddi, Rememberway, Rhombus, Rooikappie, Sandpiper, Sarrus,
Sclebo05, Sentinel75, Shadowjams, Slastic, SpecMode, Sponge, SummerPhD, TWCarlson, TheTito, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tommy2010, Tqcurtis, Vickybaranwal, Vqors, Wayne Slam,
Willplatts, Wine Guy, Wolfkeeper, Woohookitty, Xu rui, Yogstr1, Yves-Laurent, Yyy, Zureks, Пика Пика, 344 anonymous edits

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