Atmospheric

ATMOSPHERE
Stratification
EARTH SYSTEM

GEOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Ocean
HYDROSPHERE
Stratification
Water zone
Oceans, lakes, ponds, streams,
swamps, underground water and
water vapour in the Earth's
atmosphere
71% of the Earth's surface covered
in water
Air zone covers the entire Earth
space
essential to all life on Earth
contains oxygen which is basic need
for life
carbon dioxide which is essential for
green plants

HYDROSPHERE ATMOSPHRE

Rock and soil zone on the Earth's Life zone

surface GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE
Consists of living things such as
The solid parts of Earth which humans, plants, animals and other
includes volcanoes, rocks, minerals, organisms
coal, oil and other mineral
resources
ATMOSPHERIC STRATIFICATION
Earth’s atmosphere consists of five layers, each with its respective roles.

Exosphere layer(480 km and above)

Contains light gases such as helium and hydorgen.

Exosphere Air becomes thinner towards space.

Satellites that play an important role in the field of communications orbit in
this layer.

Thermosphere layer(80-480 km)

Also as know the ionosphere because it contains ions that can reflect radio
Thermosphere waves.
Aurora, a stream of colourful lights resulting from reactions of charged
particels with Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere gases occurs here.

Mesosphere layer(50-80 km)

Burning and destruction of meteorites occur in this layer.
Mesosphere The coldest layer (about-90 C) with lower pressure.
The temperature in this layer decrease with increasing altitude.The higher
the altitude, the lower the temperature.

Stratosphere layer(13-50 km)

This layer is suitable and stable for aircraft flights.
The ozone layer that contains ozone gas which absorb harmful ultraviolet
Stratosphere rays from sunlight is found here.
The ozone layer depletes when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released from
pesticides, refrigerators and air-conditioners break down ozone molecules
in the ozone layer.

Troposphere layer(0-13 km)

Troposphere The closest layer to the Earth's surface.
The layer where living organism breathes, wind blows and where clouds,
rain and snow form.
 OCEAN STRATIFICATION

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DISTRIBUTION OF WATER ON EARTH

 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water from ocean

 The rest exists as freshwater and is distributed as
 Underground water
 Surface water in lakes, rivers and swamps
 Glaciers and ice caps at the poles
 Stored water in soil, in clouds, in the atmosphere and in the body of organisms
 Seawater is evaporated by sunlight and is taken to the mainland by clouds before it falls
back as rain water
 The water in the rivers then flow into ocean
 The total amount of water contained in the Earth, on Earth’s surface and in Earth’s
atmosphere is always constant and recycled continuously through the water cycle
EARTH’S LAYER

CRUST

MANTLE
EARTH'S LAYER
OUTER CORE

INNER CORE
CRUST
 The outermost layer of the Earth and is solid
 most of the crust consists of igneous rock

MANTLE
 the layer beneath the crust
 70% of the Earth’s volume is made up of mantle
 the mantle is unstable due to the convection current that causes the movement of the matle

CORE
 consists of two layer
 the outer core is in liquid state and inner core is believed to be in solid form
 core layer contains mineral metals compared to the mantle which is mostly made up by
rocks
 the core of the earth is two times denser than the mantle layer
Earth is the Only Home for Living Organisms

 The only planet suitable for life in our Solar System

 Earth’s physical condition suitable for life
 Third planet from sun with suitable temperature
 Existence of freshwater and oxygen allows living things to obtain basic needs to sustain life
COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH

 Earth’s crust is formed from various types of rocks

 Rocks is made up of minerals and is in solid form
 Rocks in the Earth can be classified into three groups, namely igneous rocks, sedimentary
rocks and metamorphic rocks

IGNEOUS
ROCKS

METAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCK ROCK
IGNEOUS ROCK
formed from the process of cooling and freezing of mama or lava that
flows out of the mantle
very hard, shiny, crystalline, unlayered and do not contain fossila
rich in magnesium, silica, minerals, water vapour and gas
examples : granite, gabbro, diorite, baslt, rhyolite and pumice

SEDIMENTARY ROCK
formed by compression of deposited materials carried by the river, glacier
and wind
sedimentation occrs in layers nder high temperatre and pressure
these rocks are not crystallined, layered and often contains fossils
examples: limestone, shale and sandstone

METAMORPHIC ROCK

formed when igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks are exposed to very high
pressure and temperature and pressure
metamorphic rock is harder, smoother and its colour is brighter compred
to its original rock
examples: marble formed from limestone, quartzite formed from sanstone
and gneiss formed from granite
THE PROCESS OF ROCK FORMATION

 The formation processes of igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks occrs
in the geosphere
 The rock cycle means changes of rocks from one type to another

IGNEOUS ROCKS
Weathering and Cooling and
erosion at high solidification
temperature

Transformation due to
SEDIMENTARY very high pressure and
temperature MAGMA / LAVA
ROCKS

Transformation Melting due to

due to very high very high
pressure and temperature
temperature METAMORPHIC
ROCKS

THE ROCK CYCLE

 MAIN EARTH
PROCESSES

EXOGENIC ENDOGENIC
PROCESS PROCESS

- Weathering
- Mantle convection
- Erosion
- Movement of the Earth's
- Mass and land depletion
crust (Plate Tectonics)
- Transport
- Magmatic Activity
- Sedimentation
EXOGENIC PROCESS

WEATHERING

It is a process of rock fragmentation and decomposition

or decay due to changes in temperature, rainwater,
frosting microorganisms. The rocks that experience
weathering will be broken into smaller fragments and
become new materials such as soil. Weathering can occur
physically, chemically and biologically.

EROSION

It is a process of eroding of the Earth’s surface by moving

agents such as water, wind and waves. The wearing
away of the Earth’s surface due to the actions of moving
agents, such as moving water, waves and wind. Wearing
away occurs due to the kinetic energy and friction when
the eroding agents move.

MASS AND LAND DEPLETION

They involve soil movement from the top of a slope to

below as a result of gravitational force. The process of
movement of soil, sand or rock debris down the slope
due to gravitational force. For example, landslide and
mudflow.
TRANSPORT AND SEDIMENTATION

Weathered or corroded materials are moved by agents

such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers.The
materials will be sedimented when the velocity of the
agents decreases.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS

Process that is caused by forces from within the Earth.

Can cause the slow or sudden movement of the Earth’s crust.

Forms and changes the Earth’s surface.

It cause the surface of Earth to rumple, thus forming mountains, earthquakes, volcanic activity,
plateaus and plains.

Examples: Mantle convection process, magma activity and Earth’s crust movement (Plate Tectonics).

Mantle convection process

the high temperature in the mantle and the core of Earth produces
convection currents in the asthenosphere layer.These currents are able to
move Earth's crust.

Earth's crust movement (Plate Tectonics)

According to the theory of Plate tectonics, the Earth's crust is divided into
several pieces ofplates. These plates constantly move resulting in collision
and divergence which produce various landforms on Earth and continental
drifts.

Magma activity
Volcano is a vent on the E arth's crust that allows molten and hot magma to
flow out through it in a strong eruption. The erupted materials accumulate
around the slope of the vent and from volcanic cones.
GEOHAZARD PHENOMENA

A geohazard is a naturel disaster involving geological processes.

Endogenic processes cause various geohazards such as volcanism, earthquake, tsunami, landslide,
acid rain, global warming, quicksand and sinkinghole.

Can caused loss of life, casulities, property damages and economic collapses.

Can affect the quality of the environment.

Volcanism

Is the eruption of magma and the gases associated from the interior to the Earth’s crust and onto
the surface of the Earth.

Earthquake

Is the shaking of the surface of the Earth as a result of the sudden movement of the tectonic plates
of the Earth’s crust.

Tsunami

Is a large wave in the ocean caused by tectonic movement under the sea.

Landslide

Is the sliding down of rocks and soils in a large amount down a slope.

Acid Rain

Is the rai water that is mixed with various air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen.

Global Warming

Is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere that can cause changes in
weather and climate.

Quicksand

Is an unstable layer of sand, where the sand forms a suspension with the trapped water inside it.
Sinkhole

Is the hole extending from the surface of earth to a cavity underground that is generally formed by
water seepage through the rocks.

AGE OF EARTH

The geological time scale is a system of chronological events that occurred during the history of the
Earth since its beginning which is estimated to be about 4 500 million years ago.

Fossil

Earth’s materials such as plants, animals and insects which have been submerged and buried for a
very long period of time.
There are various type of fossils found on Earth.

Palaeontologits, scientist who study fossils, have divided fossils into two types, namely, body fossils
and trace fossils.

The importance of fossils to current scientific development:

Fosil records can also provide information about species that have gone extinct.

Fossil records can provide information about how animals and plants species on Earth have evolved
over millions of years.
EARTH’S RESOURCES AND APPLIED GEOLOGY.

Surface water and Underground water.

Surface water :

Is the water on the surface of the Earth such as in a river, lake, pond, swamp and ocean.

Underground water:

Is the water present beneath the Earth’s surface and fills the spaces in soil, sand and rock below a
certain depth until it reaches an impermeable layer.

Aquifer

Is the layer beneath the ground composed of porous rocks containing water in which the water can
move easily.
The importance of surface water and underground water and their risks.

Water is the basic necessity to sustain life.

Water is also used in various human activities.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF UNPLANNED HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Deforestation

Extinction of
Agriculture
flora and fauna

Water, air,
thermal and
sound pollution
Human Industrialisation

activities that
are not well-
planned

Global warming Open burning

Flash flood Erosion