Pearson’s R

 Pearson’s correlation coefficient, reporting in scientific studies.

normally denoted as r (Perdue, (Perdue, 2019)
2019)  The interpretation and use of
 was developed by Karl Pearson Pearson’s correlation coefficient
(1948) from a related idea introduced varies based on the context and
by Sir Francis Galton in the late purpose of the respective study in
1800’s. In addition to being the first which it is calculated. (Perdue,
of the correlational measures to be 2019)
developed, it is also the most  Two letters are used to represent the
commonly used measure of Pearson correlation: Greek letter rho
association. All subsequent (ρ) for a population and the letter “r”
correlation measures have been for a sample. (Statistics how to,2019)
developed from Pearson’s equation
and are adaptations engineered to
control for violations of the
assumptions that must be met in
order to use Pearson’s equation
(Burns & Grove, 2005; Polit & Beck,
2006). Pearson’s r measures the
strength, direction and probability of Formula:
the linear association between two
interval or ratio variables.
 The full name is the Pearson Product
Moment Correlation
(PPMC). (Statistics how to,2019)
 is a correlation coefficient commonly
used in linear regression (Statistics
how to,2019)
 is a statistical value that measures Two other formulas are commonly used: the
the linear relationship between two sample correlation coefficient and the
variables(Perdue, 2019) population correlation coefficient.
 It ranges in value from +1 to -1,
indicating a perfect positive and
Sample correlation coefficient
negative linear relationship
respectively between two variables.
(Perdue, 2019) Sx and sy are the sample standard deviations,
 The calculation of the correlation and sxy is the sample covariance.
coefficient is normally performed
by statistical programs, such SPSS
Population correlation coefficient
and SAS, to provide the most
accurate possible values for
  A relationship is linear when a
change in one variable is associated
The population correlation coefficient uses with a proportional change in the
σx and σy as the population standard other variable.
deviations, and σxy as the population  It is appropriate to use
covariance. the Pearson correlation
coefficient when the two
variables of interest are scored
When to use:
using interval or ratio measures
while the associations of
ordinal or nominal variables
 should be compared using alternative methods.
 benchmarking linear relationship

How to Find Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients By Hand

Sample question: Find the value of the correlation coefficient from the following table:

G LU CO S E

S U BJ EC T AG E X LEV EL Y
1 43 99
2 21 65
3 25 79
4 42 75
5 57 87
6 59 81

Step 1:Make a chart. Use the given data, and add three more columns: xy, x2, and y2.
SUBJECT AGE X GLUCOSE LEVEL Y XY X2 Y2

1 43 99

2 21 65
3 25 79

4 42 75

5 57 87

6 59 81

Step 2: Multiply x and y together to fill the xy column. For example, row 1 would be 43 × 99
=  4,257.
SUBJECT AGE X GLUCOSE LEVEL Y XY X2 Y2

1 43 99 4257

2 21 65 1365

3 25 79 1975

4 42 75 3150

5 57 87 4959

6 59 81 4779

Step 3: Take the square of the numbers in the x column, and put the result in the x2 column.
SUBJECT AGE X GLUCOSE LEVEL Y XY X2 Y2

1 43 99 4257 1849

2 21 65 1365 441

3 25 79 1975 625

4 42 75 3150 1764

5 57 87 4959 3249

6 59 81 4779 3481

Step 4: Take the square of the numbers in the y column, and put the result in the y2 column.
SUBJECT AGE X GLUCOSE LEVEL Y XY X2 Y2

1 43 99 4257 1849 9801

2 21 65 1365 441 4225

3 25 79 1975 625 6241

4 42 75 3150 1764 5625

5 57 87 4959 3249 7569

6 59 81 4779 3481 6561

Step 5: Add up all of the numbers in the columns and put the result at the bottom of the
column. The Greek letter sigma (Σ) is a short way of saying “sum of.”
SUBJECT AGE X GLUCOSE LEVEL Y XY X2 Y2

1 43 99 4257 1849 9801

2 21 65 1365 441 4225

3 25 79 1975 625 6241

4 42 75 3150 1764 5625

5 57 87 4959 3249 7569

6 59 81 4779 3481 6561

Σ 247 486 20485 11409 40022

Step 6: Use the following correlation coefficient formula.

The answer is: 2868 / 5413.27 = 0.529809
From our table:
 Σx = 247
 Σy = 486
 Σxy = 20,485
 Σx2 = 11,409
 Σy2 = 40,022
 n is the sample size, in our case = 6
The correlation coefficient =
 6(20,485) – (247 × 486) / [√[[6(11,409) – (2472)] × [6(40,022) – 4862]]]
= 0.5298
The range of the correlation coefficient is from -1 to 1. Our result is 0.5298 or 52.98%, which
means the variables have a moderate positive correlation.

How to Compute the Pearson Correlation Coefficient Excel 2007

Step 1: Type your data into two columns in Excel. For example, type your “x” data into column

A and your “y” data into column B.

Step 2: Select any empty cell.

Step 3: Click the function button on the ribbon.

Step 4: Type “correlation” into the ‘Search for a function’ box.

Step 5: Click “Go.” CORREL will be highlighted.

Step 6: Click “OK.”

Step 7: Type the location of your data into the “Array 1” and “Array 2” boxes. For this example,
type “A2:A10” into the Array 1 box and then type “B2:B10” into the Array 2 box.

Step 8: Click “OK.” The result will appear in the cell you selected in Step 2. For this particular
data set, the correlation coefficient(r) is -0.1316.

Caution: The results for this test can be misleading unless you have made a scatter plot first to
ensure your data roughly fits a straight line. The correlation coefficient in Excel 2007
will always  return a value, even if your data is something other than linear (i.e. exponential).

REFERENCES:

Perdue, Matthew. (2019, September 15). How to Use the Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/how-to-use-the-pearson-correlation-
coefficient-12751742.html
Statistics How to (2019) Correlation Coefficient: Simple Definition, Formula, Easy
Steps.Retrieved from:https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/probability-and-
statistics/correlation-coefficient-formula/#Pearson

WATCH:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewK9ozyRh1g#action=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B_UW-RweSE