Assignment for Calcitonin Hormone

University: ZamZam University

Faculty: MB4
Group Contents:
1) Abdirahman Ali Omar
2)Said Abdikarin Abukar
3)Zakarie ohamed Hossain
4) Sumayo Mohamed shardi
5) Ramla Mohamed Jabir
6) Salmo Yusuf Gabayre
7) Sami Husiam Wasuge

Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
Calcitonin a peptide hormone secreted by the thyroid gland ,
tends to decrease plasma calcium concentration and , in general
has effects opposite to those PTH .
However the quantitative role of calcium in humans is far less
than that PTH in regulating calcium ion concentration
Synthesized by the parafollicular cells (C cells)and is a
physiologic antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by suppressing the
resorptive action of osteoclasts and promotes calcium deposition
in bones by increasing the rate of osteoid calcification.
Secretion of calcitonin is regulated directly by blood calcium
levels.

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 Assignment for Calcitonin Hormone
• High levels of calcium stimulate secretion; low levels
inhibit it.
• Secretion of calcitonin is unaffected by the hypothalamus
and pituitary gland.
• The principal component of colloid is a large (660
kilodalton) iodinated glycoprotein called thyroglobulin
containingabout 120 tyrosine residues. Colloid also
contains several enzymes and other glycoproteins.

MECHANISM OF CALCITONIN
Calcitonin reduces calcium levels in the blood
by two main mechanisms:
1) It inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, which are the cells
responsible for breaking down bone.
When bone is broken down, the calcium contained in the bone
is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, the inhibition of the
osteoclasts by calcitonin directly reduces the amount of calcium
released into the blood.
However, this inhibition has been shown to be short-lived.
2) It can also decrease the resorption of calcium in the
kidneys, again leading to lower blood calcium levels.

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 Assignment for Calcitonin Hormone
CALCITONIN INHIBITS THE ACTIVITY OF
OSTEOCLASTS
CT negatively regulates the osteoclast expression of Spns2
gene, which encodes a transporter for the signalling lipid
sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).
Osteoclasts The osteoclast, a cell that resorbs bone, is the major
target for the action of CT. CT acts directly on osteoclast CTRs
to inhibit bone resorption.
CT induces contraction and inhibits osteoclast motility. The
quiescence response is reversed on the removal of CT and is
abrogated by pretreatment with trypsin, further demonstrating
that the change in motility is a receptor-mediated process.
CT has also been demonstrated to interfere with osteoclast
differentiation from precursor cells and fusion of mononucleated
precursors to form multinucleated osteoclasts in bone marrow
cultures.
demonstrated that incubation of osteoclasts in media containing
the cAMP analogue (Bu)2cAMP duplicate the effects of CT on
osteoclastic motility and bone resorption.
since bone resorption requires motile processes, the inhibition of
osteoclast motility by CT may play an important role in its
ability to inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts.

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 Assignment for Calcitonin Hormone
CALCITONIN ENHANCES CA+2 EXC
Calcitonin has also been shown to affect the renal handling of
calcium in humans by promoting renal excretion of calcium,
presumably via its actions to decrease the tubular reabsorption
of calcium.In addition, calcitonin may regulate serum calcium
by increasing the renal conversion of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 to
1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) with direct
stimulation of the transcription of the 1α‐hydroxylase gene in
the proximal tubule of the kidney.In fact, calcitonin, and not
PTH, appears to be a major regulator of 1α‐hydroxylase and
serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the normocalcemic state.
These actions of calcitonin to regulate the renal synthesis of
1,25(OH)2D3 appear not to be mediated via the CTR, because
CTRs have not been identified in the proximal tubule of the
kidney.
CTRs are, however, located in the thick ascending limb and the
early portion of the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney,
where they activate adenylate cyclase.

Clinical correlation of Calcitonin Hormone

Hypercalcitoninemia
Hypercalcitoninemia, abnormally high blood concentrations of
calcitonin, a protein hormone secreted by parafollicular cells (C
cells) of the thyroid gland.

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 Assignment for Calcitonin Hormone
In humans and other mammals, the condition is often indicative
of a nutritional disorder or a thyroid disorder. In humans,
hypercalcitoninemia is most frequently associated with
medullary thyroid carcinomas, which are tumours of the
parafollicular cells.
Hypercalcitoninemia may also occur as a side effect of certain
drugs, including beta-blockers, which are agents commonly used
in the treatment of heart failure, and omeprazole, which is a
proton-pump inhibitor used in the treatment of peptic ulcer.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma, is a
form of thyroid carcinoma which originates from the
parafollicular cells (C cells), which produce the hormone
calcitonin. Medullary tumors are the third most common of all
thyroid cancers and together make up about 3% of all thyroid
cancer cases.
Micrograph of medullary thyroid carcinoma with amyloid
deposition (left of image). Near normal
Medullary thyroid carcinomas are moderately malignant
tumours that invade nearby tissues in the neck and spread to
distant organs, such as the lungs and liver.
A characteristic feature of these tumours is
hypercalcitoninemia, an abnormally high serum concentration of
a protein hormone called calcitonin, which is secreted by C
cells.

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 Assignment for Calcitonin Hormone
Calcitonin normally functions to lower the concentration of
calcium in the blood when it rises above the normal value.
However, despite marked increases in serum calcitonin
concentrations, patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma do
not have low serum calcium concentrations (hypocalcemia),
because their tissues are resistant to calcitonin.
TREATMENT OF MEDULLARY THYROID
CARCINOMA
1.Surgery
2.Radiation

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