Fire

 Fire is the visible effect of the process of combustion – a special type of chemical reaction. It occurs
between oxygen in the air and some sort of fuel. The products from the chemical reaction are completely
different from the starting material. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/747-what-is-fire

  is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light,

and various reaction products.[1] Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by
this definition.
Fire is hot because the conversion of the weak double bond in molecular oxygen, O2, to the stronger bonds
in the combustion products carbon dioxide and water releases energy (418 kJ per 32 g of O2); the bond
energies of the fuel play only a minor role here.[2] At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the
ignition point, flames are produced. The flame is the visible portion of the fire. Flames consist primarily of
carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to
produce plasma.[3] Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the color of the flame
and the fire's intensity will be different.

 Fires start when a flammable or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of
an oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another oxygen-rich compound (though non-oxygen oxidizers exist), is
exposed to a source of heat or ambient temperature above the flash point for the fuel/oxidizer mix, and is
able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that produces a chain reaction. This is commonly called the fire
tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For
example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions.
Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not consumed, when added, in
any chemical reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.
 Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their own heat by the further
release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate, provided there is a continuous
supply of an oxidizer and fuel.

 If the oxidizer is oxygen from the surrounding air, the presence of a force of gravity, or of some similar
force caused by acceleration, is necessary to produce convection, which removes combustion products and
brings a supply of oxygen to the fire. Without gravity, a fire rapidly surrounds itself with its own
combustion products and non-oxidizing gases from the air, which exclude oxygen and extinguish the fire.
Because of this, the risk of fire in a spacecraft is small when it is coasting in inertial flight.[6][7] This does not
apply if oxygen is supplied to the fire by some process other than thermal convection.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire

Statistics
Fire incidents increased by .84 percent in 2018
MANILA, Philippines — Fire incidents in the country increased this year, the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) said
yesterday.

BFP records from Jan. 1 to Dec. 27 showed that a total of 14,316 fires occurred, 3,943 of which were recorded in
Metro Manila.

The figure is .84 percent higher compared to the same period last year, according to BFP spokesperson
Superintendent Joanne Vallejo.

For this month alone, the BFP recorded 425 fires.

The number of those killed in fires were recorded at 222, which is 25.25 percent lower compared to the figures last
year.

The number of injured persons at 671 is down by 12.17 percent compared to 764 last year.

The BFP is on alert since Dec. 15 to prevent fires during the holidays. More than 25,000 fire officers and personnel
and 2,804 fire trucks are on standby.

Vallejo said they inspected community fireworks display areas to ensure that safety measures are in place.

Read more at https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/12/28/1880369/fire-incidents-increased-84-percent-

2018#oqjMi1E6ASqb8PqP.99

Fewer fires in Jan-Feb 2019, but more deaths recorded – BFP

MANILA, Philippines — The number of fires might have dropped in the first two months of 2019, compared to the
same period last year. But the number of fire-related deaths had gone up significantly, according to Chief Insp. Jude
de los Reyes, spokesperson of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP).

In January and February this year, 67 people died in fires — a 113-percent increase compared to the more than 20
deaths recorded in the same period last year.

Most of the fires, he noted, happened at night while these people were asleep and the structures they were in
happened to have been fire traps that rescuers could not enter, De los Reyes said in an interview with Radyo Inquirer
AM 990 on Sunday.

“It’s really very important that the entryway to the house is clearly accessible, and if possible there should always
somebody there to lead firefighters in case anyone is trapped inside,” he added, speaking in a mix of Filipino and
English.
According to De los Reyes, the BFP recorded 2,269 fires in January to February this year — a 12-percent difference
from the 2,577 cases recorded in the same period in 2018.
He noted that faulty electrical wiring was the most common culprit behind the fire incidents, followed by cigarette
butts left still lighted.
De los Reyes appealed to the public to be more proactive when it came to fire safety.
March was declared Fire Prevention Month in 1966 by then President Ferdinand Marcos due because it was when
most fires happened.
This year’s theme for Fire Prevention Month is “Ligtas na Pilipinas Ating Kamtin, Bawat Pamilya ay Sanayin,
Kalaaman sa Sunog ay Palawakin” — “Let us work for a safe Philippines, train every family, spread knowledge
about fire prevention.” /atm

Read more: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1091608/fewer-fires-in-jan-feb-2019-but-more-deaths-recorded-
bfp#ixzz61eCMp62R
Follow us: @inquirerdotnet on Twitter | inquirerdotnet on Facebook
Prototype

Objectives:
The students should be able to:
1. Create an improvised model of fire extinguisher.
2. Demonstrate a method for easily generating carbon dioxide gas which can then be used to displace the
oxygen supply to a fire and thus extinguish it.

Introduction

A fire extinguisher typically deprives a fire of oxygen. If you encounter a fire at home, on a stovetop, for
example, you can smother the fire by putting a lid over your pan or pot. In some cases, you can toss a non-
flammable chemical on the fire to reduce the combustion reaction. Good choices include table salt (sodium chloride)
or baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). When baking soda is heated, carbon dioxide gas is given off, suffocating the
fire. In this experiment, you'll cause a chemical reaction to produce carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide sinks in
the air, displacing it and removing oxygen from the fire.

Chemistry of the Reaction

Many acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide, water, and an ionic compound. In our experiment
we mix acetic acid (vinegar) and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), to produce sodium acetate (an ionic compound)
and carbonic acid. The carbonic acid is very unstable and decomposes spontaneously into water and carbon dioxide,
which is a gas. The carbon dioxide gas does not support combustion.

The overall reaction is:

HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3  NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3  NaC2H3O2 + CO2 + H20

Materials

 Small Box of baking soda *

 vinegar (weak acetic acid) *
 bottle/jar with lid, with a hole in the lid *
 Scissors *
 1 small candle
 Match or lighter
 1 bendy straw

Procedure

1. Fill the jar about halfway full with vinegar.

2. To activate the fire extinguisher, drop in a spoonful of baking soda.
3. Immediately shake the jar and point the hole of the jar toward your fire.

Test out your fire extinguisher on a candle or small intentional fire so you will know what to expect.
Relationship:

Chemical Reaction Definition

Simply put, a chemical reaction is any transformation from one set of chemicals into another set.
If the starting and ending substances are the same, a change may have occurred, but not a chemical reaction. A
reaction involves a rearrangement of molecules or ions into a different structure. Contrast this with a physical
change, where the appearance is altered, but the molecular structure is unchanged, or a nuclear reaction, in which
the composition of the atomic nucleus changes. In a chemical reaction, the atomic nucleus is untouched, but
electrons may be transferred or shared to break and form chemical bonds. In both physical changes and chemical
changes (reactions), the number of atoms of each element are the same both before and after a process occurs.
However, in a physical change, the atoms maintain their same arrangement into molecules and compounds. In a
chemical reaction, the atoms form new products, molecules, and compounds.
Signs a Chemical Reaction Has Occurred

Since you can't look at chemicals at a molecular level with the naked eye, it's helpful to know signs that indicate a
reaction has occurred. A chemical reaction is often accompanied by a temperature change, bubbles, color change,
and/or precipitate formation.

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

The atoms and molecules that interact are called the reactants. The atoms and molecules produced by the reaction
are called products. Chemists use a shorthand notation called a chemical equation to indicate the reactants and the
products. In this notation, the reactants are listed on the left side, the products are listed on the right side, and the
reactants and products are separated by an arrow showing which direction the reaction proceeds. While many
chemical equations show reactants forming products, in reality, the chemical reaction often proceeds in the other
direction, too. In a chemical reaction and a chemical equation, no new atoms are created or lost (conservation of
mass), but chemical bonds may be broken and formed between different atoms.

Chemical equations may be either unbalanced or balanced. An unbalanced chemical equation doesn't account for
conservation of mass, but it's often a good starting point because it lists the products and reactants and the direction
of the chemical reaction.

As an example, consider rust formation. When rust forms, the metal iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form a new
compound, iron oxide (rust). This chemical reaction may be expressed by the following unbalanced chemical
equation, which may be written either using words or using the chemical symbols for the elements:

iron plus oxygen yields iron oxide

Fe + O → FeO

A more accurate description of a chemical reaction is given by writing a balanced chemical equation. A balanced
chemical equation is written so the number of atoms of each type of element are the same for both the products and
reactants. Coefficients in front of chemical species indicate quantities of reactants, while subscripts within a
compound indicate the number of atoms of each element. Balanced chemical equations typically list the state of
matter of each reactant (s for solid, l for liquid, g for gas). So, the balanced equation for the chemical reaction of rust
formation becomes:
2 Fe(s) + O2(g) → 2 FeO(s)
Examples of Chemical Reactions
There are millions of chemical reactions! Here are some examples:
  Fire (combustion)
 Baking a cake
 Cooking an egg
 Mixing baking soda and vinegar to produce salt and carbon dioxide gas

Chemical reactions may also be categorized according to general types of reactions. There's more than one name for
each type of reaction, so that may be confusing, but the form of the equation should be easy to recognize:

 Synthesis reaction or direct combination: A + B → AB

 Analysis reaction or decomposition: AB → A + B
 Single displacement or substitution: A + BC → AC + B
 Metathesis or double displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB

Other types of reactions are redox reactions, acid-base reactions, combustion, isomerization, and
hydrolysis. Chemical reactions are everywhere.

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-chemical-reaction-604042