Transportation

1. Past
1. The evolution of Indian Transport has grown from bullocks to sustainable energy transport
2. Early humans created their own paths for walking after which they have utilized their animals
for transportation thereby widening the paths created.
3. Then came rickshaws which were run on human power.
4. After which was the invention of the railways (I 1838) which was by the British on 16 th April
1853, to ease the trade. The first railway was constructed between Bombay’s bori bunder
station and thane
5. Roads have been existing in india for the last 5000 years. In early stages of Indian history,
Ashoka and chnadragupta made efforts to construct roads, although the real progress was made
during the Mughal period.
6. Indian railway founded in 1845 the fourth largest railway network in the world by the size with
69,182kms electrified routes with 25kv ac electric transaction
7. Air transport in India started in 1911, when first aero plane post service was started between
Allahabad and naini.
8. Water transport was in its pinnacle in the 14 th century, the Mughal rulers greatly navigation on
rovers for trade and passengers the cheapest source of transportation to any country

2. Future
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Electric cars (also known as battery electric cars) have several environmental benefits compared to conventional internal
combustion engine cars. They have lower operating and maintenance costs, produce little or no local air pollution, reduce
dependence on petroleum, and also have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However producing batteries
for electric cars requires additional resources and energy, so they may have a larger environmental footprint when new.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Electric cars can have several environmental benefits over conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs),
such as:
 They have lower operating and maintenance costs, so reducing their environmental footprint as compare with
conventional IEVs.[1][2]
 a significant reduction of harmful tailpipe pollutants such as particulates (soot), volatile organic compounds,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, and various oxides of nitrogen.[3][4][5]
 the potential for a significant reduction in CO
2 emissions. However, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted depends on the emission intensity of the power
sources used to charge the vehicle, the efficiency of the said vehicle and the energy wasted in the charging
process. For mains electricity the emission intensity varies significantly per country and within a particular
country, and on the demand, the availability of renewable electricity and the efficiency of the occasional fossil
fuel-based generation, less and less used.[6][7][8]
 Plug-in hybrids capture most of these benefits when they are operating in all-electric mode.
Electric cars have some disadvantages, such as:
 Heavy reliance of rare-earth elements such as neodymium, lanthanum, terbium, and dysprosium, and other
critical metals such as lithium and cobalt,[9][10] though the quantity of rare metals used differs per car. Though
Rare Earth metals are plentiful in the Earth's crust, few miners hold exclusivity to access those elements. [11]
 Possible increased particulate matter emissions from tyres. This is sometimes caused by the fact that most
electric cars have a heavy battery, which means the car's tires are subjected to more wear. The brake pads,
however, can be used less frequently than in non-electric cars, if regenerative braking is available and may thus
sometimes produce less particulate pollution than brakes in non-electric cars . Also, some electric cars may have a
 combination of drum brakes and disc brakes, and drum brakes are known to cause less particulate emissions than
disc brakes. These disadvantages can be solved using different battery types.
 As in combustion cars, the carbon dioxide emitted for the manufacturing should be taken into account.
 The Carbon dioxide emitted for the manufacturing and production of oil must be a part of the total tailpipes
calculations of carbon dioxide emitted for ICEVs cars

3. Present
ADOPTING GREEN MODES AND TECHNOLOGIES: The final pillar focuses on adopting green modes
and technologies such as electric vehicles and non-motorized transport (NMT). For improving adoption of non-
motorized transport, the routes and paths should be planned so that they integrate seamlessly with public
transport. Lastly, ensuring safety for NMT users by outlining norms & dedicated traffic signals should be a key
priority.
Further, a clear push towards cleaner technologies is need of the hour. This has to be enabled through ecosystem
development which includes domestic manufacturing, deployment of charging infrastructure etc. The goal should
be to holistically reduce well-to-wheel emissions.

4. Infrastructure
5. BharatMala Project: Bharatmala Pariyojana is a centrally sponsored and funded road and
highways project of the Government of India. The total investment for 83,677 km committed
new highways is estimated at ₹5.35 lakh crore (US$77 billion), making it the single largest outlay
for a government road construction scheme. The project will build highways from Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and then cover the entire string of Himalayan states - Jammu and
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand - and then portions of borders of Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar and move to West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and right up to the Indo-
Myanmar border in Manipur and Mizoram.
6. Economic corridors of india: presently 44
7. Logistics parks: 24 logistics parks entailing 45% of India's freight traffic have been identified to
be connected by Bharatmala economic corridors (EC)
8. The Sagarmala Programme is an initiative by the government of India to enhance the
performance of the country's logistics sector. Sagarmala aims to modernize India's Ports so
that port-led development can be augmented, and coastlines can be developed to contribute
to India's growth. It also aims at "transforming the existing Ports into modern world-class
Ports and integrate the development of the Ports, the Industrial clusters and hinterland and
efficient evacuation systems through road, rail, inland and coastal waterways resulting in
Ports becoming the drivers of economic activity in coastal areas. It also aims at "transforming
the existing Ports into modern world-class Ports and integrate the development of the Ports,
the Industrial clusters and hinterland and efficient evacuation systems through road, rail,
inland and coastal waterways resulting in Ports becoming the drivers of economic activity in
coastal areas.

Since about more than 90% of India's trade by volume is conducted via the country’s
maritime route, there is a continuous need to develop India's ports and trade-related
infrastructure to accelerate growth in the manufacturing industry and to assist the 'Make in
 India' initiative. India has 12 major ports and approximately 200 non-major ports
administered by Central and State Governments respectively.

As per the studies conducted under the Sagarmala Programme, it is expected that by 2025,
cargo traffic at Indian ports will be approximately 2500 MMTPA while the current cargo
handling capacity of Indian ports is only 1500 MMTPA.

9. Government initiatives
1. Government initiatives:
As per NITI aayog- it aims to transform India’s mobility through the framework of “clean,
convenient and congestion free” ways. It talks the process of transformation through 4 ways,
namely
1. Connecting Bharath: building Safe, Adequate, Holistic Infrastructure.
2. Optimize travel footprint: “peak time travel optimization” and “Logistics and goods
transport”.
3. Promote seamless and public transport: “seamless and public convenient transport” and
“shared mobility”
4. Adopt green modes and technologies: “non-motorized transport” and “green mobility
technologies”

CONNECT BHARAT: One clear imperative for our mobility paradigm is to build Safe, Adequate and Holistic
Infrastructure (SAHI) for all our citizens, including women, elderly and disabled. Also, the infrastructure network needs to
solve for all types of connectivity - urban-to-urban, urban-to-rural and rural-to-rural. Multiple current schemes such as
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)Pradhan Mantri Jal Marg Yojana (PMJMY), and UDAN (Ude Desh ka
Aam Naagrik). There is a need for continued action and focus on this, aided with few elements as detailed below.
•• Increased emphasis on safety and accessibility
•• Leveraging multiple modes of transport – road, rail, coastal and inland
waterways, small regional airports, ropeways etc.
•• Higher usage of data for holistic mobility needs
OPTIMIZE TRAVEL FOOTPRINT: a comprehensive logistics framework that minimizes impact on the city’s internal
traffic, through measures such as timing, zoning, and optimal planning of warehouses is required. This also needs to be
supported by building more bypass routes (where needed) and encouraging multiple modes transport modes. Also, latest
technological advances and ubiquitous connectivity needs to be leveraged. The considerable amount of post-harvest losses
in India can be reduced through effective logistics management, integrated crop management systems, cold chain networks
and demand aggregation. Initiatives such as the national logistics action plan (NLAP) being drafted by the Ministry of
Commerce are steps in the right direction.

PROMOTE SEAMLESS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT: the twin problems of pollution and congestion. There is a need to
improve both the adequacy and adoption of PT in India, and this would need holistic focus across multiple dimensions
•• Data-driven planning and urban transport, with a clear hierarchy amongst different modes
•• Focus on multi-modal systems
•• Make PT attractive for urban India, to increase adoption Further, our mobility solutions need to be harmonized with
the global shared mobility revolution.
 10. Benchmark of a city/country
japan

11. Comparison
12. Pros and Cons
ADVANTAGES OF TRANSPORT:
economic benefits: helps in better production in both agricultural and industrial goods,
reduction in scarcity, growth in foreign trade, specialization of resources and mobilization of
resources, promotion of tourism.
Social benefits: more employment opportunities, education expansion, relationship between
villages and cities, social and cultural spirit.

Roads play a major role in the transportation of goods and passengers for short and medium distances

It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads

Road system helps establish easy contact between farms, fields and markets and provide door to door
service

Roads can negotiate high gradients and sharp turns which railways cannot so roads can be constructed
in hilly regions too

Roads act as a feeder to railways, without good and sufficient roads railway cannot collect sufficient
produce to make their operations possible.

https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/future-of-mobility/deloitte-urban-mobility-index-for-
cities.html

13. GST and Octroi

Here we talk of transportation and infrastructure simultaneously since prasad sir said…….. To ensure the
effective implementation of all these, a number of supporting enablers need to be put in place for laying the foundation.
I.e. skill and employment, intelligent transport systems, governance and public awareness.

GST
The introduction of GST has primarily had a positive effect in the transport sector, as it has helped speed up the movement
of consignments via road, rail, air and sea.
The sector has witnessed a 20% increase in efficiency due to the dismantling of checkpoints and the addition of the e-way
bill has also greatly helped reduce the burden on drivers from enduring the procedures at checkpoints.
Pre GST, each state had levied different tax rates on goods passing through. Post GST, the rates applicable were unilateral
through the states, however, in cases of multimodal transport, the situation can be further improved by having one GST
rate on all multimodal transport, which would help reduce the burden felt by both the manufacturer and the transporters.
Benefits of GST on Transport Services
1. Simplified Tax – The implementation of taxes removed 15 different state and federal taxes and tariffs. This
removal of various rates of taxes eliminated the complexity in the transportation of goods and the cascading
effect of indirect taxes.
2. Warehouse/Logistics Costs Reduced – The previous tax structure led to higher logistics costs, which has been
reduced by over 20% since the implementation of GST. Additionally, since each state had a different tax slab
rate previously, companies housed warehouses in various states, instead of at strategic points, which led to
increased warehouse costs. By removing multiple warehouses, logistics is improved, and optimization in the
supply chain.
 3. More Efficient – One central tax rate makes for seamless transportation across the country through all the states,
with the removal of multiple checkpoints, entry permits, complicated paperwork etc. By removing the
complexities in transporting through the states, it reduces transportation time, operational costs and more
efficient logistics.
4. Technology Driven – In addition to GST being technology driven, the e-way bill has helped the players in the
industry remove the confusion by creating uniformity in the industry. The consensus among the industry is that
GST has improved things for the better, but as this is only the beginning, the real benefits are yet to be realized.
Rates of GST on Different Modes of Transport
1. Roadways – Transportation of goods by road are subject to GST of 5% or 12% with ITC availability subject to
conditions.
2. Airways – Transport of goods is taxed at 18% for within India, out of India and into India with input tax credit
available.
3. Railways – As per the recent amendment, transport of goods via Indian railways is taxed at 5% with the
availability of ITC, which makes rail transport competitive with road transport. For transport via railways other
than Indian railways, GST is charged at 12% with the availability of input tax credit.
4. Waterways – The new rate of GST on movement of goods by waterways is 5% with the availability of ITC.