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CHAPTER:1

INTRODUCTION
1. SUBSTATION

Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the power
system, the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and materials of the
structures used. These categories are not disjointed; to solve a particular problem, a
transmission substation may include significant distribution functions, for example.

 Transmission substation

 Distribution substation

TANSMISSION SUBSTATION

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is
where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-
voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or
maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two
transmission voltages, voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors,
reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to
control power flow between two adjacent power systems.

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution
system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main
transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station
reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution. The input for a distribution
substation is typically at least two transmission or sub transmission lines. Input voltage may
be, for example, 33/11 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a number of
feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV
depending on the size of the area.

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1.2 220KV SUBSTSATIONS

220KV Sub-Station forms an important link between Transmission network and Distribution
network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart from ensuring efficient
transmission and Distribution of power, the sub-station configuration should be such that it
enables easy maintenance of equipment and minimum interruptions in power supply. Sub-
Station is constructed near as possible to the load center. The voltage level of power
transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center

1.3 SELECTION OF SITE

Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Sub-Station are as follows:

i) The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible.

ii) It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments.

iii) Land should be fairly leveled to minimize development cost.

iv) Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is required
for various construction activities (especially civil works), earthing and for drinking
purposes etc.

v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of public places,
aerodromes, and Military / police installations.

vi) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation equipments,
buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards and store sheds
etc. with roads and space for future expansion.

vii) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways should
be observed as per the regulations in force.

viii) While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to the Govt. land over
private land. ix) The land should not have water logging problem.

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ix) Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach/termination of high voltage
overhead transmission lines.

1.4 LINES OF 220KV SUB-STATION MORADABAD

INCOMING LINES:
 MORADABAD (400KV)
 RAMPUR (220KV)
 SIRSI (220 KV)

OUTGOING LINES (132KV):

 KANTH ROAD
 SAMBHAL
 AVAS VIKAS
 RAMPUR I&II
 GULAB BARI
 AMROHA
 KUNDARKI
 TANDA

OUTGOING LINES (33 KV):

 NEW MDA
 GROWTH CENTER
 SITAPURI
 CHAUDHARPUR
 RATANPUR
 DELHI ROAD
 MANDI SAMITHI
 LOCO SHED
 TOWN HALL
 TP NAGAR
 DESIGNCO
 MAJHOLA I&II
 RAILWAY
 NAGAR ONE

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1.5 EQUIPMENT OF 220KV SUB-STATION

 ONE 200 MVA (220/132) KV T/F & TWO 160 MVA ( 220/132) T/F
 TWO 63 MVA (132/33)KV T/F & TWO 40 MVA (132/33) KV T/F
 220 KV, 50 MVAR Bus Reactor
 SF6 Circuit breakers
 Isolators
 Lightning Arresters
 Current transformers
 Capacitive Voltage Transformers
 Wave traps
 Insulators
 Bus Bar
 312 KVA A.C. Generator
 Overhead Conductors
 DC Supply (110 V)
 Protective Relays

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CHAPTER-2

TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

2.1 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

 Power transformer
 Instrument transformer
 On the basis of working
 On the basis of structure

2.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER

The Power transformer is a one kind of transformer, that is used to transfer electrical energy in
any part of the electrical or electronic circuit between the generator and the distribution primary
circuits. These transformers are used in distribution systems to interface step up and step down
voltages. The common type of power transformer is liquid immersed and the life span of these
transformers is around 30 years. Power transformers can be classified into three types based on
the ranges. They are small power transformers, medium power transformers and large power
transformers.

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Figure 2.2.1: Power Transformer

2.1.2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform
voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument transformers is to operate
instruments or metering from high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary
control circuitry from the high voltages or currents. The primary winding of the transformer is
connected to the high voltage or high current circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the
secondary circuit.

Figure 2.1.2: Instrument Transformers

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2.1.3 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

 Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage.

 Step up: Converts low voltage into high voltage.

2.1.4 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

Figure : Core type Figure : Shell type

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CHAPTER-3
TRANSFORMERS AND PROTECTION

Interconnecting autotransformer which can step up or step down voltage for synchronization of
two grid voltages. Interconnecting transformers are Bi-directional and they can be used power
import and export to power grid. Interconnecting transformer are delta connected and winding
are tertiary winding of about 33KV voltage rating. Interconnecting transformer provide zero
sequence current.

During the plant start-up, they "import" power from the grid either at 400kV and step down to
220kV or 33kV to supply the station auxiliaries. Once the plant is started and synchronized to
the grid, the same transformer can now be used to "export" power to the grid. The spec would
read: 400/220/33KV.

3.1 200 MVA TRANSFORMER

Figure 3.1: 200 MVA Transformer

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3.2 160 MVA TRANSFORMER

Figure 3.2: 160 MVA Transformer

3.3 PURPOSE OF TERTIARY WINDING

 Tertiary winding reduce the unbalancing in primary winding.

 Tertiary winding redistribute the flow of fault current.
 Sometime it is require to supply an auxiliary load in different voltage level in
additional to its main secondary load taken from tertiary winding.
 Tertiary winding connect in delta form and it assists in limitation of fault current
in the event of short circuit from line to neutral.

Figure 3.3: Tertiary Winding

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3.4 BUCHHOLZ RELAY

 In the event of fault in oil filled transformer Gas is generated, due to which Buchholz relay
give alarm indication of developing fault.
 Buchholz relay provided with two elements one of Minor faults (give alarm) and other for
major fault (tripping).
 It is connected between conservator and oil pipe.

Figure 3.4: Buchholz Relay

3.5 SILICA GEL BREATHER

 Insure that color of silica gel is blue. If it is pink so it should be changed to blue.
 Silica gel should be heated at 100°C until original blue color.
 Pink color of silica gel is due to absorption of moisture.

Figure 3.5: Silica Gel Breather

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3.6 NEUTRAL EARTHING ARRANGEMENT

The neutral terminal of auto transformer shall be brought to the ground level by a brass/tinned
copper ground bar, supported from the tank by using porcelain insulators. The end of the
brass/tinned copper bar shall be brought to the bottom of the tank, at a convenient point, for
making bolted connection.

Figure 3.6: Neutral Earthing Arrangement

3.7 TEST OF TRANSFORMER

 Dissolve Gas analysis

 Stability Test
 Winding Resistance Test
 Winding Temperature Indication & Oil Temperature Indication
 Pressure Relief Valve Test
 Buchholz Test
 Open Circuit Test & Short Circuit Test
 Back to Back Test

3.8 EMULSIFIER SYSYTEM

Emulsifier System installed at 220/33kV Subs-Station site

 Emulsifiers are used to protect Transformers / Reactors from fire outbreak.

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 Lines are provided around the Transformer / Reactor as well as spray line and Fire
detection system
 Along the spray line, nozzles are provided to spray in case of fire outbreak by producing a
heavy wet mist blanket as opposed to direct jets of water.
 Along the detection line Quartz bulbs are provided which bursts at 79 degree C. The sensor
pipes and glass bulb detectors are filled with air pressure which holds the flap valve closed
against the water pressure. If a bulb bursts, the air leaks out and the water valve flaps open.

Fig 3.8: Emulisifer sysytem

3.9 LIGHTNING ARRESTER

 A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications
systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of
lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high- voltage terminal and a ground terminal.


 That lightning arrestor is connected to a conductor which runs along the walls and goes into
the earth. Surge arrestor gives the protection against surge currents or voltages in a circuit.
Surges can be produced because of short circuit, lightning, sparking etc. Surge Arresters are
widely also known Lightning arrester.

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Fig 3.9: Lighting Arrester

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CHAPTER-4

POWER STATION EQUIPMENTS

The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub- Station,
Service requirement and the degree of protection desired.

The following equipment used in a power station are:

4.1 BUS BARS

These are normally made of hollow Copper/Aluminum rods. The reason is to account for the
high current flow so that normal cables would be unable to withstand the electrical stress
produced. An electric bus collects electric energy at one location and the bus bar is the
conductor through which the electric current flows. The material normally used for bus bars are
copper and aluminums. In a Substation, there will be three bus-bars where the three incoming
lines are connected. The high-tension side terminals of the step-down transformer are
connected to these bus bars. The low voltage side terminals are connected to the set of Bus-Bar
which is connected to the outgoing line. In 220 KV Three buses systems are present:

1. Main Bus-A
2. Main Bus-B
3. Auxiliary Bus

Fig-4.1: Bus Bars

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4.2 BUS REACTOR

A bus reactor is a oil filled, connected between two buses or two sections of the same bus in
order to limit the voltage transients on either bus. It is installed in a bus to maintain system
voltage when the load of the bus changes, Reduce fault current releasing reactive power as
usable power to bolster the voltage. Reactors limit the magnitude of fault currents in the
system. It limits the short circuit current to safer value which prevents the connected equipment
i.e breaker or transformer. When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, busbar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of
rectangular X-Section) and operate at constant voltage. The bus is a line in which the incoming
feeders come into and get into the instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is
used for putting the incoming feeders in LA single line. There may be double line in the bus so
that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply will not
stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a Conductor having a
connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the
first is having any fault.

Fig-4.2: BUS REACTOR

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4.3 WAVE TRAP

WAVE TRAP or LINE TRAP is used for communication purpose in substation. A line trap
(high-frequency stopper) is a maintenance-free parallel resonant circuit, connected in series in
line on high- voltage (HV) AC transmission power lines to prevent the transmission of high
frequency ( Above 50Hz) and Communication frequency wave are very high (not power
frequency) they will act as harmonics towards electrical equipment like TRANSFORMER,
CIRCUIT BREAKER, etc.
So in order to protect them we should connect wave trap after C.V.T (capacitive voltage
transformer). So that wave trap will trap the communication waves. Wave trap offer high
impedance to high frequency and low impedance for Power frequency.

Figure-4.3: Wave Trap

4.4 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

It is a type of transformer that is used to measure alternating current (AC). It produces a current
in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary. Current transformers, along
with voltage or potential transformers are instrument transformer. Instrument transformers
scale the large values of voltage or current too small, standardized values that are easy to
handle for instruments and protective relays. The

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instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the
primary system. A current transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately
proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The current transformer presents a negligible
load to the primary circuit. Current transformers are the current-sensing units of the power
system and are used at generating stations, electrical substations, and in industrial and
commercial electric power distribution.

A type of transformer used to reduce the magnitude of the flowing current in a conductor, so
that current can be handled safely for measurement & instrumentation. Primary side is the
current measured and secondary side will have the reduced current. Reduction in magnitude
will be determined by the turn’s ratio.

Figure-4.4: Circuit Diagram of CT

4.5 ISOLATOR
Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible physically
from outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch

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any electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So for better safety there must be
some arrangement so that one can see open condition of the section of the circuit before
touching it. Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from system as when
required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works.
So definition of isolator can be rewritten as Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch
which separates a part of the electrical power. Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load.
Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to be
opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are generally used on both ends of the
breaker in order that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can be done without and danger.

Fig-4.5: Isolator
4.6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
Electrical circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device which is capable of making (close)
breaking (open) and carry under normal condition or specified time. The function of circuit
breaker is to isolate the faulty part of the power system. A protective relay detect abnormal
conditions and send a tripping signal to circuit breaker. A circuit breaker is the equipment,
which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker
breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station.
According to different criteria there are different type of circuit breaker: According to their arc
quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as
Oil circuit breaker
Air blast circuit breaker

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Vacuum circuit breaker

SF6 circuit breaker

4.7 ACSR CONDUCTOR

The ACSR conductor shall be suitable for being installed directly in air supported on
suspension insulator strings or anchored through tension insulator strings at the power cross
arms of single circuit, double circuit or multi circuit transmission line towers.
Resistivity: 0.028264 ohm. sq. mm/m at 20 Deg. C,
Density: 2.703 g/cm3
Temperature Co-efficient of Resistance: 0.004 per degree Celsius
Cross Sectional Area– Sq. mm: 597.0
Diameter – mm: 31.77
It is used for longer spans keeping sag minimum. It may consist of 7 strands of steel
surrounding by aluminium strands concentrically. Strands provide flexibility, prevent breakage
and minimize skin effect. If the Al and St strands are separated by a filler such as paper then
this kind of ACSR is used in EHV lines and called expanded ACSR. Expanded ACSR has
larger diameter and hence lower corona losses.

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Fig-4.7: ACSR Conductor

4.8 INSULATORS
The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductor. The most commonly used material for the manufactures of insulators
is porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.) and there
used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement.An electrical insulator is a
material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and therefore make it nearly
impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field. A perfect
insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges
(charge carriers) which can carry current.

Fig-4.8 : Insulator

4.8.1 INSULATING MATERIAL

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The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is the flash over, occurs in between line
and earth during abnormal over voltage in the system. During the flash over, the huge heat
produced by arching, causes puncher in insulator body.

4.8.2 TYPES OF INSULATING MATERIALS

Two types of insulating material are mainly used:

A-Porcelain insulator
B- Glass insulator

A. PORCELAIN INSULATOR

Fig-A: Porcelain insulator

B. GLASS INSULATORS

Now days glass insulator has become popular in transmission and distribution system.
Annealed tough glass is used for insulating purpose.

Fig-B:Glass insulator

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ADVANTAGE OF GLASS INSULATOR

 It has very high dielectric strength compared to porcelain.

 Its resistivity is also very high.
 It has low coefficient of thermal expansion.
 It has higher tensile strength compared to porcelain insulator.
 As it is transparent in nature the is not heated up in sunlight as porcelain.
 After all, glass is cheaper than porcelain.

4.8.3 TYPES OF INSULATORS

There are five types of insulators:

1. Pin type insulator

2. Suspension type insulator
3. Strain type insulator
4. Shackle type insulator
5. Stay type insulator

Pin insulator strain insulator

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4.9 CONTROL PANEL

All protective, indicating and control elements are mounted on the front panel for ease of
operation and control. The control and relay panel accepts C.B, CT, PT aux 230 AC and
220V/48V DC connections at respective designated terminal points. 220V/48V DC supply is
used for control supply of all internal relays and timers and also for energizing closing and
tripping coils of the breakers. 230V AC station auxiliary supply is used for internal illumination
lamp of the panel and the space heater. Protective HRC fuse are provided within the panel for
P.T secondary.

Fig-4.9: Control panel

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4.10 SWITCHES OF CONTROL PANEL

 D.C Selector Switch

 Circuit Breaker Switch

 P.T Selector Switch

 Trip transfer Switch

 Synchronising Switch

 Ammeter Switch

 Isolator Switch

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT ON CONTROL PANEL

 Moving iron type meter

 Energy meter

4.11 CAPACITOR BANK

Electric Power Tool: Substation Equipment - Capacitor Bank. Capacitors are used to control
the level of the voltage supplied to the customer by reducing or eliminating the voltage drop in
the system caused by inductive reactive loads.

Fig-4.11: Capacitor Bank

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4.12 POWER BANK

In RSEB almost on all the 220 KV Sub-stations two sets of 220 V (for protection) and one set
of 48 V (for carrier communication) lead Acid station batteries along with battery chargers are
installed. The battery charging equipments comprises of a float charger and a boost charger.
Stabilization output voltage is provided in the float charger to float the battery at the correct
level. The battery can be boost charging after a prolonged mains failure by the boost charger.
These chargers have been provided protection for under voltage DC & earth fault. DC Board is
installed to feed various essential DC load from a separate feeder. Recommended specific

gravity of cells at 270C (electrolyte temp) should be 1.210 ± 0.005. Actual temp should be

measured in the electrolyte of the cell. If the temp is different than 27 0C the correction ±

0.0007/0C change in temp. should be made in sp. gr. (Subtract for temp. below 270 C and add

for temp. above 270 C).

Fig-4.12: Power Bank

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CONCLUSION
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We are made
aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the various parts of
the substation system. The three wings of electrical system viz. generation, transmission and distribution
are connected to each other and that too very perfectly.

Thus for effective transmission and distribution a substation must:

 Ensure steady state and transient stability

 Effective voltage control

 Prevention of loss of synchronism

 Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points
 Fault analysis improvement in respective field

 Establishment of economic load distribution

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REFERENCES

 "Joint Consultation Paper: Western Metropolitan Melbourne Transmission Connection and

Subtransmission Capacity" (PDF). Jemena. Powercor Australia, Jemena, Australian Energy Market
Operator. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
 a b c Stockton, Blaine. "Design Guide for Rural Substations" (PDF). USDA Rural Development.
United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
 Steinberg, Neil. "Lights On but Nobody Home: Behind the Fake Buildings that Power Chicago".
Retrieved 14 December 2013.
 "Transformer Fire Video". metacafe. User Eagle Eye. Retrieved 4 February 2016.

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