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What is Research & Research Methodology-Dr. ASM

Pharmacy (Savitribai Phule Pune University)

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Int r oduct Ion t o

Resea Rch n Resea Rch
Met hodol og y
Dr. Atish Mundada,
Associate Professor,
S N JBs S S DJCollege of Pharmacy ,
Chandwad, N ashik, India

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• Doubt is often better than

overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry

and inquiry leads to invention.

- Hudson

30 June 2020 SNJB's SSDJ College of Pharmacy, Chandwad (Nasik) 2

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Introduction:
Research is an essential and powerful tool is leading man
towards progress.
John W. Best has rightly said “The secret of our cultural
development has been research, pushing back the areas of
ignorance by discovering new truths, which in turn, lead to
better ways of doing things and better products.
• Scientists attempt to answer the following questions:
Why? How? When? Under what conditions? With what
restriction? These questions are the starting point of scientific
investigation.
• To address these questions, the scientist must be inquisitive,
must exhibit curiosity.
• If questions cease, then so does the scientific process.
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Research--Meaning:
Research
1. It is a voyage/journey of discovery or movement from the
known to unknown
2. A method of critical thinking and careful enquiry in seeking
facts/principles
3. An art of Scientific investigation
4. It is scientific and systematic search for pertinent
information on a specific topic.
5. Implicit question + Explicit answer + data to support the
answer
6. It is an original contribution to the existing stock of
knowledge making for its advancement.
In short, it is Pursuit of Truth…..

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Motives of Research?
• To get a research degree to enjoy its benefits.

• Desire to face challenges in solving unsolved problems.

• Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work.

• Desire to be of service to the society and to get

respectability.

• Desire to get responsibility.

• Social thinking and awareness.

• Directives of government/ employment condition.

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Research Methods vs Research Methodology

• Research methods or techniques refers to the methods

researchers use in performing research operations.
• In other words, all those methods that are used by
researchers during the course of studying his research
problem are known as Research methods.
• Behavior and instruments used in selecting and
constructing technique (a range of approaches used to
gather data) are known as Research methods.
examples: Observations, questionnaire, interview,
analysis of records, case study etc.

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• Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the

research problem.
• In other words, it is science of studying how research is
done scientifically.
• RM helps to understand not only the product of
scientific enquiry but also the process.
• In RM, the aim is to describe and analyze methods,
throw light on their limitations and resources, clarify
their presuppositions and consequences, relating their
potentialities.
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• Research methodology has many dimensions and research

methods do constitute a part of the research methodology.
• The scope of research methodology is wider than that of
research methods.
• Thus, when we talk of research methodology we not only
talk of the research methods but also consider the logic
behind the methods we use in the context of our research
study and explain why we are using a particular method or
technique and why we are not using others so that research
results are capable of being evaluated either by the
researcher himself or by others.

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Importance of RM
• Advancement of wealth of human knowledge.
• Tools of the trade-Knowledge of RM gives new insight which
becomes way of looking at things objectively.
• Develops a critical and scientific attitude, disciplined thinking
or a bent of mind to observe objectively
• Enriches practitioner and his practices, enables us to make
intelligent decisions, provides opportunity to study subject in
depth.
• Person knowing RM is always helpful to govt./ business
administration, community development and social work as
he can evaluate process/group/individual and use research
results to take some actions.
• Knowledge of RM helps one not to be deceived/swindled by
any business org. giving fake research outcome.

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Additional benefits of RM
• Enables critical evaluation of literature.

• Helps to understand the researcher as a user of a library.

• Helps to learn how to use libraries and other information

resources.

• Develops special interest and skills.

• Helps to understand attitude of others.

• Creates awareness of special needs of research process.

• Knowledge of RM inculcates the ability to evaluate and use

research results with reasonable confidence.

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Methods of Acquiring Knowledge

• Intuition: An approach of acquiring knowledge that is not
based on a known reasoning process.
• Authority: A basis for acceptance of information, because it
is acquired from a highly respected source.
• Rationalism: The acquisition of knowledge through
reasoning.
• Empiricism: The acquisition of knowledge through
experience.
• Science: is a very important way of acquiring knowledge.
Although it is a hybrid of the forms discussed earlier, it is
superior in the sense that it is designed to systematically
produce reliable and valid knowledge about the natural
world.

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Research Process Qualification

• The process undertaken to get the solution for the pressing
problem qualifies as a research process if-
• It is being undertaken within a framework
• Uses procedures, methods and techniques that have
been tested for their validity and reliability.
• Is designed to be unbiased and objective.

• In short, Research process is often tedious, painfully slow

and rarely spectacular.
• It is more often a team endeavor than individual activity.
• It is more than compiling, counting and tabulating data.

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Characteristics of Scientific Research

• Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and

interpreting information to answer questions.

• But to qualify as research, the process must have certain

characteristics: it must, as far as possible, be

• controlled,

• rigorous,

• systematic,

• valid and verifiable,

• empirical and critical.

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• Controlled- in research work there are many factors that

affect an outcome.

• The concept of control implies that, in exploring causality in

relation to two variables (factors), you set up your study in
a way that minimizes the effects of other factors affecting
the relationship.

• Rigorous-you must be scrupulous in ensuring that the

procedures followed to find answers to questions are
relevant, appropriate and justified.
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• Systematic-this implies that the procedure adopted to

undertake an investigation follow a certain logical sequence.
• The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way.
• Some procedures must follow others.

• Valid and verifiable-this concept implies that whatever you

conclude on the basis of your findings is correct and can be
verified by you and others.

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• Empirical-this means that any conclusion drawn are

based upon hard evidence gathered from information
collected from real life experiences or observations.

• Critical-critical scrutiny of the procedures used and the

methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry.
• The process of investigation must be foolproof and free
from drawbacks.
• The process adopted and the procedures used must be
able to withstand critical scrutiny.

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Objectives of Research
• The objective of research is to discover answers to questions
through the application of scientific procedures.
• The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and which has not been discovered as yet.
• Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we
may think of research objectives as falling into a number of
following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new
insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as
exploratory or formulative research studies);

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2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular

individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in
view are known as descriptive research studies);

3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs

or with which it is associated with something else (studies
with this object in view are known as diagnostic research
studies);

4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between

variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing
research studies).

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Motivation in Research
• The possible motives for doing research may be either one
or more of the following:
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates
research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.

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Qualities of a good research

• Purpose/objective of research clearly defined in common
concepts
• Research methods described in detail to keep contunity
• Carefully planned design leading to objective results
• Flaws reported with complete frankness along with their
effect on design
• Adequate analysis of data with appropriate methods of
analysis
• Data checked carefully for validity and reliability
• Conclusions confined to those justified by the data
• Confidence warranted if researcher is experienced, honest
and is a person of integrity.

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Problems encountered in India

• Lack of scientific training in methodology of research

• Insufficient Industry-institute interaction

• Research studies overlapping one another

• No code of conduct for researchers

• Library management and functioning is not satisfactory.

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Types of Research
Pure Research
• Application of Finding
Applied Research

Descriptive
Correlational
• Objective of the Study
Exploratory
Explanatory

Quantitative
• Mode of enquiry
Qulitative
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Application of findings
1. Pure Research (Basic/Fundamental Research):
• It is mainly concerned with generalization and with the
formulation of a theory.

• Gathering knowledge for the knowledge’s sake is known

as fundamental research.

• It is usually carried out in the laboratory or some other

sterile environment, sometimes with animals.

• This type of research has no immediate or planned

application but may help later in applied research.

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2. Applied Research:
• It aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem
facing a society or an individual or business organization
and not a rigorous/flexible in application of the conditions.

• Its purpose is improving a product or a process by testing

a theoretical concepts in actual situation.

• In short, applied research is to discover a solution for

some pressing practical problem.

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Objective of the Study

1. Descriptive Research (Survey):
• It includes surveys and fact findings enquries of different
kinds.
• Its purpose is to describe state of affairs as it exists at
present.
• In this type of research a researchers has no control over
variables.
• It also includes attempts by researchers to discover
causes.
• In this research type, researchers tries to measure items
like frequency of shopping, preference of people etc.

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2. Correlational research (Analytical):

• In this type of research Researcher has to use facts or
information already available and analyze these to make
critical evaluation of the material.

3. Exploratory Research (Conceptual):

• It is related to some abstract ideas or theory.
• It is usually used by philosophers and thinkers to develop
new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
• It relies on literature and its main objective is to develop
hypotheses/theory.
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4. Explanatory research (Experimental/ Empirical):

• It relies on experience or observation alone
• It is data based research can be verified by observations
or experiments.
• This research is characterized by the experimenters
control over the variables under study and his deliberate
manipulation of one of them to study its effects.
• Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought
regarding the variables effect on one another.
• It is considered most powerful support for testing given
hypothesis.

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Mode of Enquiry
1. Quantitative Research:
• It is based on quantitative measurements of some
characteristics.
• It is applicable to phenomenon that can be expressed in
terms of quantities.
• This type of research helps in the knowing the trends or
changes over the period of time and also the precise
measurements for comparison purpose.

2. Qulitative Research:
• It is concerned with the phenomenon relating or involving
quality or kind.
• Helps in having insight into problems or cases inorder to
discover the underlying motives and desires.
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Other Types of Research

• One time research and Longitudinal research

• Field setting research, Laboratory research and Simulation

research

• Clinical research and Diagnostic research

• Historical research

• Conclusion oriented and Decision oriented

• Patent oriented research

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Research approaches
• There are TWO basic approaches

Quantitative approach Qualitative approach

1. Quantitative approach involves generation of data which
can be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis in formal
and rigid fashion.
• This approach further sub-classified into-
• Inferential: to infer characteristic of population
• Experimental: Manipulating variables to observe the
effect
• Simulation: Construction of artificial environment
2. Qualitative approach is concerned with subjective
assessment of attitudes, opinions and behavior.
• Research in such case in a function of researchers insights.
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Significance of Research:
• Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it
promotes the development of logical habits of thinking.
• Research has its special significance in solving various
operational and planning problems of business and industry.
• Research is equally important for social scientists in studying
social relationships and in seeking answers to various social
problems.
• To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis,
research may mean a careerism;
• To professionals in research methodology, research may
mean a source of livelihood;
• To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet
for new ideas and insights;
• To literary men and women, research may mean the
development of new styles and creative work;
• To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the
generalizations of new theories.

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