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Abstract—Particle Swarm Optimization, a recently more time dial settings. The nonlinear programming may lead
popular optimizer utilizes the swarm behavior in searching to infeasible solution due to the rounding of to the nearest
for an optimum. The classical/standard PSO (SPSO) pickup current setting. The problem is then deal as a
algorithm is normally used for unconstrained optimization Linear Programming (LP) by taking the pick-up current
tasks. The Directional Over-Current Relay (DOCR)
Coordination problem is a highly constrained optimization
setting as known variable and optimizing for time dial
problem, therefore the SPSO in its original form cannot be settings under given coordination constraints. It has been
used to solve it. The reported MPSO deal with constraints shown in literature, that the Linear Programming
using a complex repair algorithm therefore the solution and technique can be successfully applied to this problem,
speed of convergence achieved is not very optimistic. The guaranteeing minimum possible settings of the relays that
method employed here provides better results both in terms could satisfy the time coordination constraints [1, 5-7].
of the speed of convergence and global optimal solution These constraints are then solved by an optimization
because of simplified velocity update process in proposed method in order to achieve minimum time setting of each
PSO algorithm with simplified cut down approach of relay. Some of the optimization methods that have been
constraints handling. Both these modifications are reported
in this present work and the results are compared with the
used for the above problem are: simplex method, two
already reported MPSO. The method introduced here is phase simplex method and dual simplex method. The
known as SV-MPSO and gives very optimistic results in problem may also be solved using Genetic Algorithm
terms of the global best feasible solution with very fast (GA) [8].
convergence rate. Recently several efforts has been devoted to the
automation of the coordination process of the directional
Index Terms— Over current protection, Relay over current relays and distance relays in interconnected
Coordination, Swarm Intelligence, Linear Programming, power system networks using digital computers. In recent
Particle Swarm Optimization, Cognitive Behavior. years, a new optimizer proposed for DOCRs coordination
problem makes use of the swarm behavior in searching
I. INTRODUCTION for an optimal solution. This new Evolutionary
Directional over current (DOC) relays are commonly Computation (EC) technique was proposed by Kennedy
used in protection of transmission lines. The most vital and Eberhart [9] in 1995 and is known as Particle Swarm
task when installing directional over current relays on the Optimizer (PSO). Many power system optimization
system is to select suitable settings such that their problems are solved by this PSO technique like GA. The
fundamental protective function is met under the PSO algorithm has superiority to other Evolutionary
requirements of sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and Algorithms (EA) in terms of memory and computational
speed. Directional over current relays have two types of time requirements as it relies on very simple
settings: Time Dial Setting (TDS) and Pickup Current mathematical operations which requires very few lines of
Setting (Ip). The problem of determining the Time Dial computer code to implement it. The PSO is a relatively
Setting of directional over current relays using new technique and has been empirically shown to have
optimization techniques was first stated in 1988 [1]. Since performed well on many power system optimization
the sixties, a great effort has been devoted for solving the problems including relay coordination. The Modified
problem using computer simulation. Three approaches version of PSO techniques known as MPSO has also been
have been used for determining the optimal setting of proposed for DOCR coordination problem. To deal with
directional over current relays: Trail and Error approach the constraints of DOCR coordination problem a repair
[2], Topological analysis approach [3, 4] and algorithm is introduced in reported MPSO technique.
optimization approach. In the optimization approach, This paper presents the solution to directional over
some researchers used Non Linear Programming (NLP) current relay coordination problem using the simplified
for determining the optimal values for pickup current and velocity update Modified Particle Swarm Optimization
with cut down approach. The development and
implementation of the proposed algorithm on the case
D. Vijayakumar Research Scholar is with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology study gives superior results in terms of global best
(MANIT), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, Pincode - 462 007. (E-mail: solution and convergence speed when compared with the
vijayakumar_nitb@yahoo.co.in). MPSO reported in the literature. In this paper the
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TABLE I
P/B PAIRS FOR THE 6-BUS SYSTEM Fig. 3 Simulation result of Objective function value
Backup Fault Primary Fault TABLE III
Relay Current(kA) Relay Current(kA) RESULTS OF THE 6 BUS SYSTEM RELAY SETTINGS
1 4.5890 9 6.0720
1 4.5890 14 5.4570 Values MPSO [30] SV-MPSO
2 0.8680 8 2.3510 TDS1 1.1794 0.5
2 0.8680 14 5.4570 TDS2 0.5 0.5
3 1.3650 2 4.8030 TDS3 0.5562 0.5
4 0.5528 3 30.5470 TDS4 0.5 0.5
5 0.9770 13 17.8210 TDS5 0.5 0.5
6 0.8610 12 17.7050 TDS6 0.5 0.5
7 1.4830 8 2.3510 TDS7 0.5 0.5
7 1.4830 9 6.0720 TDS8 0.5 0.5
8 0.7670 6 18.3380 TDS9 0.5002 0.5
9 0.6390 10 4.0770 TDS10 0.5 0.5
10 0.9455 11 30.9390 TDS11 0.5 0.5
11 1.0740 5 2.8380 TDS12 0.5 0.5
11 1.0740 7 4.4960 TDS13 0.5 0.5
12 3.4220 4 5.1860 TDS14 0.5 0.5
12 3.4220 7 4.4960 solution 22.1959 20.5211
13 0.6010 1 18.1720
14 1.7640 4 5.1860
14 1.7640 5 2.8380
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