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ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGICAL • came from “anthropos” for “human” and “logos” for
PERSPECTIVE study
of the SELF • a science

• deals with cultural and biological similarities and

variations among humans

• study human populations in all periods of time, all

parts of the world

Father of
PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Physical
ANTHROPOLOGY deals with the evolution of
Anthropology

humans, their variability, and

2 general subdivisions:
1. Physical Anthropology
2. Cultural Anthropology
adaptations to environmental
stresses. Using an evolutionary
perspective, we examine not
only the physical form of
humans - the bones, muscles,
and organs - but also how it
functions to allow survival and
Johann Friedrich
reproduction. Blumenbach

PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY English

anthropologist, the
ANTHROPOLOGY founder of cultural
the branch of anthropology.
anthropology dealing with
the origins, history, and
development of human
culture, and including in its
scope the fields of
archaeology, ethnology,
ethnography, and
linguistics
Franz Uri Boas

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CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• uses intensive field investigations
• deals with political and economic organization
• law and conflict resolution
• patterns of consumption and exchange
• kinship and family structure
• gender relations
• childbearing and socialization
• religion, mythology, and magic symbols and language
• family and social systems
• the arts
• secret societies (and all other forms of cultural behavior)
defines the SELF
WAYS BY WHICH CULTURE IS LEARNED OR ACQUIRED
1. Imitation - human action by which one tends to duplicate more
or less exactly the behavior of others.
2. Indoctrination - takes place in the form of formal teaching or
training which may take place anywhere.
3. Conditioning -the individual acquires certain patterns of beliefs,
values, behaviors or actions further reinforced by system of
reward and punishment
4. Acculturation - process by which societies of different cultures
are modified through fairly close and long continued contact
5. Amalgamation - intermarriage of persons coming from different
cultural groups, resulting into some kind of biological fusion
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CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
CULTURE
•a complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, morals law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society. – Edward Taylor
• the customary ways of thinking, feeling and
behaving and which they transmit from one
generation to another.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
A. MATERIAL CULTURE
- artifacts, tools, objects made from tools
B. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
1. NORMS - ways of behaving that are considered normal in a particular
society
a. Folkways - the traditional behavior or way of life of a particular
community or group of people (Cherokee people in the US)
b. Mores - often dictated by a society's values, ethics, and
sometimes religious influences. Some mores examples include: It is not
considered acceptable or mainstream to abuse drugs, particularly those such
as heroine and cocaine.
- Taboos are negative mores. (Abortion, Homosexuality,
Incest, Bestiality, etc)
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COMPONENTS OF CULTURE COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

2. IDEAS, BELIEFS, VALUES
Ideas - are non-material aspects of culture and embody man’s conception
of physical, social and cultural world
c. Laws - are system of rules that are created and enforced through social or Beliefs – refer to a person’s conviction about a certain idea. – it embodies
governmental institutions to regulate behavior. people’s perception of reality
(Example: R.A. 11036) Values – abstract concepts of what is important or worthwhile. – closely
Sanctions – reward or punishment interrelated with norms
Social Control – applying sanctions in order to encourage  Norms are specific, concrete and situational

conformity to social norms  Values are general and often serve as a measure to judge norms

2. IDEAS, BELIEFS, VALUES

3. SYMBOLS- Language, Gestures 3. SYMBOLS- Language, Gestures

Cultural Diversity Approaches in Analyzing Culture

 refersto the wide range of differences in cultural patterns, ideas,
beliefs, knowledge, forms of social organization and practical It involves understanding its major values and
responses to the environment norms, seeing how these are reflected in social
Factors that Promote Cultural Diversity behavior, and perhaps studying the way in
Environment
•
Isolation
which the values and norms shape, and are
shaped by, the material culture.
•
• Technology
• Cultural themes
• Diffusion
- Functionalist, Ideological and Ecological
Approaches

APPROACHES IN CULTURAL ANALYSIS 2. Ideological Approach

1. Functionalist Approach
sees a particular trait as existing because it
serves as an important social function.
Cultural trait- simplest unit or element of culture
(e.g. breast feeding)
Culture complex- is a system of interrelated
traits that function together as a unit (breast
feeding signifies mother-child relationship).
Culturepattern- is a specific and enduring
system of trait complexes (e.g. childrearing).
This approach tries to find out which groups

support which ideas, values, and so on, and
for what reasons.
Ideology- when an idea, value, norm, or
other culture trait works to the advantage of
one group for any reason (e.g., Roman
Catholicism vs. Protestantism, Feminism,
Communism vs. Capitalism).

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3. Ecological Approach Symbolic Uses of Culture

compares the social structure of different societies that 1. Culture of Poverty
have the same level of hunting technology. –Julian
Steward (1955) 2. Culture of Opulence
3. Culture of Corruption

Ecology- the study of relationship between organisms 4. Culture of Silence / Culture of Sabotage
and their environment. 5. Pop Culture
Cultural ecology- culture traits are shaped by the 6. Culture of Apathy
resources and limitations of the surrounding
environment and by the changes in that environment 7. Culture of Conspicuous Consumption
(i.e. Resource Base). 8. Culture of Exploitation and Dehumanization

CULTURE OF POVERTY CULTURE OF POVERTY

CULTURE OF OPULENCE CULTURE OF OPULENCE

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CULTURE OF CORRUPTION CULTURE OF SABOTAGE

POP CULTURE POP CULTURE

CULTURE OF APATHY CULTURE OF CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION

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CULTURE OF OF EXPLOITATION AND CULTURE OF EXPLOITATION AND

DEHUMANIZATION DEHUMANIZATION

Ikaw: Masyado nang

madilim ang mundo ... Pwede kaya Ako ang maging
LIWANAG mo?

Papayagan mo kaya Akong tumira Hayaan mo kaya Ako ang tumira dyan, para
sa puso mo? maging maliwanag ang mundo mo?

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Kasi dati naibigay ko na ang puso O heto ulit…

Ko, di mo tinanggap.

Ikaw at ikaw pa
rin ang
magpapasya.

In Our World Now…

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from an FB Timeline Photo

Changes in the
various areas of
human relations
and lifestyles.

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Geertz graduated from Both his undergraduate

Antioch in 1950 with an education and graduate
A.B. in Philosophy. education emphasized
Subsequently, Geertz the humanities.
attended graduate school
at Harvard University,
earning his Ph.D. in
Anthropology from the
Department of Social
Relations in 1956.

In his essay, The Interpretation of
Cultures (1973), Clifford Geertz
made the point that the concept of
culture is the definition of man.
“ …culture provides the link between what
men are intrinsically capable of becoming
and what they actually, one by one, in fact
become.“
While the title of the section The
Impact of the Concept of Culture on the
Concept of Man points clearly to the
conclusion, Geertz, began with Levi
Strauss’ contention that science is not
simply the reduction of the complex
to the simple but a substitution of a
complexity for one which is less
without compromising the clarity of
the subject matter.

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Instead, it is quite the opposite

especially that this must be the INSIGHTS
case in anthropology.
During the Enlightenment Period (18th century)
Geertz goes on to quote scientific methods introduced reductionism.
Whitehead with “Seek
complexity and order it.”

REACTION/INSIGHTS

In studying man and his culture, we must not

study him just like we study physiology and
anatomy. In the case of anthropology, we study
man’s complex social and cultural complexity
using various exploratory approaches.

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