Cap 2 Estructura y Funciones de Las Células Del SN

Cpqor`qro^ v crk`flkbp ab i^p
`“iri^p abi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl

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ê < vclcXj [ \ c j`jk\d X e\im`fjf L joì ^d\g _ ` h ` h ] m\ i \ 7 ] \ g\ i^` L j oì ^d\g`n k j n on di } k od^ j n
J `pmji\ n ` i om` _ j n ap`mu\n B di\gdu\^dÇi _ ` gjn k j o` i ^ d\ g` n
? ~gpg\ n_ ` n j k j mo` L joì ^d\g _ ` \^^dÇi k j n on di } k od^ j n
>\mm`m\ c ` h \ oj ` i ^ ` a} gd^ \ ? j i _ p ^ ^ dÇ i _ ` g k j o` i ^ d\ g A a`ôj n _ ` gjn k j o` i ^ d\ g` n
+2<>728 48 =2;7 2149 _` \^^dÇi k j n on di } k od^ j n 7 di o` b m\ ^ dÇ i
+2<>728 48 =2;7 2149 i`pmji \g
ê < fd le`ZXZ`ye \e \c è k\ i`f i = p oj mm` ^ ` k oj m` n
[ \ cX e\lifeX ê < fd le`ZXZ`ye \ e ki\ e\lifeXj K omj n odk j n _ ` ndi\kndn
? j h p i d^ \ ^ dÇ i i ` p mj i \ g7 m`nph ì A nompôpm\ _ ` g\n ndi\kndn ? j h p i d^ \ ^ dÇ i l p Äh d^\ ij
I ` _ d^ dÇ i _ ` gjn k j o` i ^ d\ g` n Hd] ` m\ ^dÇ i _ ` g i ` p mj om\ i n h dn j m ndi } k od^\
` g~ ^ omd^ j n _ ` gjn \sji`n = ^ odq \ ^ dÇ i _ ` gjn m` ^ ` k oj m` n +2<>728 48 =2;7 2149
< X g wkl cf , Anompôpm\ t api^dji`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n _`g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj 0.
G\ocmti @+ `hkù\]\ \_`n`nk`m\mn`+ Od`hkm` c\]Ä\ `no\_j bdhi\ndjt_`n^p]mdÇlp` di^gpnj g`^jno\]\o`mh di\mg\
n\i\) `m\ hpt\ôdq\)^jhÄ\ ^ji nìn\oùtn` h\ioìÄ\ì ejmi\_\ g\]jm\g+ Ano\]\ n`bpm\ _`lp`g\ bìo`n`_\]\
ajmh\ ^ji _`kjmo`tè`m^d^dj m`bpg\m+ E]\ \gbdhi\ndj^\nd ^pìo\_`np h ìjmqdq\^d_\_)toìÄ\ h d`_j_`lp`n`
oj_jngjn_Ä\nk\m\ m`\gdu\mpi\n`ndÇi _`\`mj]d^_` ]\ej _`nq\i`^d`m\i g\njkjmopid_\_`n_` kmjhj^dÇi+ Qi\o\m_`)
dhk\ôjn`bpd_\_ì\o\^dÇi+ L`mj pijnh`n`n\om}n dioìoÇhdm\m\g m`gje_` g\ k\m`_)tn`_dj^pìo\ _`lp`
`hkùÇ\oì`mkmj]g`h\nk\m\ h\ioì`mnpn\ôdqd_\_`n \kì\nkj_Ä\q`m7 gjnk}mk\_jnn` g`^\Ä\i)toìÄ\ g\
c\]dop\g`n+=g kmdi^dkdj)n`_`n^p]mÄ\ ^\in\_\ \gadi\g _` g\ nìn\^dÇi _`lp`g\ ^\]ù\ k`n\]\ ^di^pìo\ fdgjn+ Ai `n`
^g\n` _`\`mj]d^+ Hjn]m\ujn) `nk`^d\ghìo`) k\m`^Ä\i h jh ìoj)pij_` gjn npk`mqdnjm`nn` \^`m^Ç\ np h`n\)t
k`n\mg`+ @`nkp~n) ^p\i_jn`hòÄ\ ì g\ kdn^di\t nìo}i_jn`) g` kd_dÇlp` g`diajmh\m\nj]m``g kmjbm`njlp`
`hkù\]\ \ i\_\m) g` m`npgo\]\ _daÄ^dg g`q\io\mgjn]m\ujnkjm c\]Ä\ c`^cj ì pi ip`qjkmjt`ôj+ Idìom\nc\]g\]\) ^\_\
ì^dh\ _` g\ ^\]ù\+ @èÇ_ì\_\m\ ^mjgt_``nk\g_\n) t qùn`nìoÄ\ h}n_~]dg+ O` g`^\in\]\ g\ h\i_Ä]pg\) di^gpnj
\_jkoÇ`g `nodgj_` ]m\u\ t ]m\u\_\ _`^jno\_j+ JjoìÄ\ g\ gìbp\)toìÄ\ g\qju^\_\qùh}n_~]dg+ OdiodÇh d`_j_`
nÄiojh\nbmdk\g`n) \nÄlp`n`_dejlp` i`^`ndo\]\ h}ncjm\n m`kìo`\g _\mn`^pìo\ _`lp`m`nkdm\mk\m`^Ä\n`mhpt
_`np`Åj)tlpdu}n_`]`mÄ\^jh `mpi kj^jh}n+ ^jnojnj+ ?jindbpdÇo`mh di\mg\ ìom`qdno\) k`mj
Ai g\nn`h\i\nndbpdìo`n) ndi `h]\mbj)oj _ j `hk`jmÇ+ dih`_d\o\hìo`_`nkp~nkm`k\mÇnp h\gòÄi tnàp`\ ^\n\)
H\n^g\n`n_`\`mj]d^n`^jiqdmod`mji ì pinpkgd^dj+ Ag _d^dì_jlp` g`_jgÄ\ hp^cj g\^\]ù\+
kmja`njmn` km`j^pkÇtkg\io`Ç\ G\ocmtilp`\^p_d`m\\g Hg\hÇ kjmo`g~ajij\g h~_d^j)lpdì jmb\iduÇ
h~_d^j+=nÄ gj cduj) k`mj`g h~_d^jijì^jiomÇi\_\ h\gj+ dih`_d\o\hìo`pi\ ^jinpgo\ì `g cjnkdo\g^ji g\ @m\+P+)
JjoìÄ\ \i`hd\) id hjnom\]\ ndbijn_`dia`^^dÇi)tk\m`^Ä\ pi\ i`pmÇgjb\+ Ano\ `n^p^cÇg\ _`n^mdk^dÇi _` gjnnÄiojh\n
`no\m]dì ipomd_\+ H`km`bpioÇ^Çh j d]\i g\n^jn\nì `g _` G\ocmtitg\ `skgjmÇ ]m`q`hìo`+ @dej\ g\ k\^dìo`)
om\]\ej+ ë?m`jlp`n~ gjlp` kp`_``no\m^\pn\i_jgjnnÄiojh\n+ I`
ë>pìj) Égodh \h ìo`còìd_j^d`mo\ km`ndÇií) bpno\mÄ\ kji`mg` pi\ dit`^^dÇitj]n`mq\m^Çh j m`\^^dji\+í
^jio`noÇ+ ëAgeà`_`hd_`k\mo\h ìoj_dh dodÇc\^`pi\n Ld_dÇ\gbj\ g\ ìa`mh`m\)lp`n\gdÇ_` g\ ^jinpgo\tqjgqdÇ
n`h\i\n)ttj h` c`j^pk\_jo`h kjm\gh ìo`_`np ^ji pi\e`mdib\+ H\ @m\+P+ g\ ^jbdÇ)_`ndia`ôÇ`g ]m\uj_`
om\]\ej+ ?m`jlpòìbj kjnd]dgd_\_`n_`^jin`bpdm`g G\comtitg`dit`ôÇ`ga}mh\^j+ AhkùÇ\ km`bpio\mg`kjm
kp`noj_àdidodq\h ìo`) k`mjh`ndìoj^jh jnd gjneà`n npom\]\ej+ G\ocmti m`nkji_Ä\ gìo\hìo`)^ji pi cdgj_`
`nopqd`m\i kì_dìo`n_`hÄk\m\q`mndnjtgj qju+ = h`_d_\ lp`^jio`no\]\ h}nkm`bpio\n)n`_dj
npad^dìo`hìo` ]pì\ ì `noòm\]\ej+í G\ocmtitnp ^pìo\_`lp` c\]g\m`m\ ^\_\qùh}na}^dg+ Ai_`mùÇ g\
h~_d^j`nopqd`mji _`\^p`m_jìlp``g h\tjm`nom~n `nk\g_\tm`nkdmÇcji_j+ OÄ)`no\]\n`bpm\+ êD\]Ä\
kj_mÄ\n`mg\ ^\pn\ _`g kmj]g`h\+ ëLmàd`mj ij_\mo` m`^pk`m\_j g\ap`mu\ O`kpnj_`kd`tg`q\ioÇ gjn ]m\ujn
idibpi\ h`_d^\^dÇi ì `no`hjhìojí)_dej`g h~_d^j) kjmì^dh\ _`g\^\]ù\+ ëIdm`í) _dej`hj^dji\_\+ ëLp`_j
ëk`mjnd ij hèjm\nkmjiojoì_m`h jnlp`diq`nodb\mh}n+í c\^`m`nojjom\qù+ êD` m`^pk`m\_j g\ap`mu\ èMp~`n gj
@pm\io`piod`h kjnÄn`ndiodÇ h èjmk`mj_`nkp~n) lp` h`_dj<èAnojt^pm\_\<í
]mpn^\hìo`) gjnnÄiojh\n`hk`jm\mji+ @èÇ_`dm\g %Ai g\ k}b+ 26ì^jiom\m} g\ m`nkp`no\ \ `no\ km`bpio\+&
P lal il nrb e^`bjlp* mbo`f_fo* mbkpô* ^mobkabo*

ob`loaô* ^`qrô* bp mlpf_ib mlo i^ ^`qfsfaâ fkqb
doâ^ ab i^p `“iri^p abi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl, Cpqb `^m”
qril abpòf_b i^ bpqor`qro^ v i^p crk`flkbp ab bpq^p
s^p v i^p jlqlo^p bpq’k i^p Z_eV^Vfc`_Rd$kbrolk^p pfqr^
a^p mlo `ljmibql bk bi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `bkqoî, J^p
_dj[hd[khedWi beYWb[i cloj^k `fo`rfqlp `lk kbrolk^p
`“iri^p, J^ fkcloj^`f–k* bk cloj^ ab irw* lka^p plkl
o^p* lilobp* p^_lobp* l `lkq^`ql `lk l_gbqlp* i^ ob`ldbk e\lifeX j\ej`k`mX J `pmji\ lp` _ò`ô\ ^\h ]djnì `g
abi ^j_fbkqb rk^p `“iri^p bpmb`fîfwâ^p ii^jâ^p _Vfr \h ]d` i o` di o` mi j j `so` mi j tìqÄ\ \g ndno`h \ i`mqdjnj ^ìom\g
c`_RddV_dZeZgRd&Jlp jlsfjfbkqlp pb ildo^k do^`f^p ^ i^ di ajmh \^dÇi \^`m^\ _` `njn ^\h ]djn+
`lkqo^``f–k ab ilp j—p`rilp* `lkqoliâlp mlo i^p _Vfc`r e\lifeX d fkfiX J `pmji\ ndop\_\ ì `g ndno`h \ i`mqdjnj
_Rd^è`cRd& &Ck bi qbuql* bi q“ojfkl cejehpb rp^ bk pr ^ìom\g lp`^ji omj g\ g\ ^jiom\^^dÇi _` pi h Én^pgjj g\ n`^m`^dÇi _`
pi\ bg}i_pg\+
pbkqfal lofdfkî mô^ e^`bo obcbobk`f^ î jlsfjfbkql* èk\ie\lifeX J `pmji\ ndop\_\ ìnpoj o\ gd_ \ _ ì `g ndno`h\
kl ^ rk j lqlo jb`’kf`l,' W bkqob i^p kbrolk^p pbkpfqf i`mqdjnj ^ìom\g+
0/ BdndjgjbÄ\ _` g\ ^ji_pô\
mo–ufj^p v ^kîfw^k mbnrb•lp co^djbkqlp ab fkcloj^ LÀÇĈÆĄWČ

`f–k, J^p _dj[c[khedWi Z[ h[b[le `lkb`q^k `fo`rfqlp ab
fkqbokbrolk^p il`îbp bk rk^ obdf–k abi `bob_ol `lk > L M K N < M N K : ; ä L B< :
^nrbii^p ab lqo^p obdflkbp, ? qo^s“p ab bpq^p `lkbuflkbp* J^ kbrolk^ &`“iri^ kbosflp^' bp bi bibjbkql mol`bpâlo
ilp `fo`rfqlp ab kbrolk^p mobpbkqbp mlo qlal bi `bob_ol v qo^kpjfplo ab fkcloj^`f–k abi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl, J^p
obîfw^k crk`flkbp bpbk`fîbp mô^ ^`qfsfaâbp `ljl mbo kbrolk^p qfbkbk jrè^p cloj^p v sôfbaâbp* pbd—k i^p
`f_fo* ^mobkabo* ob`loaô* ab`fafo v `lkqoliô `lkar`q^p crk`flkbp bpmb`fîfwâ^p nrb obîfw^k, J^ j^vlo”^ qfbkb*
`ljmibg^p, ้Ar’kq^p kbrolk^p e^v bk bi pfpqbj^ kbo ab rk^ r lqo^ cloj^* i^p pfdrfbkqbp `r^qol bpqor`qro^p l
sflpl erj^kl= J^ bpqfj^`f–k j’p cob`rbkqb bpq’ bk obdflkbp8 /' `rboml `biriô* l plj^9 0' abkaofq^p9 1'
qlokl ^ /..,... jfiilkbp* mbol kâfb i^p e^ `lkqâl û–k* v 2' qbojfkîbp kbosflplp, Ck`lkqoô’ rk^ ^kfj^
qla^s”^, `f–k fkqbo^`qfs^ ab i^ fkcloj^`f–k mobpbkqâ^ bk i^
Nô^ `ljmobkabo `–jl bi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `lkqoli^ pfdrfbkqb pb``f–k bk Å V ' V K \ g i \ j \ e k \ e \ l if e X j p Z v cl cX j
i^ `lkar`q^* ab_bjlp `lkl`bo mofjbol prp môqbp* i^p [ \ j f g f i k\ ì F p I j p Z _ E X Y (
`“iri^p nrb il `ljmlkbk, Nrbpql nrb bpqb `^m”qril pb
l`rm^ ab i^p `“iri^p* kl bp kb`bpôfl nrb bpq“ c^jfifôf H`^ R& Ci d`^R &`rboml `biriô' `lkqfbkb bi k—ìbl v
wâl `lk i^ bpqor`qro^ abi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl* mobpbkqâ^ _rbk^ môqb ab i^ j^nrfkôf^ bk`ôdâ^ ab ilp mol`bplp
bk bi A^m”qril 1, Qfk bj_ôdl* p” qfbkb nrb p^_bo nrb bi sfqîbp ab i^ `“iri^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(+#, Qr cloj^ bp jrv
pfpqbj^ kbosflpl bpq’ `ljmrbpql mlo alp afsfpflkbp _’pf sôf^_ib bk ilp afpqfkqlp qfmlp ab kbrolk^p,
`^p* bi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `bkqoî v bi mbofc“of`l, Ci dZdeV^R
_VcgZ`d` TV_ecR] !HC8" `lkpfpqb bk i^p môqbp îlgâ^p = \ e [ i `kX j ( Ck dofbdl* Z[dZhed pfdkfcf`^ ’o_li* v i^p UV_r
abkqol ab ilp erbplp abi ò’kbl v i^ `lirjk^ sboqb_oî8 UcZeRd ab i^p kbrolk^p pb môb`bk jrèl ^ ilp ’o_libp
bi bk`“cîl v i^ j“ari^ bpmfkî, Ci dZdeV^R_VcgZ`dàVcZr &srbis^ ^ jfoô i^ Dfdro^ 0,/', J^p kbrolk^p …èôi^k่
WwcZT` !HCE" pb bk`rbkqo^ crbo^ ab bpqlp erbplp v pb rk^p `lk lqo^p* v i^p abkaofq^p pfosbk ab ob`bmqlobp ì^sb
`ljmlkb ab ilp kbosflp v i^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp –od^klp pbk ab bpqlp jbkp^gbp, Jlp jbkp^gbp nrb m^p^k ab kbrolk^ ^
plofîbp, kbrolk^ pb qo^kpjfqbk ^ qo^s“p ab i^p dZ_RadZd$ rkf–k
<vclcXj [\c j`jk\dX e\im`fjf j`jk\d X e\im`fjf Z\ekiXc "LG<# Ai^~a\gjth ~_pg\ `nkdi\g)
j`jk\d X e\im`fjf g\i`]vi`Zf "LGI# L\mo` _`g ndno`h \ i`mqdjnj
ap`m\ _`g ì^~a\gjt g\ h ~_pg\ `nkdi\g8 di^gpt` gjn i`mqdjn pid_jn\
J^ mofjbo^ môqb abi `^m”qril bpq’ abaf`â^ ^ i^ abpòfm `nojn+
`f–k ab i^p `“iri^p j’p fjmloq^kqbp abi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl* H jfd X ? p `mk j ^`gpg\m_` pi\ i`pmji\) lp` ^jiod` i` `g iÉ^g`j)
i^p kbrolk^p v prp `“iri^p ab plmloqb* v ^ i^ _ôobo^ ` [ \e [ i`kX Anompôpm\ m\h dad^\_\ ìaj mh \ _`}m]jg pid_\ \g njh\
ebj^qlbk`bc’if`^* nrb pfosb ab ^fpi^kqb nr”jf`l bkqob _` g\n i`pmji\n8 m`^d]` di ajmh \^dÇi _` g\no`mh di \g`ni`mqdjn\n_`
jom\n i`pmji\n+
i^p kbrolk^p abi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `bkqoî v bi obpql abi 7 jèXgj`j QidÇi ìom` g\ o`mh di \g i`mqdjn\ _` pi \sÇi tg\
lod^kfpjl, h `h ]m\i\ _`j om\ i`pmji\+
@ì_mdo\n
P`mhdi\g`n
i`mqdjn\nZ
Ojh\
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=sÇi%_ìomj_`g\
q\di\_`hd`gdi\&
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? B@ N K : , (+ IXik\j gièZ`gXc\j [\ leX e\lifeX d lck`gfcXi

< X g wkl cf , Anompôpm\ tapi^dji`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n _`g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj 00
bkqob i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p &abpòfq^p j’p âbi^kqb'
x
ab i^ `“iri^ bjfplo^ v rk^ mlo`f–k ab i^ jbj_o^k^ Hjn^dgdjnnjinìnd]g`n
\`noÄhpgjnaÄnd^jn
H\n_ì_mdo\nnji nìnd]g`n
\`noÄhpgjnaÄnd^jn
plj’qf`^ l abkao”qf`^ ab i^ `“iri^ ob`bmqlo^, &J^ mî^_o^
i_dWfi_imolsfbkb abi dofbdl ikdWfj[_d&…rkfo bkqob p”่,' J^
`ljrkf`^`f–k bk rk^ pfk^mpfp ^s^kw^ bk rk^ afob``f–k8
ab i^ qbojfkî kbosflp^ ^ i^ jbj_o^k^ ab i^ lqo^ `“iri^,
&?i fdrî nrb jrè^p obdi^p dbkboîbp* bpq^ qfbkb sôf^p N`^`kojm
bu`bm`flkbp, Aljl sbobjlp bk bi A^m”qril 2* îdrk^p
pfk^mpfp qo^kpjfqbk fkcloj^`f–k bk ^j_^p afob``flkbp,' @ì_mdo\
Ojh\_`
g\i`pmji\
6iz_& Ci Riz_bp rk qr_l iôdl v abidâl* ^ jbkral ]dkjg\m
Ojh\_`
&\i`pmji\
ob`r_fboql mlo rk^ lW_dW Z[c_[b_dW &bpq^ pb abpòf_fo’ pidkjg\m
j’p âbi^kqb', Ci û–k qo^kpmloq^ fkcloj^`f–k abpab bi =sÇi
`rboml `biriô ^ i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p &srbis^ ^ jfoô =sÇi
i^ Dfdro^ 0,/', Ci jbkp^gb _’pf`l nrb qo^kpmloq^ pb abkl
jfk^ fej[dY_WbZ['WYY_gd(Cpq^ crk`f–k bp fjmloq^kqb v pb
abpòf_fo’ `lk j’p abqîib bk lqo^ pb``f–k abi `^m”qril, D\^d\`gì^~a\gj D\^d\`gì^~a\gj
Nlo êlo^* _^pqb ab`fo nrb rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k bp rk
_obsb pr`bpl bib`qolnr”jf`l nrb `ljfbkw^ bk bi buqobjl f f
abi û–k âv^`bkqb î `rboml `biriô v pb molm^d^ e^`f^
i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p, Ci mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k bp `ljl P`mhdi\g`n
i`mqdjn\n
P`mhdi\g`n
i`mqdjn\n
rk mripl _obsb9 bk `rînrfbo û–k* bi mlqbk`fî ab
^``f–k pfbjmob qfbkb bi jfpjl q^j^•l v i^ jfpj^ aro^
`f–k, Ar^kal iibd^ ^ rk mrkql bk nrb bi û–k pb o^jf
cf`^* pb afsfab* mbol kl afpjfkrvb ab q^j^•l, Aâ^ o^j^
ob`f_b rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k `lk pr fej[dY_WYecfb[jW( %\& %]&
?i fdrî nrb i^p abkaofq^p* ilp ûlkbp v prp o^j^p qfb
kbk afpqfkq^p cloj^p, Bb ebèl* ilp qobp qfmlp mofk`fmîbp ?B@NK: , (, G\lifeXj
ab kbrolk^p pb ì^pfcf`^k pbd—k bi jlal bk nrb ilp ûl Ano\ adbpm\ m`km`nìo\7 %\& i`pmji\ ]dkjg\m) km`nìo`
kbp v i^p abkaofq^p pîbk abi plj^, J^ kbrolk^ obmobpbk api_\h ìo\gh ìo`ì gjnndno`h\nnìnjmd\g`n %k+ è+)qdno\
qâ^ bk i^ Dfdro^ 0,/ bp bi qfml j’p cob`rbkqb abi pfpqbj^ t jÄ_j&)t %]& i`pmji\ pidkjg\m) ì `g ndno`h\
kbosflpl `bkqo î9 pb qo^q^ ab rk^ _Vfc`_R^f]eZa`]Rc&Ck njh\ojnìndodqj %o\ôj) _jgjm) t_`h}n&+
bpqb qfml ab kbrolk^* i^ jbj_o^k^ plj’qf`^ a^ lofdbk
^ rk û–k v ^ ilp qolk`lp ab jrèlp ’o_libp abkao”qf`lp, v i^ j“ari^ bpmfkî, Jlp kbosflp plk e^`bp ab jrèlp jf
J^p _Vfc`_RdSZa`]RcVda^k lofdbk ^ rk û–k v rk ’o_li ibp ab cf_o^p fkafsfarîbp* qlalp biilp bksrbiqlp mlo rk^
abkao”qf`l* bk mrkqlp lmrbpqlp abi plj^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW jbj_o^k^ obpfpqbkqb v molqb`qlo^, ?i jfòlp`lmfl* ilp
,(,W#( J^p kbrolk^p _fmliôbp prbibk pbo pbkpfqfs^p9 bp kbosflp môb`bk `^_ibp qbibc–kf`lp* `lk prp e^`bp ab
ab`fo* prp abkaofq^p abqb`q^k ^`lkqb`fjfbkqlp bk bi î^j_obp &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(-#( ?i fdrî nrb ilp î^j_obp
^j_fbkqb v `ljrkf`^k i^ fkcloj^`f–k obcbobkqb ^ bplp fkafsfarîbp bk rk `^_ib ab qbi“clkl* i^p cf_o^p kbosflp^p
^`lkqb`fjfbkqlp î pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `bkqoî, qo^kpjfqbk jbkp^gbp ^ il iôdl abi kbosfl* abpab rk –od^
Ci qbo`bo qfml ab `“iri^ kbosflp^ bp i^ _Vfc`_Rf_Za`r kl pbkplofî î bk`“cîl l abpab bi bk`“cîl ^ rk j—p`r
]Rc&Qlil qfbkb rk qîil* nrb pîb abi plj^ v pb afsfab bk il l di’kari^,
alp o^j^p ml`l abpmr“p &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(,X#(
J^p kbrolk^p rkfmliôbp* î fdrî nrb i^p _fmliôbp* M \ id è X c\ j e \ im `f jX j( J^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp ûlkbp pb af
qo^kpjfqbk fkcloj^`f–k pbkpfqfs^ abi ^j_fbkqb î QLA, sfab v o^jfcf`^ j—iqfmibp sb`bp, ?i cfkî ab i^p o^jfq^p pb
J^p ô_lofw^`flkbp &o^j^p môb`fa^p ^ i^p ab rk ’o_li' bk`rbkqo^k rk^p mbnrb•^p molqr_bo^k`f^p abkljfk^+
mobpbkqbp crbo^ abi QLA plk abkaofq^p9 i^p ô_lofw^`flkbp
abkqol abi QLA ^`^_^k bk qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p, J^p abk H X o y e Anompôpm\ ^dgdi_md^\ g\mb\ t_`gb\_\ lpòm\i nh do`
aofq^p ab i^ j^vlo”^ ab i^p kbrolk^p rkfmliôbp abqb`q^k di ajmh \^dÇi _`g njh\ _` pi\ i`pmji\ \ npno`mh di \g`n i`mqdjn\n+
bi q^`ql* ilp `^j_flp ab qbjmbo^qro^ v lqolp pr`bplp pbk 7 e\lifeX d lck`gfcXi J `pmji\ ^ji pi \sÇi t hp^c\n_ì _mdo\ n
plofîbp nrb ^cb`q^k ^ i^ mfbi, Mqo^p kbrolk^p rkfmliôbp pid_jn\g njh\+
abqb`q^k `^j_flp bk i^p ôqf`ri^`flkbp* ilp j—p`rilp v –o 7 e\lifeX Y`gfcXi J `pmji\ ^ji pi \sÇi tpi\ _ ` i _ mdo\ pid_jn
d^klp fkqboklp, \g njh\+

=7e\lifeX le`gfcXi J `pmji\ ^ji pi \sÇi pid_j \g njh \8 `g \sÇi
Ci pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `bkqoî pb `ljrkf`^ `lk bi obpql n` _dqd_`7 pi\ m\h\ m`^d]` di ajmh \^dÇi nìndodq\ tg\ jom\ ìqÄ\ g\
abi lod^kfpjl ^ qo^s“p ab ilp kbosflp rkfalp î bk`“cîl di ajmh \^dÇi \g ndno`h \ i`mqdjnj ^ìom\g+
01 BdndjgjbÄ\ _` g\ ^ji_pô\
a^ _VfcècR_d^Zd`c&Cpq^ prpq^k`f^ nr”jf`^ &e^v jrè^p

afpqfkq^p bk bi QLA' bu`fq^ l fkef_b ^ i^ `“iri^ ob`bmql
o^* ^vra^kal ^p” ^ abqbojfkô pf pb molar`fo’ rk mlqbk
`fî ab ^``f–k bk pr û–k, Jlp abqîibp ab bpqb mol`bpl
pb abpòf_bk bk pb``flkbp mlpqboflobp abi `^m”qril,
Sk^ kbrolk^ fkafsfarî ob`f_b fkcloj^`f–k ab i^p qbo
jfkîbp kbosflp^p ab ilp ûlkbp ab lqo^p kbrolk^p* v i^p
qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p ab prp ûlkbp cloj^k pfk^mpfp `lk
lqo^p kbrolk^p, Sk^ kbrolk^ mrbab ob`f_fo fkcloj^`f–k
ab al`bk^p l fkìrpl `fbkqlp ab lqo^p kbrolk^p* `â^ rk^
ab i^p `rîbp bp `^m^w ab clojô rk do^k k—jbol ab
`lkbuflkbp pfk’mqf`^p `lk bii^, J^ Dfdro^ 0,2 firpqo^ i^p
`ô^`qbo”pqf`^p ab bpq^p `lkbuflkbp, Aljl pb mrbab l_pbo
sô* i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p cloj^k pfk^mpfp bk i^ jbj
_o^k^ ab i^p abkaofq^p v abi plj^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(.#(
? B@ N K : , (- G\im`fj > L M K N < M N K : BG M > K G :
Hjn i`mqdjn`no}i ajmh \_jn kjmpi\ ^p]d`mo\ _òèd_j J^ Dfdro^ 0,3 obmobpbkq^ i^ bpqor`qro^ fkqbok^ ab rk^
lp` m`qdno` pi c\u_` ad]m\n i`mqdjn\n di_dqd_p\g`n kbrolk^ jriqfmliô molqlq”mf`^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(/#( J^
%o\h]d~i ^jij^d_\n^jh j \sji`n&+ \sji`n ?; ^V^ScR_R abcfkb i^p colkqbo^p ab i^ `“iri^, Cpq’ `lj
di_dqd_p\g`n8 TQ ;
q\njn\ibpÄi`j+ mrbpq^ mlo rk^ al_ib `^m^ ab jli“`ri^p ifm”af`^p &ab
%P jh \_j_` L]ggiYgU bXG f[Ubg59 LYlh(9hÙg c Z KWUbb]b[ = `YWhfcbE ]WfcgWcdm']t do^p^', Ck i^ jbj_o^k^ bpq’k fkòrpqâ^p afpqfkq^p jli“+
Nd^c\m_C+ G`nn`g \i_ N\i_t D+ G\m_ji+ ? j k t mdb c oä .646 ]tS + D+ Bm``h\i \i_
?j+ N `kmj_p^d_j^ji \pojmdu\^dÇi_ ` >\m]\m\ G`nn`gt N\i_t G\m_ji+&
a^p eVc^Z_R]Vd_VcgZ`dRd& &?idrklp kbrol`fbkq”cf`lp mob T7k\id èXc e\im`fjX Lmjop]`m\i^d\ \g adi\g _` g\ m\h\ _` pi \sÇi8
cfbobk i^ mî^_o^ co^k`bp^ lofdfkî* Xekjed& _lq–k* ajmh \ ndi\kndn^ji j om\ i`pmji\8 ìqÄ\ di ajmh \^dÇi \ `n\ i`pmji\+
jfbkqo^p nrb lqolp pfjmibjbkqb i^p ii^j^k j[hc_dWb[i(# B [ e\lifkiXejd `jfi Opno\i^d\ lpÄh d^\ gd]`m\_\ k j m pi\o`mh di \g
J^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p qfbkbk rk^ crk`f–k jrv bpmb i`mqdjn\8*è`m^`**pi*à`ôjü`s^mo\_jm*j*dicd]Ä_jmnj]m`*jom\*i`pmji\+*

w7d \d YiXeX Anompôpm\ ^jh kp`no\ kmdi^dk\gh ì o` k j mh jg~^pg\n
`fî8 `r^kal rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k nrb ^s^kw^ mlo bi gdkÄ_d^\nlp` _àdi` g\namji o`m\n`so`mi\n_` pi\ ^~gpg\t o\h ] d~i
û–k i^p î`^kw^* pbòbq^k rk^ prpq^k`f^ nr”jf`^ ii^j^+ mj_`\ h p^cjn_` gjnjmb}ipgjn ^`gpg\m`n) ^jh j`g \k\m\oj_`C jgbd+
4 0
- G
v
Odi\kndnì`gnjh\
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pi\_ì_mdo\
B EC Q N = , (. K\jld\e [\ cXj Zfe\o`fe\j jèugk`ZXj \e ki\ e\lifeXj

H\nag`^c\n m`km`nìo\i g\n_dm`^^dji`n_`g agpej _` diajmh\^dÇi+
) Ankdi\n
_ì_mÄod^\n
JÉ^g`j
@ì_mdo\
I`h]m\i\
Ig^mjoÉ]pgjn
R\di\ [[
Igoj^ji_md\n
_`hd`gdi\
? B@ N K : , (/ >jkilZkliXj èk\ieXj gièZ`gXc\j [ \ leX e\lifeX d lck`gfcXi
`ri^p molqbf`^p `lk crk`flkbp bpmb`fîbp, ?idrk^p molqb” ob^``f–k nr”jf`^ pfk clojô môqb abi molar`ql cfkî,
k^p abqb`q^k prpq^k`f^p bk bi buqboflo ab i^ `“iri^ &m, bg,* Aljl i^p `“iri^p `lkqfbkbk ilp fkdobafbkqbp kb`bpôflp
elojlk^p*' v qo^kpjfqbk i^ fkcloj^`f–k obcbobkqb ^ i^ mô^ pfkqbqfwô rk^ do^k sôfbaâ ab `ljmrbpqlp* ilp nrb
mobpbk`f^ ab bp^p prpq^k`f^p î fkqboflo ab i^ `“iri^, Mqo^p bk —iqfjl q“ojfkl molar`b i^ `“iri^ abmbkabk _’pf`^
`lkqoli^k bi ^``bpl î fkqboflo `biriô* mbojfqfbkal nrb jbkqb ab i^p bkwfj^p `lkòbq^p mobpbkqbp bk bii^, ?ab
bkqobk îdrk^p prpq^k`f^p v molef_fbkal i^ bkqoâ^ ^ j’p* e^v bkwfj^p nrb abdoâ^k jli“`ri^p* âbj’p ab
lqo^p, W lqo^p molqb”k^p afpqfkq^p pfosbk ab qo^kpmloqâl bkwfj^p nrb i^p rkbk9 i^p bkwfj^p mobpbkqbp bk rk^
obp* qo^piâ^kal ^`qfs^jbkqb `fboq^p jli“`ri^p î fkqboflo obdf–k abqbojfkâ^ ab i^ `“iri^ abqbojfk^k ^p” nr“
v buqboflo `biriô, Aljl i^p molqb”k^p mobpbkqbp bk i^ jli“`ri^p mboj^kb`bk fkq^`q^p, Nlo bgbjmil*
jbj_o^k^ kbrolkî plk bpmb`fîjbkqb fjmloq^kqbp bk T
i^ qo^kpjfpf–k ab fkcloj^`f–k* prp `ô^`qbo”pqf`^p pb abp
òf_fo’k `lk j’p abqîib bk lqo^ pb``f–k abi `^m”qril, = * >:Z=>ê
Ci _{T]V` &…krbw่' ab i^ `“iri^ bp obalkal r lsîâl U
v bpq’ olabâl mlo i^ jbj_o^k^ krìbô, Ck pr fkqboflo
bpq’k bi krì“lil v ilp òljlplj^p, Ci _fT]w`]`bp bi obp
mlkp^_ib ab i^ molar``f–k ab ilp cZS`d`^Rd$mbnrb•^p 7 ezZc\f Anompôpm\ ì g\ m`bdÇ i ^ìom\g _` pi\ ^~gpg\ lp`
bpqor`qro^p fjmif`â^p bk i^ p”kqbpfp ab molqb”k^p, Jlp ^jiod` i` `g ip^g~jgjt gjn^mjh jnjh \n+
Tc`^`d`^Rd$ `ljmrbpqlp mlo iôd^p `âbk^p ab vTZU` =7elZcvfcf Anompôpm\ ndop\_\ _ ` i omj _`g iÉ^g`j _` pi\ ^~gpg\
UVdìZccZS`_fT]VZT` !69C"$ `lkqfbkbk i^ fkcloj^`f–k lp` k mj_p^` gjn md]jnjh \n+
dbk“qf`^ abi lod^kfpjl, Ar^kal bpq’k ^`qfslp* co^djbk c7i`Yfjfd X Anompôpm\ ^dojkg}nh d^\) ^jh kp`no\ _` kmjo`Äi\n)
qlp ab ilp òljlplj^p !XV_Vd" `^rp^k i^ molar``f–k ab lp`^jinodopt``g gpb\m_` k mj_p^^dÇi _` kmjo`Äi\nom\_ p^d_\ n _`g
=N Jh +
lqo^ jli“`ri^ `ljmibg^* bi vTZU` cZS`_fT]VZT` ^V_dRr 7 Zifd fjfdX ?\_ì\ _`= @ J ^ji kmjo`Äi\n\nj^d\_\nkm`nìo`
[Vc` !6GC^"$ nrb ob`f_b rk^ `lmf^ ab i^ fkcloj^`f–k ì `g iÉ^g`j8 ^ji od` i ` g\ di ajmh \^dÇi bì~od^\+
îj^`bkâ^ bk bp^ il`îfw^`f–k, Ci ?PLj pîb ab i^ 7 uZ`[f [\jfoìi`YfelZc\`Zf ": = G # I \^mjh jg~^pg\ g\mb\ t
jbj_o^k^ krìbô v pb rkb ^ ilp of_lplj^p* alkab a^ ^jh kg` e\ ^jindnoìo` ì _jn^\_ì\n c`gd^jd_\g`ndio`m^ji`ô\_\n8
irdô ^ i^ molar``f–k ab rk^ molqb”k^ `lkòbq^ &s“^pb ep i oj ^ji g\n kmjo`Äi\n \nj^d\_\n) g\n^\_ì\n _`= @ J ajmh \i gjn
^mjh jnjh \n+
i^ >_]khW,(0#( 7 ^ \ e Qid_\_ api^dji\g _`g ^mjh jnjh \) lp` _ dmdb ` g\ nÄio`ndn_`
J^p molqb”k^p plk fjmloq^kqbp bk i^p crk`flkbp `bir pi\ j h}n kmjo`Äi\n+
iôbp, ?abj’p ab ^mloqôibp bpqor`qro^* i^p molqb”k^p crk 7 uZ`[f i`YfelZc\`Zf d \ejXa\if ":K Gd # I \^mjh jg~^pg\ lp`
`flk^k `ljl V_kZ^Rd$nrb afofdbk ilp mol`bplp nr”jf`lp om\ i n k j mo\ di ajmh \^dÇi bì~od^\ m`g\odq\ \ g\ nÄio`ndn_` pi\
ab rk^ `“iri^ `lkqoli^kal ob^``flkbp nr”jf`^p, J^p k mjo`Äi\ _`n_` pi\ k jm^dÇ i _` ^mjh jnjh \ \g md]jnjh \+
7 \eq`d X I jg~^pg\ lp` ^jiomjg\ pi\ m`\^^dÇi lpÄh d^\)
bkwfj^p plk jli“`ri^p molqbf`^p bpmb`fîbp nrb pfosbk ^j h ]di \i_j _jnnpno\i^d\n j mj h k d` i _ j pi\ npno\i^d\ ì _jn
ab `^qîfwâlobp9 bp ab`fo* e^`bk nrb pb molarw`^ rk^ k\mo`n+
<YhU]`cZFiW`Yig
Nd]jnjh\ $
?B@NK: , (0 Lwek\j`j [\ gifk\weXj

?p\i_j pi bì `no} \ôdqj) g\ diajmh\^dÇin` ^jkd\ \ pi\ hjg~^pg\ _`=NJ hìn\e`mj+ Ag=NJh n\g` _`g iÉ^g`jtn` pi` \
pi md]jnjh\) ì `g lp` n` kmj_p^` g\ kmjo`Äi\+
Ck bpq^ ob^``f–k obsbopf_ib* i^p `lk`bkqo^`flkbp obi^ i^ `^kqfaâ ab ?BL nrb kl `lafcf`^ molqb”k^p p” pb
qfs^p ab i^p bkwfj^p V b W abqbojfk^k bi mobaljfkfl ab `loobi^`flk^_^ _fbk `lk i^ `ljmibgfaâ ab rk lod^
i^ prpq^k`f^ `ljmibg^ ?@* l _fbk ab prp `ljmlkbkqbp* ? kfpjl* v nrb jrè^p ab bpq^p pb`rbk`f^p pb e^k `lkpbo
v @, J^ bkwfj^ V e^`b nrb ? v @ pb rk^k9 i^ bkwfj^ W i^p sâl aro^kqb jfiilkbp ab ^•lp, Ck lqo^p mî^_o^p*
pbmô^, &Cp mlpf_ib nrb q^j_f“k pb kb`bpfqb bkbod”^ mô^ bjmbw^_^ ^ pbo l_sfl nrb bi ?BL …_^pro^่ kl bo^
iibsô ^ `^_l i^ ob^``f–k,' _^pro^* abpmr“p ab qlal &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(1#(
Aljl pfk ara^ `lkl`b* pb e^ abqbojfkâl i^ pb`rbk
`f^ abi dbklj^ erj^kl* ^p” `ljl i^ ab îdrk^p mi^kq^p
v ^kfjîbp, &Ci ][decW bp i^ pb`rbk`f^ ab _^pbp ab krìb–+
qfalp bk ilp òljlplj^p nrb molmlo`flk^k i^ fkcloj^
`f–k kb`bpôf^ mô^ pfkqbqfwô qla^p i^p molqb”k^p nrb
mrbab molar`fo rk lod^kfpjl abqbojfkâl,' ? ilp _f–
ildlp ibp plomobkaf– bi ebèl ab nrb bi k—jbol ab
dbkbp kl pb `loobi^`flk^_^ `lk i^ `ljmibgfaâ abi lod^
kfpjl &K^qqf`h* 0..2', Nlo bgbjmil* ;W[deh^WXZ_j_i[a'
]Wdi& rk drp^kl pfjmib `ljmrbpql mlo rk^p /,...
`“iri^p* qfbkb /7,... dbkbp* jfbkqo^p nrb ilp erj^klp
qbkbjlp rklp 03,..., J^ fksbpqfd^`f–k q^j_f“k mrpl ab
j^kfcfbpql nrb ilp dbklj^p ab i^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp sboqb
_oâlp `lkqbk”^k jrèl ?BL …_^pro^่* nrb kl `lkqb
k”^ i^ fkcloj^`f–k kb`bpôf^ mô^ molar`fo molqb”k^p,
Nlo bgbjmil* plil `bo`^ abi /*3 # abi dbklj^ erj^kl
`lafcf`^ molqb”k^p, ?i mofk`fmfl* ilp dbkbqfpq^p jlib`ri^
obp ^prjfbolk nrb bi ?BL …_^pro^่ bo^k obpqlp pl_o^k ? B@ N K : , (1 : = G ef Zf[`]`ZXek\
qbp ab krbpqo^ efpqlof^ bslirqfs^* v nrb plil i^p pb`rbk`f^p Ano\ Bdbpm\ hp`nom\ `g kjm^ìo\e` _`=@J lp` ij ^j_dad^\
ab ?BL nrb `lafcf`^_^k molqb”k^p obpriq^_^k —qfibp, Qfk kmjo`Äi\n ì _dnodiojnbmpkjn_` jmb\idnhjnqdqjn+
bj_ôdl* fksbpqfd^`flkbp mlpqboflobp bk`lkqoôlk nrb %= _\ko\_j_ ` I \ood^f)F+ O+K W]Ybh]Z]W9a Yf]WUb' /--1) /6.) 3-*34+&
Sk bpqrafl ab Ullicb v `lfp, &0..3' firpqo^ i^ ilkdb buqo^``f–k ab bkbod”^ ^ môqfo ab i^ abdoâ^`f–k ab
sfaâ ab i^ j^vlo”^ abi ?BL kl `lafcf`^kqb, Jlp fksbp krqofbkqbp qfbkbk irdô bk i^p òbpq^p* `lkqoliâlp mlo
qfdâlobp `ljmôôlk ilp dbklj^p erj^kl v abi mbw i^p bkwfj^p îi” il`îfwâ^p, J^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp _f–ildlp
dil_l, Ci ^kqbm^pâl `lj—k ^ bpq^p alp bpmb`fbp sfsf– `biriôbp òbbk nrb e^`b jrèlp jfiilkbp ab ^•lp* i^p
e^`b jrèlp jfiilkbp ab ^•lp* il nrb pfdkfcf`^ nrb* pf bi jfql`lkaof^p bo^k lod^kfpjlp ab sfa^ fkabmbkafbkqb
?BL kl `lafcf`^kqb bp obîjbkqb _^pro^ pl_o^kqb b nrb iibdôlk ^ …fkcb`qô่ `“iri^p j’p do^kabp, Aljl
fk—qfi* bkqlk`bp i^p jrq^`flkbp î ^wô e^_o”^k molar mla”^k buqo ^bo bkbod”^ j’p bcf`fbkqbjbkqb nrb i^p `“ir
`fal jrèlp `^j_flp bk i^p pb`rbk`f^p, Qfk bj_ôdl* i^p nrb fkcb`qôlk* i^p jfql`lkaof^p pb ef`fbolk —qfibp
Ullicb v `lfp* bk`lkqoôlk /,2.. pb`rbk`f^p kl `lafcf mô^ bp^p `“iri^p v bk —iqfjl q“ojfkl pb `lksfoqfbolk bk
`^kqbp îq^jbkqb `lkpbosâ^p* jrè^p ab i^p `rîbp bo^k rk^ môqb mboj ^kbkqb ab i^p jfpj^p, J^p `“iri^p ^mlo
fa“kqf`^p bk j’p abi 7. # bk erj^klp v mbw dil_l, ?ab q^k krqofbkqbp ^ i^p jfql`lkaof^p* v bpq^p a^k ^ i^p `“ir
j’p* abp`r_ofbolk nrb bpq^p pb`rbk`f^p `lkpbosâ^p i^p rk^ jli“`ri^ bpmb`fî* bi ecZW`dWRe` UV RUV_`dZ_R
bpq^_^k il`îfwâ^p `bo`^ ab dbkbp nrb `lkqoli^k bi !6IE"$nrb i^p `“iri^p bjmib^k `ljl crbkqb fkjbaf^q^
abpôoliil* il nrb bp fjmol_^_ib nrb obpriqb rk^ `lfk`f ab bkbod”^, J^p jfql`lkaof^p `lkqfbkbk pr molmfl ?BL
abk`f^, Bb ebèl* sbobjlp bk bi A^m”qril 1 nrb i^p v pb obmolar`bk fkabmbkafbkqbjbkqb ab i^p `“iri^p bk
jrq^`flkbp bk obdflkbp kl `lafcf`^kqbp abi dbklj^ i^p nrb e^_fq^k,
erj^kl môb`bk pbo i^p obpmlkp^_ibp abi j^vlo q^j^•l Ci cVexTf]`V_Uà]vd^ZT`$nrb pfosb ab obpboslofl ab
v `ljmibgfaâ abi `bob_ol erj^kl, îj^`bk^gb v `ljl `^kî mô^ qo^kpmloqô prpq^k`f^p
้Or“ e^`bk bp^p pb`rbk`f^p ab ?BL kl `lafcf`^k nr”jf`^p mlo bi `fqlmi^pj^* mrbab pbo ab alp qfmlp*
qbp= ?rknrb bpq^p pb`rbk`f^p mrbabk qo^kpòf_fopb ^ ordlpl v ifpl, ?j_lp bpq’k `ljmrbpqlp mlo `^m^p ab
?PL* bpqb ?PL kl obpriq^ bk i^ molar``f–k ab molqb” jbj_o^k^môîbi^p* afpmrbpq^p bk môbp* abi qfml nrb
k^p* pfkl nrb bi 6GC _` TÙZWZTR_eV !6GC_T" qfbkb olab^ i^ `“iri^, Ci obq”`ril bkalmi’pjf`l ordlpl `lk
^môbkqbj bkqb crk`flkbp molmf^p, Nlo bgbjmil* `r^k qfbkb of_lplj^p, J^p molqb”k^p molar`fa^p mlo ilp of_l+
al i^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp dbkbp pb ^`qfs^* pbdjbkqlp ab ?BL plj^p rkfalp î obq”`ril bkalmi’pjf`l ordlpl bpq’k
pb qo^kpòf_bk ^ jli“`ri^p ab ?PL jbkp^gbol* v abp abpqfkâ^p ^ qo^kpmloqôpb crbo^ ab i^ `“iri^ l rqfifwôpb
mr“p lqo^p jli“`ri^p co^djbkq^k bi ?PLj* abpbè^k bk i^ jbj_o^k^, Ck bi `fqlmi^pj^ q^j_f“k e^v of_lpl
îdrk^p môqbp v rkbk bi obpql ab ilp qolwlp, Ci ?PLj j^p if_obp9 bpqb qfml* kl rkfal* môb`b molar`fo molqb”
obpriq^kqb `lkqfbkb bkqlk`bp i^ fkcloj^`f–k kb`bpôf^ k^p mô^ pbo rpâ^p abkqol ab i^ kbrolk^, Ci obq”`ril
mô^ `lkpqorfo i^ molqb”k^, Ci `loqb v bjmîjb bpq’k bkalmi’pjf`l ifpl `lkpqfqrvb `^kîbp mô^ i^ pbdobd^`f–k
obîfwâlp mlo `ljmibglp jlib`riôbp ii^jâlp [cfWb' ab jli“`ri^p nrb môqf`fm^k bk sôflp mol`bplp `biri^
ceiecWi& v rkl ab ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab ilp bjmîjlpl+ obp, J^p jli“`ri^p ifm”af`^p &ab do^p^' q^j_f“k pb mol
j^p bp bi ?PL kl `lafcf`^kqb, J^p jli“`ri^p ab ?PLk` ar`bk bk bpqb lod’kril,
q^j_f“k pb rkbk &v jlafcf`^k' ^ molqb”k^p nrb obdr Ci RaRcReÙV<`]XZbp rk^ cloj^ bpmb`fî ab obq”`ril
i^k i^ bumobpf–k d“kf`^ &Qwvj^kphf v `lfp,* 0..19 Qqlow* bkalmi’pjf`l ifpl, ?idrk^p jli“`ri^p `ljmibg^p* `lj
?iqrsf^ v U^ppôj^k* 0..39 Q^qqboibb v `lfp,* 0..5', ?p” mrbpq^p mlo jli“`ri^p fkafsfarîbp j’p pbk`fii^p* pb
mrbp* bi dbklj^ erj^kl* abcfkfal bk rk pbkqfal j’p bkp^j_i^k bk bpqb irdô, Ci ^mô^ql ab Elidf pfosb* âb
^jmifl mô^ fkìrfo bi ?PL kl `lafcf`^kqb* bp jrèl j’p* ab bkslisbkqb l bjm^nrbqâlo, Nlo bgbjmil* i^p
j’p do^kab ab il nrb mbkp^_^k ^kqbofloj bkqb ilp _f– `“iri^p pbòbqlo^p &`ljl i^p nrb if_bo^k elojlk^p'
ildlp,
J^ j^vlo môqb ab i^ `“iri^ bpq’ `ljmrbpq^ mlo bi
`fqlmi^pj^, Ci TZeà]Rd^R bp `ljmibgl v sô”^ bklojb 7 : K G ef Zf[`]`ZXek\ ":KGeZ# P dkj _`=NJ lp` ij ^j_dad^\
jbkqb bk ilp afpqfkqlp qfmlp ab `“iri^p* mbol i^ cloj^ kmjo`Äi\n) k`mj kjn`àpi^dji`n kmjkd\n+
j’p pbk`fii^ ab `ô^`qbofwôil bp `ljl rk^ prpq^k`f^ 7 Z`kfgcXjd X Opno\i^d\qdn^jn\t n`h dgÄlpd_\ ^jioìd_\ ì `g
di o` mdj m_` g\n^~gpg\n+
dbi^qfklp^ v pbjfi”nrfa^ nrb l`rm^ bi bpm^`fl abifjf d `kfZfe[i`X K mb} ipgj m`nkjin\]g` _` j ] o` i ` mì`mbÄ\ _` gjn
qâl mlo i^ jbj_o^k^, Alkqfbkb mbnrb•^p bpqor`qro^p ipomdìo`n+
bpmb`fîfwâ^p* î fdrî nrb bi lod^kfpjl `lkqfbkb –od^ 7 ki`]f j ]X kf [ \ X[\efjèX ":MI# I jg~^pg\ nph \h ìo`
klp bpmb`fîfwâlp, Ci q“ojfkl dbk“of`l ab bpq^p bpqor` dh k j mo\ i o` ì `g h ò\ ]jgdnh j ì` mb~ od^j ^`gpg\m8 np _`bm\_ \^dÇi
qro^p bp eh]cdkX& …–od^kl mbnrb•l่, ? `lkqfkr^`f–k pb gd]`m\ ì`mbÄ\+

M i\kwZlcf \e[fgcujd `Zf ?\k\n k\m\g`g\n _` h `h ]m\i\
abpòf_bk ilp lod’krilp j’p fjmloq^kqbp, km`nìo`n ì `g ^dojkg\nh \ _` g\ ^~gpg\+ Ag mòÄ^pgj ì_jkg}nh d^j
J^p ^Ze`T`_UcZRdqfbkbk cloj^ ab `rbkq^p lsîâ^p v mpbjnjod` i ` md]jnjh \nt k\mod^dk \ ì g\ k mj_p^^dÇi _` g\n
bpq’k clojâ^p mlo rk^ al_ib jbj_o^k^, J^ jbj_o^k^ kmjo`Äi\nn`^mò\_\n k j m g\ ^~gpg\+ Ag mòÄ^pgj ì_jkg}nh d^j gdnj
fkqbok^ bpq’ mibdâ^* v ilp mifbdrbp cloj^k rk dorml ab `n`g gpb\m_`nÄio`ndn _` gjn gÄkd_jnt k mjkjm^dj i\ ^\i\g`n k\m\
i’jfk^p "Yh[ijWi# nrb iibk^k bi fkqboflo ab i^ `rbkq^, J^p g\ n`bm`b\^dÇi _` h jg~^pg\ndh kgd^\_\n ì _dnodioj n kmj^`njn
^`gpg\m`n+
jfql`lkaof^p plk sfqîbp mô^ i^ b`lklj”^ `biriô8 Xg X iX kf [\ @ fc^` ? j h k g` ej _` h `h ]m\i\n k\m\g`g\nì `g
jrèlp ab ilp mol`bplp _flnr”jf`lp fjmif`âlp bk i^ ^dojkg\nh \ lp`ìqp`gq` gjn kmj _ p ôj n _` g\n ^~gpg\nn`^mòjm\n+
bksrbisbk prp molar`qlp bk rk^ jbj_o^k^ molar`fa^ AËÅÇÅWČ ZÀ ČÆǼÆĈĊÀ

mlo bi ^mô^ql ab Elidf, Ar^kal i^ `“iri^ pbòbq^ prp
molar`qlp* bjmib^ rk mol`bpl abkljfkâl Vi`TZe`dZd J^p kbrolk^p plil `lkpqfqrvbk ^molufjâ^jbkqb i^
"[ne& …crbo^่9 Y_je& …`“iri^่9 'ei_i& …mol`bpl่', Ck ml`^p jfqâ abi slirjbk abi QLA, Ci obpql bpq’ `ljmrbpql mlo
mî^_o^p* bi m^nrbqb pb abpmi^w^ î fkqboflo ab i^ jbj afpqfkq^p `“iri^p ab plmloqb, Aljl i^p kbrolk^p qfbkbk
_o^k^ buqbok^ ab i^ `“iri^* pb crpflk^ `lk bii^ v bjbodb* rk^ bibsâ^ q^p^ jbq^_–if`^* mbol kl mlpbbk ilp jbaflp
aboo^j^kal pr `lkqbkfal î i”nrfal nrb olab^ i^ `“iri^, mô^ îj^`bkô krqofbkqbp* ab_bk ob`f_fo `lkqfkr^
Aljl sbobjlp* i^p kbrolk^p pb `ljrkf`^k bkqob p” jbkqb krqofbkqbp v lu”dbkl* l j rbobk bk ml`l qfbjml,
pbòbq^kal prpq^k`f^p nr”jf`^p jbaf^kqb bpqb mol`bpl, ?p” mrbp* bpq^ crk`f–k obîfwâ^ mlo i^p `“iri^p nrb a^k
Nlo bpqb jlqfsl* abpòf_fo“ `lk j’p abqîib i^ bul`fqlpfp plmloqb v molqbdbk ^ i^p kbrolk^p bp jrv fjmloq^kqb
bk mo–ufj^p pb``flkbp abi `^m”qril, Ci ^mô^ql ab Elidf mô^ i^ sfa^,
q^j_f“k molar`b ]Zd`d`^Rd$mbnrb•lp p^`lp obiibklp ab
bkwfj^p bk`ôdâ^p ab abdoâô prpq^k`f^p nrb i^ `“iri^ @ E ã:
v^ kl kb`bpfq^, Bbpmr“p* bplp molar`qlp plk ob`fìâlp l J^p `“iri^p ab plmloqb j’p fjmloq^kqbp abi pfpqbj^ kbo
buòbqâlp î buqboflo ab i^ `“iri^, sflpl `bkqoî plk i^ d[khe]b_W& l …mbd^jbkql kbosflpl่,
Qf rk^ kbrolk^ l_qbkfa^ ab rk `riqfsl qfpriô pb bu J^ X]xR &q^j_f“k abkljfkâ^ YdbkbWi]b_Wb[i# j^kqfbkb
mlkb ^ rk abqbodbkqb* i^ jbj_o^k^ ifm”af`^ v _rbk^ mô rkfal bi QLA* pfk ara^* mbol e^`b jrèl j’p nrb bpql,
qb abi fkqboflo `biriô pb afprbisbk* abg^kal ^qo’p rk^ J^p kbrolk^p iibs^k rk^ sfa^ jrv molqbdfa^9 i^p `“iri^p
j^qofw ab cfi^jbkqlp molqbf`lp fkplir_ibp, Cpq^ j^qofw* ii^ difîbp ibp molmlo`flk^k rk q^jm–k c”pf`l v nr”jf`l obp
jâ^ TZe`VdbfV]Ve`$a^ cloj^ ^ i^ kbrolk^, Ci `fqlbpnrb+ mb`ql î obpql abi lod^kfpjl, ?abj’p* olab^k ^ i^p kbr
ibql bpq’ `ljmrbpql mlo qobp qfmlp ab cfi^jbkqlp molqbf`lp* olk^p v i^p j^kqfbkbk bk pr irdô* `lkqoli^kal bi ^mloqb
rkfalp bkqob p”* nrb cloj^k rk^ j^p^ `lebpflkâ^, Jlp ab krqofbkqbp v môqb ab i^p prpq^k`f^p nr”jf`^p nrb
cfi^jbkqlp j’p dorbplp* ilp ^ZTcè{Sf]`d$plk e^`bp ab kb`bpfq^k mô^ fkqbo`^j_fô jbkp^gbp `lk lqo^p kbrol
/1 cfi^jbkqlp ab molqb”k^p afpmrbpqlp îobabalo ab rk k^p9 ^”pi^k ^ i^p kbrolk^p ab lqo^p kbrolk^p mô^ nrb ilp
k—ìbl erb`l, jbkp^gbp kl pb jbwìbk9 b fkìrpl pfosbk ab …^j^p ab
Jlp ûlkbp mrbabk pbo bkloj bj bkqb iôdlp obp ii^sb่* abpqorvbkal v obqfo^kal ilp bpnrbibqlp ab kbrol
mb`ql ^ pr af’jbqol v î q^j^•l abi plj^, Nlo bgbjmil* k^p jrboq^p mlo bkcbojbaâbp l ibpflkbp,
bi û–k j’p iôdl ab rk^ mboplk^ pb buqfbkab abpab bi F^v sôflp qfmlp ab `“iri^p difîbp* v `â^ rkl ab biilp
mfb e^pq^ rk^ obdf–k pfqrâ^ bk i^ _^pb abi bk`“cîl, `rjmib rk^ crk`f–k bpmb`fî bk bi QLA, Jlp qobp qfmlp
Aljl i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p kb`bpfq^k `fboq^p prpq^k j’p fjmloq^kqbp plk WijheY_jei& eb_]eZ[WZ_eY_bei v c_Yhe]b_W(
`f^p nrb plil mrbabk molar`fopb bk bi plj^* ab_b e^_bo 6dec`TZe` pfdkfcf`^ …`“iri^ bpqobii^่* v bpqb klj_ob abp
rk pfpqbj^ `^m^w ab qo^kpjfqfo bpq^p prpq^k`f^p o’mfa^ v òf_b `lk mob`fpf–k i^ cloj^ ab bpq^p `“iri^p, Jlp ^pqol
bcf`fbkqbjbkqb ^ il iôdl abi ûlmi^pj^ &`fqlmi^pj^ abi `fqlp molmlo`flk^k plmloqb c”pf`l ^ i^p kbrolk^p v obqfo^k
û–k', Cpqb pfpqbj^ pb abklj fk^ ecR_da`ceV Rià]vd% ilp abpbèlp bk bi bk`“cîl, Nolar`bk îdrk^p prpq^k`f^p
^ZT`$ rk mol`bpl ^`qfsl mlo bi nrb i^p prpq^k`f^p plk
molmripâ^p ^ il iôdl ab ilp jfòlq—_rilp afpmrbpqlp
bk qlal bi ob`loofal abi û–k, Ci jlsfjfbkql abpab bi \ofZ`kfj`j O`^m`^dÇi _` pi\ npno\i^d\ k j mk\mo` _` g\
^~gpg\ h `_d\ io`q`nÄ^pg\n8 kmj^`nj k j m`g lp`n` n`^mò\i gjn
plj^ ^ i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p pb ii^j^ qo^kpmloqb ûl+ i`pmjom\inh ênjm`n+
mi’pjf`l R_eVczXcRU` &Wdj[hW' pfdkfcf`^ …e^`f^ bi ``jfjfdX K mb} ipgj mj_`\_ j _` h `h ]m\i\8 ^jiod` i` ìudh\n
cobkqb่', Cpq^ cloj^ ab qo^kpmloqb i^ obîfw^k i^p jli“ lp` _`nomptì gjn kmj _ p ôj n _` _`n`^cj+
`ri^p ab rk^ molqb”k^ abklj fkâ^ Y_d[i_dW( Ck bi 7 Z`kf\jhl\c\kf ? j h kp `noj k j m h d^mjoÉ ]pgj nt jom\nad]m\n
`rboml `biriô* i^p jli“`ri^p ab `fkbpfk^* môb`fa^p ^ kmjo`d^\n ìom`g\u\_jnìom`nÄaj mh \ i _ j pi\ h\n\ ^jc`ndji\_\
rk mô ab mfbok^p v mfbp* pb rkbk ^ i^ prpq^k`f^ nrb pb lp` _\ npajmh \ \ g\ ^~gpg\+
d `ZifkzYlcf H\mb\ ^\_ì\ _` c\^`n _àdg\ h ` i oj n kmjo`d^jn
qo^kpmloqô’ ^ il iôdl abi û–k, ? `lkqfkr^`f–k* i^ _dnkp`nojn\ gm` _ ` _ j m_` pi iÉ^g`j cp`^j8 k\mo` _`g ^doj`nl p`gòj
jli“`ri^ ab `fkbpfk^ pb abpmi^w^ e^`f^ ^_^gl mlo rk lp` k\mod^dk \ ì `g om\ i n k j mo` _` npno\i^d\n _` pi gp b\m\ j omj _`
jfòlq—_ril* iibs^kal i^ `ôd^ e^pq^ pr abpqfkl &Wfiafw g\ ^~gpg\+
v `lfp,* 0..2', J^p jli“`ri^p ab ?RN molar`fa^p mlo i^p kiX e jg f ik\ Xofgcujd`Zf Lmj^`nj \ôdqj k j m`g lp` g\n
jfql`lkaof^p ^mloq^k i^ bkbod”^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW ,(2#( npno\i^d\nnji Ehkpgn\_\n\ gj g\mbj _` gjn h d^mjoÉ ]pgj n lp`
_dn^pmmì k j moj _ j `g m`^jmmd_j _`g \sÇi+
Mqo^ molqb”k^* i^ Z_d[edW& qo^kpmloq^ prpq^k`f^p ab i^p 7 Xek\iy ^ iX[ f Ai pi\ _dm`^^dÇi \ gj g\mbj _`g \sÇi _`n_` `g
qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p î plj^* mol`bpl `lkl`fal `ljl ^ p`mkj ^`gpg\m c\^d\ g\no`mh di \g`n i`mqdjn\n+
qo^kpmloqb ûlmi’pjf`l cVeczXcRU`& Ci qo^kpmloqb ûl+ 7 i\ kiy ^ iX [ f Ai pi\ _dm`^^dÇi \ gj g\mbj _`g \sÇi _`n_` g\n
mi’pjf`l ^kqbo–doâl bp klq^_ibjbkqb o’mfal* e^pq^ o`mh di \g`n i`mqdjn\n c\^d\ `g ^p`mkj ^`gpg\m+
3.. jj î a”^, Ci qo^kpmloqb ûlmi’pjf`l obqo–doâl 7 ^ cwX ?~gpg\n _` n j k j mo` _`g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj^ìom\g+
T XjkifZ`kf ? ~gpg\ _` g\ bgÄ\ lp` \kjmo\ nj k j mo` \ g\n i`pmji\n
î`^kw^ `bo`^ ab i^ jfqâ ab i^ sbil`faâ abi ^kqbo– _`g ndno`h \ i`mqdjnj ^ìom\g) g\nkmjq`` _` ipomdìo`ntjom\n
doâl, npno\i^d\n)t m`bpg\ g\ ^jh kjnd^dÇi lpÄh d^\ _ `g gÄlpd_j `som\^`gpg\m+
%\& %]&
? B@ N K : , (2 MiXejgfik\ Xofgcujd`Zf iug`[f
Ano\ adbpm\ hp`nom\ ^Çh j g\n hjg~^pg\n _` ^di`ndi\ %\& ë^\hdi\ií kjmpi hd^mjoÉ]pgj) om\inkjmo\i_j np ^\mb\ c\no\ g\n
o`mhdi\g`n i`mqdjn\n+ Kom\ kmjo`Äi\) g\ _di`Äi\)om\inkjmo\ npno\i^d\n_`n_` g\no`mhdi\g`n i`mqdjn\n \g njh\+
%]& I d^mjajojbm\ad\ _` pi \sÇi _` m\oÇi) lp` hp`nom\ pi jmb}ipgjom\inkjmo}i_jn` \ gj g\mbj _` pi hd^mjoÉ]pgj+ H\ ag`^c\
n`Å\g\ gjlp` k\m`^` n`mpi\ hjg~^pg\ _` ^di`ndi\+
%Pjh \_j _` Ddmjf\r\) J+ KW]YbWY' .665) /46)2.6*2/3+ ? j k t mdb c oä .665=h `md^\i=nnj^d\odji aj moc ` = _q\i^`h ìoj aO^dì^`+ N`kmj_p^d_j ^ji \pojmdu\^dÇi+&
nr”jf`^p nrb i^p kbrolk^p kb`bpfq^k mô^ obîfwô prp nr”jf`^ molar`fa^ bk i^ mofjbo^ c^pb abi jbq^_lifpjl
crk`flkbp, ?vra^k ^ `lkqoliô i^ `ljmlpf`f–k nr”jf`^ ab i^ dir`lp^, ? `lkqfkr^`f–k* if_bo^k i^`q^ql î i”nrfal
abi i”nrfal nrb olab^ ^ i^p kbrolk^p* `^mq^kal ^`qfs^ buqo^`biriô nrb olab^ ^ i^p kbrolk^p* v i^p kbrolk^p
jbkqb l if_bo^kal prpq^k`f^p `rv^p `lk`bkqo^`flkbp `^mq^k bpb i^`q^ql* il qo^kpmloq^k ^ prp jfql`lkaof^p v il
ab_bk j^kqbkbopb bk sîlobp ò”qf`lp, Nlo —iqfjl* ilp rp^k mô^ l_qbkbo bkbod”^ &Rp^`lmlrilp v K^dfpqobqqf*
^pqol`fqlp môqf`fm^k bk i^ krqof`f–k ab i^p kbrolk^p, /7749 @oltk* Rbhh–h v P^kplj* 0..19 Nbiibofk v `lfp,*
?idrk^p ab i^p molilkd^`flkbp ab ilp ^pqol`fqlp &ilp 0..5', ?môbkqbjbkqb* bpqb mol`bpl molmlo`flk^ ^ i^p
_o^wlp ab i^ bpqobii^' bksrbisbk s^plp p^kdr”kblp9 lqo^p kbrolk^p rk `lj_rpqf_ib nrb mrbabk jbq^_lifwô
bpq’k bksrbiq^p îobabalo ab môqbp ab kbrolk^p* ab fkìrpl j’p o’mfa^jbkqb nrb i^ dir`lp^, ?abj’p* ilp
jlal nrb i^p jbj_o^k^p plj’qf`^p v abkao”qf`^p ab i^p ^pqol`fqlp îj^`bk^k rk^ mbnrb•^ `^kqfaâ ab rk
kbrolk^p bpq’k olabâ^p bk pr j^vlo môqb mlo ^pqol`f efao^ql ab `ô_lkl abkljfkâl ]bkYg][de& nrb mrbab
qlp, Cpq^ afpmlpf`f–k efwl mbkpô î efpq–ildl fqîf^kl abdoâôpb ^ dir`lp^ v abpmr“p ^ i^`q^ql `r^kal i^ q^p^
A^jfiil Elidf &/622+/704' nrb ilp ^pqo l`fqlp ^mloq^_^k jbq^_–if`^ ab i^p kbrolk^p mo–ufj^p bp bpmb`fîjbkqb
^ i^p kbrolk^p krqofbkqbp ab ilp `^mfiôbp v obqfo^_^k prp bibsâ^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(3#(
molar`qlp ab abpbèl &Elidf* /7.1', Aob”^ nrb ilp ?abj’p ab qo^kpmloqô prpq^k`f^p nr”jf`^p ^ i^p kbr
krqofbkqbp m^p^_^k ab ilp `^mfiôbp î `fqlmi^pj^ ab ilp olk^p* ilp ^pqol`fqlp pfosbk ab j^qofw nrb j^kqfbkb ^ i^p
^pqol`fqlp v* ^qo^sbp^kal bpqb `fqlmi^pj^* ^ i^p kbrolk^p, kbrolk^p bk pr pfqfl* ab …mbd^jbkql kbosflpl่* mlo ^p”
Gkaf`flp ob`fbkqbp fkaf`^k nrb Elidf bpq^_^ bk il ab`foil, Cpq^p `“iri^p q^j_f“k olab^k v ^”pi^k ^ i^p pfk^m
`fboql8 ^rknrb i^p kbrolk^p ob`f_bk môqb ab i^ dir`lp^ pfp* ifjfq^kal i^ afpmbopf–k ab ilp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp
afob`q^jbkqb ab ilp `^mfiôbp* `lkpfdrbk i^ j^vlo”^ ab if_boâlp mlo i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p,
prp krqofbkqbp ab ilp ^pqol`fqlp, Jlp ^pqol`fqlp l_qfbkbk Ar^kal i^p `“iri^p abi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `bkqoî jrb
dir`lp^ ab ilp `^mfiôbp v i^ abdoâ^k ^ bWYjWje& prpq^k`f^ obk* `fboqlp qfmlp ab ^pqol`fqlp pb l`rm^k ab i^ qôb^ ab
1- BdndjgjbÄ\ _` g\ ^ji_pô\
Ai`m\Ä\
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n\ibpÄi`j H\ô\oj
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H\ô\oj
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H\ô\oj ì ü %\gh\^ì}*
dn hdìoj&
B EC Q N = , (3 >jkilZkliX p j`klXZ`ye [ \ cfj XjkifZ`kfj

H\n kmjgjib\^dji`n_` gjn\nomj^dojn mj_`\i ^\kdg\m`nt i`pmji\n_`g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj ^ìom\g+
obqfoô ilp obpqlp, Cpq^p `“iri^p plk `^m^`bp ab abpmi^ a^p, &Pbîjbkqb* i^p `rbkq^p plk cko îôdâ^p9 pr ilk
wôpb mlo bi QLA8 buqfbkabk v obqo^bk prp molilkd^`fl dfqra iibd^ ^ pbo rk^p 6. sb`bp pr ^kèro^,'
kbp &pbra–mlalp* l …cîplp mfbp่'* abpifw’kalpb abi Sk lifdlabkaol`fql `rînrfbo^ molar`b e^pq^ 3. pbd
jfpjl jlal nrb i^p ^jb_^p, Ar^kal bpqlp ^pqol`fqlp jbkqlp ab jfbifk^, Bro^kqb bi abpôoliil abi OJ?) ilp
`lkq^`q^k `lk rk obpql ab kbrolk^ jrboq^* pb grkq^k ^ lifdlabkaol`fqlp dbkbo^k molilkd^`flkbp ab rk^ cloj^
“i* v mlo —iqfjl il olab^k mlo `ljmibql v il afdfbobk, môb`fa^ ^ objlp ab `^kl^, Bbpmr“p* `â^ rk^ ab bp^p
Ji^j^jlp WRX`TZe`dZd^ bpqb mol`bpl "f^W][_d& …`ljbo่9 molilkd^`flkbp bk cloj^ ab objl pb bkolii^ j—iqfmibp
akjei& …`“iri^่', Qf e^v nrb ifjmfô rk^ `^kqfaâ fjmlo sb`bp pl_ob p” jfpj^ îobabalo ab rk pbdjbkql ab û–k
q^kqb ab qbgfal ibpflkâl* ilp ^pqol`fqlp pb afsfafo’k v v* bk bi mol`bpl* molar`b `^m^p ab jfbifk^, ?p”* `â^
molar`fo’k i^p `“iri^p krbs^p kb`bpôf^p mô^ iibsô ^ objl pb `lksfboqb bk rk pbdjbkql ab i^ s^fk^ ab jfb
`^_l bpq^ qôb^, Sk^ sbw abdoââl bi qbgfal jrboql* ifk^ ab rk û–k &s“^kpb i^p >_]khWi,(+*o,(++W#(
nrbaô’ rk ^ka^jf^gb ab ^pqol`fqlp mô^ obiibkô bi ’ob^
s^`”^* v rk qfml bpmb`fîfwâl ab ^pqol`fql clojô’ qbgfal
`f`^qof`fî* ^fpi^kal bi ’ob^, H\ @m\+ ?+) i` pmÇgjb\ep ] dg\ _ \ ) c\]Ä\ k \ _`^d_j `n^g`mjndn
J^ crk`f–k mofk`fmî ab ilp `]ZXÙV_Uc`TZe`dbp mol h É godk g` _pm\io` h}n _` _jn _~^\_\n ^p\i_j a\gg`^dÇ
mlo`flkô plmloqb ^ i^p kbrolk^p v molar`fo i^ gRZ_RUV k j m pi dia\moj _ ` h dj^\m_dj+ Qi\ o\m_`) /0 \Åjn \om}n)
^ZV]Z_R$ nrb ^”pi^ ^ i^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp ûlkbp ab lqolp `gg\ tnp `nkjnj c\]Ä\i ^ì\_j ì np m`no\pm\io`
&ilp ûlkbp jrv mbnrb•lp kl bpq’k jfbifkfwâlp v `^ a\qj mdoj+ ? p\i_j n\gÄ\i) n` o\ h ]\g`Ç t ^\nd n` ^\tÇ+ Op
ob`bk ab bpq^ s^fk^', J^ jfbifk^* `ljmrbpq^ mlo rk h \ md_j ]mjh `Ç 7 ëAc) ^\mdÅj) ij _`]`mÄ\n c\]`m ] ` ] d_ j
6. ab i”mfalp v rk 0. ab molqb”k^p* bp dbkboâ^ mli `n\ Égodh \ ^jk\ _` qdij+í Agg\ njimdÇ \io` np di o` i oj _`
ilp lifdlabkaol`fqlp bk cloj^ ab qr_l nrb olab^ bi
û–k, Cpqb qr_l kl `lkpqfqrvb rk^ s^fk^ `lkqfkr^* pfkl
nrb `lkpfpqb bk rk^ pbofb ab pbdjbkqlp* ab ^molufj^ ! ]X^fZ`kfj`j Lmj^`nj k j m`g ^p\g g\n^~gpg\n mj_`\i t _dbd`mì
a^jbkqb / jj ab ilkdfqra `â^ rkl* `lk rk^ jfk—p jom\n ^~gpg\n j _`n`^cjn k mj^`_` io`n_` g\ _`bì`m\^dÇi ^`gpg\m+
`ri^ mlo`f–k &/+0 -้j' ab û–k kl ob`r_fboql bkqob fc`^ f[\e[ifZ`kf P dk j _` ^~gpg\ _` g\ bgÄ\ ì `g ndno`h\
biilp &rk c_Yhgc[jhe& ^_obsfâl \`(j* bp i^ jfiilk“pfj^ i`mqdjnj ^ìom\g lpàjmh \ g\nq\di\n _` h d`gdi\+
môqb ab rk jbqol* l rk^ jfi“pfj^ ab jfi”jbqol', J^ 7 mXèX [\ d `\cèX ? p ]d`mo\ lp` mj_`\ gjn\sji`nt gjn
mlo`f–k abp`r_fboq^ abi û–k pb abkljfk^ _Ùf]` UV \Äng\) dh k d_ d` i _ j lp` gjn hìn\e`nn``sodì _\i ìom` \sji`n
\_t\^ìo`n+
GR_gZVc$ mlo i^ mboplk^ nrb il abp`r_of–, ?p” mrbp* bi T ef[lcf [\ KXem`\i Ljm^dÇi _`n^p ]d`mo\ _` pi \sÇi h d`gdidu\_j
û–k jfbifkfwâl ob`rboa^ ^ rk^ qfo^ ab `rbkq^p îôd^ ìom` j gdb j _ ` i _ mj ^ doj n j ^~gpg\n _` O^cr\ii \_t\^ìo`n+
= sj i ` n h d`gdidu\_jn
Jj_pgj
_` N \iqd`m
n O j h \_`g K gdb j_ì_mj^doj
jgdbj_ ì_mj^doj
%\&
? ~ gpg\_` O^cr \ii
I doj^ji_md\ì
)I d^mjoÉ]pgj
İ
`g \sjk g\nh \
J j_pgj _` N \ i q d` m
%]&
B d b p m \ , (+ * H c`^f[\e[ifZ`kfj
Hjnjgdbj_ì_mj^dojnajmh\i g\ hd`gdi\ lp` mj_`\ hp^cjn
B d b p m \ , (+ + ?fidXZ`ye [\ cX d`\cèX
\sji`nì `g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj ^ìom\g+ ?\_\ ^~gpg\ kmj_p^`
pi n`bhìoj_` hd`gdi\ k\m\ q\mdjn\sji`n\_t\^ìo`n+ @pm\io` `g _`n\mmjggj) pi\ kmjgjib\^dÇi _` pi
jgdbj_ì_mj^doj) j ]dì oj_\ pi\ ^~gpg\ _` O^cr\ii) n`
ìmjgg\ hÉgodkg`nq`^`nnj]m` nÄhdnh\) \kmò}i_jn`ndi
c\^`mpi ^cdno`) k`mj n\]Ä\ lp` ij `m\ `nj7 ij `m\i g\n _è\mm`nlpd^djn \gm`_`_jm_` pi njgj \sÇi) tajmh\ pi
n`bhìoj _` g\ q\di\ _` hd`gdi\+ %\& K gdbj_ì_mj^doj+
_jn^jk\n_ ` qdi j _` g\ ^ì\ g\n lp ` c\]Ä\i kmjqj^\_ j
%]&?~gpg\ _Ò^cr\ii+
np ojmkù\+ @` m`kìo` n` _ dj ^pìo\ _` lp ` c\]Ä\
` no\_j db ij m\i _j \gbpijnnÄiojh \n lp` _`]`mÄ\ c\]`m
m` ^jij^d_j+
= g _Ä\ ndbpd` io` ^jinpgoÇ \ pij _ ` npn ^jh k\Å`mjn) q\md\n NI+ = k p i oÇ \ q\mdjn kpiojn ]g\i^jnlp`
lpdì `nopqj _` \^p`m_j ^ji `g _d\ b i Ç nod^j _ ` njnk`^c\ \k\m`^Ä\i ì pi\ _ ` `gg\n+ ëAno\ NI h p`nom\ ^g\m\h ìo`
lp ` `gg\ hdnh\ c\]Ä\ `no\]g`^d_j7 gjnnÄiojh\n q\md\n g`ndji`n _` g\ npno\i^d\ ]g\i^\) k` mj c\i
ì^\e\]\i ^ji gjn ^jmm`nkj i_d` io`n\ g\ `n^g`mjndn _` n\k\m`^d_j ì g\ ndbpd` io`) m`\gdu\_\ 3 h`n`n
h É godk g` + D\]Ä\ npamd_j kmj]g`h \n dio` mh doì o`n_` _`nkp~n+ U\lpÄoì `h j n jom\) k` mj ij n` h \iodì` ì
qdndÇi _ j ] g` ) \ q`^`nn` nìoÄ\ di`no\]g` _` kd`) tì g\ ndbpdìo` NI+ Ag ndno`h\ dih p ido\mdj \o\^Ç g\n q\di\n
j^\ndji`n ijo\]\ cjmh dbp `jn ì g\ h \ij _`m`^c\+ _` h d`gdi\ _` pi\ m` bdÇi ^ji^mò\) t_`nkp~n g\n ^~gpg\n
J di b p i j _` `nojn nÄiojh \n `m\ bm\q`) tnjgj _pm\]\i pi bgd\g`n mòdm\mji gjn m`nojn+ H\ NI ij h p`nom\ g\n g`ndji`n
kj ^j) _` h j _ j lp` gjn dbij mÇ) j lpdu}n n` i`bÇ \ nÄ ì `n` h j h ìoj) k` mj gjn \sji`nt\ ij nji ^\k\^`n _`
hdnh\ lp` ap`m\i dh kjmo\io`n+ ^j i _ p ^dmnpn hìn\e`n+í
Qi\nn`h\i\n _`nkp~n_ ` g\ h p `mo` _` g\ @m\+ ?+ O` kpnj pi k\ m_` bp\io`n lp dmÉmb d^jn) oj h Ç `g
/0 \Åjn _`nkp~n) pi b mp k j _ ` `nop_d\io`n_ ` h `_d^di\ ì^~a\gj _` g\ @m\+ ?+ t gj ^ j moÇ ì q\mdjnomjujn+ AgdbdÇ
t m`nd_ìo`n _` i`pmjgjbÄ\ n` m`pidÇ ì g\ n\g\ _` pij _` `ggjn+ ë= lpÄ`no}) ègjq`dn<í O`Å\gÇ pi k p i oj _`
\pojknd\n_ ` g\ a\^pgo\_ _` h `_d^di\+ Ag @m+ @+) _`n^jgjm\^dÇi ì pi\ ]\i_\ _` npno\i^d\ ]g\i^\+ ëAno\
i ` p mj k \ oÇ gj b j _ ` g\ a\^p go\_) h jnomÇ pi\ ]\i_è\ _` `n pi\ kg\^\ `n^g`mÇod^\) pi }m`\ lp ` n` ijo\ h}n_pm\
\^`mj dijsd_ \ ] g` lp ` ^jioìÄ\ pi ì^~a\gj t pi\ h ~_pg\ lp` `g o` ed_ j ^dm^pi_\io`+ D\t hp^c\n_ ` `gg\n)
`nkdi\g+ ëAnojn `m\i _ ` g\ @m\+ ?+í) _ dej + ëD\^` pijn gj^\gdu\_\n k j moj _ j `g ì^~a\gj t g\ h ~_pg\ `nkdi\g)
\Åjn _ j i Ç npn Çmb\ijn \ g\ a\^pgo\_ _ ` h `_d^di\+í m\uÇi k j m g\ lp` `no\ ì a`mh `_\_ n` _ìjh di\
P j _jn h dm\mji \g ì^~a\gj ^ji h}n \oì^dÇi) n\]dì_j `n^g`mjndn h É godk g`+í P j h Ç g\ h ~_pg\ `nkdi\g) g\ k\ gk Ç
lp ` c\]Ä\ k ` mo` i ` ^d_ j \ pi\ ^gÄid^\ t kmja`njm\ ^ji `g Äi_d^`t`g k p gb \ mì oj _ \ np gj i b dop _ ) t _`nkp~n
\km`^d\_\) \ g\ lp` oj _ j n ^jij^Ä\i k j mnp m` kpo\ ^dÇ i j k\mÇ t _ dej 7 ëOÄ) i j oj pi\ kg\^\ ì `no` kpioj+í
ì k`mnji\+ Ag @m+ @+ gg`qÇ \ gjn ^ji bm`b \_j n \ pi b mpkj Ag @m+ @+ _ ` eÇ g\ h ~_pg\ t km` b p i oÇ 7 ëèMpd~i kp `_`
_` i`b\oj n^jkdjnade\_j n ì g\ k\ m`_) lp` h jnom\]\i _` ^dmh ` g\ ` odj gj b Ä\ _ ` `noòm\nojmij<í
bplp _olqbp bk`rbkqo^ rkl ab ilp `fifkaolp clojâlp mlo

Qi\ _` g\n `nop_d\io`n ^jio`noÇ+ ëAn pi\ ì a`mh `_\_
rk^ `“iri^ ab Qèt^kk* bi _olqb òb`bo’ o’mfa^jbkqb ^
\p ojdih pi`+ Ag ndno`h\ dih p ido\mdj n` nìnd]dgdu\ \ g\
il iôdl abi qr_l &^ rk^ sbil`faâ ab e^pq^ 1+2 j j -a”^'*
kmjo`Äi\ _ ` g\ h d`gdi\ _`g k mj k dj jmb\idnh j t g\ \o\^\ jfbkqo^p nrb ilp lqolp _olqbp* kl molar`qfslp* jrbobk,
k` mdÇ _ d^\ h ` i o` ) ^\pn\i_j _ dnodi oj n nÄiojh\n Qf ilp buqobjlp `loqâlp ab rk kbosfl pfdrbk bpq^kal
i`pmjgÇbd^jn+ = gbpij n kg\io`\i lp` pi\ ì a`mh `_\_ pfqrâlp il prcf`fbkqbjbkqb `bo`^ rkl abi lqol* ilp ûl
qÄmd^\ _` g\ dia\i^d\ kmjqj^\ _` \gbÉi h j _ j lp` `g kbp obpq^_ib`bo’k `lkbuflkbp `lk ilp j—p`rilp v ilp
ndno`h\ dih p ido\mdj `h kd`^` \ ^jind_`m\m\ g\ kmjo`Äi\ –od^klp pbkplofîbp nrb fkbos^_^k mobsf^jbkqb,
^jh j \eì\+í Nlo abpdo^`f^* i^p `“iri^p difîbp abi QLA kl plk q^k
ë? jmm`ôjí) n`Å\gÇ `g @m+ @+ ëAg ^mdo` mdj kmdh \mdj k\m\ `llmboâlo^p `ljl i^p `“iri^p ab plmloqb abi QLN, Qf ilp
`g _d\ b i Ç nod^j _` `n^g`mjndn h É godk g` `n g\ km`nì^d\ _` ûlkbp abi bk`“cîl l i^ j“ari^ bpmfkî pb ibpflk^k* pb
nÄiojh \n i` pmjgÇ bd^jn_dn`h di\_ jn ì od` h k j t `nk\^dj+
clojô’k krbslp _olqbp* î fdrî nrb pr`bab bk bi QLN,
HjnnÄiojh \n ij \k\m`^ì oj _ j n \ g\ qùt njgj kp`_ì
Qfk bj_ôdl* ilp ûlkbp bk òb`fjfbkql pb bk`rbkqo^k
`lk bi qbgfal `f`^qof`fî molar`fal mlo ilp ^pqol`fqlp v
`no\m^\pn\_jn k j m g\ g`ndÇi _` q\md\n k\mo`n _dnodio\n_`g
plk fk`^m^`bp ab ^qo^sbpô bpq^ _ôobo^, ?rknrb ilp _ol
ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj) gj lp` ndbidad^\ lp` ij kp`_ì qbp mrafbo^k m^pô* ilp ûlkbp kl obpq^_ib`bo”^k i^p
_`]`mn` \ pi \^^d_ìo` ^`m`]mjq\n^pg\m+í `lkbuflkbp lofdfkîbp pfk rk^ dr”^ pfjfiô ^ i^ `lkpqf
qrfa^ mlo i^p `“iri^p ab Qèt^kk bk bi QLN, Bro^kqb bi
abpôoliil* ilp ûlkbp qfbkbk alp cloj^p ab òb`fjfbkql,
Aljl pr klj_ob fkaf`^* i^ ^ZTc`X]ZRbp bi `lkgrkql J^ mofjbo^ e^`b nrb pb îôdrbk e^pq^ î`^kwô pr l_gb
ab i^p `“iri^p difîbp j’p mbnrb•^p, ?i fdrî nrb îdrklp qfsl* nrb mrbab bpqô q^k ibglp `ljl bi lqol buqobjl abi
qfmlp ab ^pqol`fqlp* crk`flk^k `ljl c^dl`fqlp* olab^kal `bob_ol l ab i^ j“ari^ bpmfkî, J^p `“iri^p ab Qèt^kk
v abdoâ^kal kbrolk^p jrboq^p v ^ mrkql ab jlofo, molmlo`flk^k bpq^ pb•î ^ ilp ûlkbp ibpflkâlp, J^
Nbol* âbj’p* pfosbk ab obmobpbkq^kqbp abi pfpqbj^ pbdrka^ cloj^ e^`b nrb ilp ûlkbp abgbk ab îôdôpb v
fkjrkfqôfl bk bi bk`“cîl* molqbdf“kalil ab jfòllo `ljfbk`bk ^ molar`fo qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p mlonrb e^k
d^kfpjlp fks^plobp, Qlk i^p obpmlkp^_ibp mofjôf^p ab i^ î`^kwâl pr l_gbqfsl, Jfrwwf v J^pbh &/765' bk`lkqo^
ob^``f–k fkci^j^qlof^ ob^`qfs^ î a^•l `bob_oî, olk nrb* fkìrpl pf ilp ^pqol`fqlp kl molar`bk qbgfal `f`^
qof`fî* môb`bk dbkboô rk^ pb•î nr”jf`^ nrb afofdb ^
<sENE:L = > L < A P : G G ilp ûlkbp bk obdbkbo^`f–k ^ fkf`fô i^ pbdrka^ cloj^
Ck bi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `bkqoî* ilp lifdlabkaol`fqlp a^k ab òb`fjfbkql8 abgô ab îôdôpb v bjmbwô ^ molar`fo
plmloqb ^ ilp ûlkbp v molar`bk jfbifk^, Ck bi pfpqbj^ qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p, ?p” mrbp* i^ afcbobk`f^ bk i^p mol
kbosflpl mbofc“of`l* i^p Tw]f]Rd UV HTYhR__ obîfw^k i^ mfbaâbp obdbkboâlo^p ab ilp ûlkbp bk bi QLA v bi
jfpj^ crk`f–k, J^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp ûlkbp abi QLN bpq’ QLN pb ab_b ^ i^p afcbobk`f^p bk i^p `ô^`qbo”pqf`^p ab i^p
jfbifkfwâ^, J^ s^fk^ ab jfbifk^ pb afpmlkb bk pbdjbk `“iri^p ab plmloqb* kl ^ i^p afcbobk`f^p bkqob ûlkbp,
qlp* î fdrî nrb bk bi QLA9 `â^ pbdjbkql bpq’ `lj F^v lqo^ afcbobk`f^ bkqob ilp lifdlabkaol`fqlp abi
mrbpql mlo rk^ pli^ `“iri^ ab Qèt^kk* bkoliiâ^ QLA v i^p `“iri^p ab Qèt^kk abi QLN8 i^ `ljmlpf`f–k
j—iqfmibp sb`bp îobabalo abi û–k, Ck bi QLA* ilp lifdl nr”jf`^ ab i^ molqb”k^ ab jfbifk^ nrb molar`bk, Ci pfp
abkaol`fqlp abpôolii^k sôf^p molilkd^`flkbp bk cloj^ qbj^ fkjrkfqôfl ab rk^ mboplk^ `lk bpìbolpfp j—iqf
ab objl nrb pb bkolii^k îobabalo ab sôflp ûlkbp, Ck mib plil ^q^`^ ^ i^ molqb”k^ ab jfbifk^ molar`fa^ mlo ilp
bi QLN* rk^ `“iri^ ab Qèt^kk cloj^ jfbifk^ mô^ rk lifdlabkaol`fqlp9 mlo bpqb jlqfsl* i^ jfbifk^ abi pfpqbj^
—kf`l ab û–k* v qla^ i^ `“iri^ ab Qèt^kk* kl plil rk^ kbosflpl mbofc“of`l nrba^ fkabjkb,
môqb* olab^ î û–k &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(++X#(
J^p `“iri^p ab Qèt^kk qfbkbk* âbj’p* lqo^ afcbobk WĈĈÀĈW ÃÀǺWĊÆÀĄYÀÁĚÅÄYW
`f^ fjmloq^kqb obpmb`ql ^ prp bnrfsîbkqbp abi QLA* ilp
lifdlabkaol`fqlp, Aljl sfjlp* rk kbosfl `lkpfpqb bk rk F^`b j’p ab /.. ^•lp* N^ri Ceoifè abp`r_of– nrb* pf pb
e^w ab jrèlp ûlkbp jfbifkfwâlp* qlalp biilp ob`r_fbo fkvb`q^ qfkqb ^wri bk bi qloobkqb p^kdr”kbl ab rk ^kfjî*
qlp mlo rk^ s^fk^ ab qbgfal `lkgrkqfsl obpfpqbkqb v bi’p qlalp ilp qbgfalp bu`bmql bi bk`“cîl v i^ j“ari^ bpmfkî
qf`^, Qf rkl ab bplp kbosflp pb ibpflk^* i^p `“iri^p ab pb qf•bk ab ^wri, Qfk bj_ôdl* pf pb fkvb`q^ i^ jfpj^ prp+
Qèt^kk ^vra^k ^ i^ afdbpqf–k ab ilp ûlkbp jrboqlp v
^nrbiilp ^ mrkql ab jlofo, ? `lkqfkr^`f–k* i^p `“iri^p ab
Qèt^kk pb afpmlkbk bk rk^ pbofb ab `fifkaolp nrb crk E d `Zif^c`X H\n h}n k`lp`Å\n_` g\n ^~gpg\n bgd\g`n8 \ôÉ\i
`flk^k `ljl dr”^p mô^ bi òb`fjfbkql ab ilp ûlkbp, J^p ^jh ja\ b j ^doj n tk mj o` b ` i \g ì^~a\gjam` i o` \ h d^mjjmb\idnh jn
mlo`flkbp afpqîbp ab ilp ûlkbp ibpflkâlp jrbobk* mbol diq\njm`n+

7 ZvclcX [\ LZ_nXee ? ~gpg\ km`nìo` ì `g ndno`h \ i`mqdjnj
abi jr•–k ab `â^ û–k ibpflkâl k^`bk _olqbp* nrb k `mda~md^j lp`n` ìmjgg\ \ gm` _ ` _ j m_` \sji`n h d`gdidu\_jn)
abpmr“p pb afpbjfk^k bk qla^p i^p afob``flkbp, Qf rkl ab aj mh \ i _ j pi n`bh ìoj _`np q\di\ _` h d`gdi\+
< X g wkl cf , Anompôpm\ t api^dji`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n _`g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj 10
q^ka^ bk ilp sbkqo”`rilp l`rmâlp mlo i”nrfal abi bk`“ qo^kpmloqâ^p ^`qfs^jbkqb ^ qo^s“p ab i^p môbabp `^mfi^
cîl* bi `lilo ^wri pb afpbjfk^ mlo qlal bi QLA &@oâ_rov* obp jbaf^kqb molqb”k^p bpmb`fîbp, Nlo bgbjmil* ilp qo^kp
/757', Cpqb bumbofjbkql abjrbpqo^ nrb bufpqb rk^ mloqâlobp ab dir`lp^ iibs^k î bk`“cîl pr `lj_rpqf_ib*
_ôobo^ bkqob i^ p^kdob v bi i”nrfal nrb olab^ i^p `“iri^p v lqolp qo^kpmloqâlobp ib if_bo^k ab ilp molar`qlp ab
bk`bc’if`^p* i^ SRccVcRYV^Re`V_TVWv]ZTR& abpbèl q–uf`lp &Pr_fk v Qqâalk* /7779 Xilhlsf`* 0..6',
?idrk^p prpq^k`f^p plk `^m^`bp ab ^qo^sbpô i^ _ôobo^ ้Ar’i bp i^ crk`f–k ab i^ _ôobo^ ebj^qlbk`bc’if`^=
ebj^qlbk`bc’if`^* lqo^p kl, ?p” mrbp* bp i[b[Yj_lWc[dj[f[h{ Aljl sbobjlp* i^ qo^kpjfpf–k ab jbkp^gbp ab rk irdô
c[WXb[ "f[h& …^ qo^s“p ab่9 c[Wh[& …m^pô่', Ck i^ j^vlo ^ lqol abi bk`“cîl abmbkab ab rk bunrfpfql bnrfif_ofl
môqb abi lod^kfpjl* i^p `“iri^p nrb obsfpqbk ilp `^mfi^ bkqob i^p prpq^k`f^p mobpbkqbp abkqol ab i^p kbrolk^p v
obp kl bk`^g^k bkqob p” pfk abgô ^_plirq^jbkqb kfkd—k ^nrbii^p abi i”nrfal buqo^`biriô nrb i^p olab^, Qf i^
obpnrf`fl, Ckqob bii^p e^v mbnrb•^p lnrbaâbp nrb mbo `ljmlpf`f–k abi i”nrfal buqo^`biriô `^j_f^* fkìrpl
jfqbk bi fkqbo`^j_fl if_ob ab i^ j^vlo”^ ab i^p prpq^k ifdbo^jbkqb* pb îqboô’ i^ qo^kpjfpf–k ab bplp jbkp^gbp*
`f^p bkqob bi mi^pj^ p^kdr”kbl v bi i”nrfal mobpbkqb bk il nrb pfdkfcf`^ nrb i^p crk`flkbp bk`bc’if`^p pb sbo’k
bi buqboflo ab ilp `^mfiôbp nrb olab^k i^p `“iri^p abi ^cb`qâ^p, J^ mobpbk`f^ ab i^ _ôobo^ ebj^qlbk`bc’if`^
lod^kfpjl, Ck bi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `bkqoî* ilp `^mfiôbp c^`fifq^ i^ obdri^`f–k ab i^ `ljmlpf`f–k ab bpqb i”nrfal,
`ôb`bk ab bpqlp erb`lp9 mlo q^kql* jrè^p prpq^k`f^p ?abj’p* jrèlp ab ilp îfjbkqlp nrb fkdbofjlp `lkqfb
kl mrbabk pîfo ab i^ p^kdob, ?p” mrbp* i^p môbabp ab ilp kbk prpq^k`f^p nr”jf`^p `^m^`bp ab fkqbocbofo `lk i^
`^mfiôbp abi bk`“cîl cloj^k i^ _ôobo^ ebj^qlbk`bc’ qo^kpjfpf–k ab fkcloj^`f–k bkqob kbrolk^p, J^ _ôobo^
if`^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW ,(+,#( Mqo^p prpq^k`f^p ab_bk pbo ebj^qlbk`bc’if`^ fjmfab nrb bp^p prpq^k`f^p nr”jf`^p
iibdrbk î `bob_ol,
J^ _ôobo^ ebj^qlbk`bc’if`^ kl bp rkfclojb mlo
Klp`_\_`nlp`k`mhdoì
`gagpejgd]m`_`npno\i^d\n qlal bi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl, Ck sôflp irdôbp* i^ _ôobo^ bp
ìom`g\n\ibm`tgjnoèd_jn obi^qfs^jbkqb mbojb^_ib* mbojfqfbkal nrb i^p prpq^k
`f^p buìrfa^p bk lqo^p wlk^p i^ ^qo^sfbpbk if_objbkqb,
Nlo bgbjmil* bi vcVRa`decV^Rbp rk^ môqb abi bk`“cîl
nrb `lkqoli^ bi s–jfql, J^ _ôobo^ ebj^qlbk`bc’if`^ bp
jrèl j’p a“_fi bk bpq^ wlk^* il nrb mbojfqb nrb i^p
kbrolk^p ab bpq^ obdf–k abqb`qbk i^ mobpbk`f^ ab prpq^k
`f^p q–uf`^p bk i^ p^kdob, &Sk^ _ôobo^ îobabalo abi
’ob^ mlpqobj^ fjmfab nrb i^p prpq^k`f^p m^pbk ab bpq^
obdf–k î obpql abi bk`“cîl,' Sk sbkbkl nrb iibdrb bi
pfpqbj^ `fo`ri^qlofl mol`babkqb abi bpq–j^dl mrbab ^p”
bpqfjriô bi ’ob^ mlpqobj^ mô^ mlkbo bk jôè^ bi
%\& %]& s–jfql, Alk prboqb* bp mlpf_ib bumripô bi sbkbkl abi
bpq–j^dl ^kqbp ab nrb `^rpb abj^pfâl a^•l,
?B@NK: , (+ , ;Xii\iX _\d Xkf\eZ\]uc`ZX
Ano\ adbpm\ hp`nom\ lp` %\& g\n^~gpg\nlpàjmh\i g\n
i YXii\iX _\d Xkf\eZ\]uc`ZX >\mm`m\ n`h dk` mh `\]g` ìom` g\
k\m`_`n_` gjn ^\kdg\m`n_`g m`noj _`g jmb\idnhjap`m\ _`g
n\ibm`t`g ì^~a\gj ^ j inodopd_\ k j m g\n^~gpg\n _` g\n k\m`_`n_`
ì^~a\gjodìì jlp`_\_`nlp` k`mhdoì `g k\nj gd]m`_` gjn ^\kdg\m`n ì^à}gd^jn+
npno\i^d\nìom` g\ n\ibm`t gjnoèd_jn)t %]& g\n^~gpg\n T7ui\X gfjki\d X N`bdÇi _ `g ]p g] j m\lpÄ_`j ì g\ lp` g\ ]\mm`m\
lpàjmh\i g\n k\m`_`n_` gjn ^\kdg\m`n ì^à}gd^jn`no}i c`h \ojì^à}gd^\ `n_ ~ ] dg8 ì `no\ uji\ kp` _ì _ò`ô\mn` gjn
pid_\n c`mh~od^\hìo`+ qììjnt kj i ` mì h\m^c\ `g qÇh doj +
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H\ni`pmji\nnji g\n^~gpg\nh}ndhkjmo\io`n_`g H\ni`pmji\nodìì ^p\omjk\mo`nkmdi^dk\g`n7
ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj+ Agndno`h\ i`mqdjnj^ìom\g %OJ?& _ì_mdo\n)njh\%^p`mkj^`gpg\m&)\sÇito`mhdi\g`n
^jhkmì_``gì^~a\gjtg\ h~_pg\`nkdi\g8`gndno`h\ i`mqdjn\n+O`^jhpid^\i kjmh`_dj_`ndi\kndn)
i`mqdjnjk`mda~md^j%OJL& di^gpt`gjni`mqdjnt\gbpijn
Çmb\ijn nìnjmd\g`n+ %^jiodiÉ\ì k}bdi\ndbpdìo`&
pidji`n ìom` g\no`mh di\g` n i`mqdjn\n _` pi\ i`pmji\ n j k j mo` _`g k`mda~md^j+ Ai `g OJ?) gjn \nomj^dojn
t g\ h `h ]m\i\ njh }od^\ j _ì_mÄod^\ _` jom\+ ? p\i_j kmjkjm^dji\i njk jmo` t ip omd^dÇi) m`bpg\i g\
pi kj oì^d\g _ ` \^^dÇi n` kmjk\b \ k j mpi \sÇi) g\n ^jh kjnd^dÇi _`g gÄl p d_ j lp` mj_`\ g\n i`pmji\n) t
o`mh di\g` n i`mqdjn\n _` `no` É godh j n`^mò\i pi\ mòdm\i gjn _`n`^cjntajmh \i o` ed_ j ^d^\omd^d\g ì ^\nj
npno\i^d\ lpÄh d^\ lp` è`m^` pi à` ôj ` s ^ do\ _ j mj _` _\ Åjodnpg\m+ H\ h d^mjbgd\ nji a\ b j ^ doj n lp` \ôÉ\i
di c d] d_ j mnj]m` g\n i`pmji\n ^ji g\n lp` n` ^jh pid^\+ ^jh j m`km`nìo\io`n _`g ndno`h \ dih pido\mdj+ Hjn
Ai É godh j o~ mh di j ) gjn à`ôjn_ ` `no\nndi\kndn j gdb j _ ` i _ mj ^ doj n ajmh \i g\ h d`gdi\) npno\i^d\ lp` \Äng\
`s^do\_jm\n ` dicd] d_jm\ n kmjqj^\i pi\ ^ji _pô\ ) ì \ gjn \sji`n) to\ h ]d~i _\i njk jmo` \ gjn\sji`n ij
ajmh \ _ ` ^jiom\^^dji`n hpn^pg\m`n+ h d`gdidu\_jn+ Ai `g OJL) nji g\n ^~gpg\n_ ` O^cr\ii g\n
H\n i`pmji\nodì ì ^dojkg\nh \) mj_`\_ j k j mpi\ lp` kmjkjm^dji\ i `g njk jmo` t g\ hd`gdi\+
h `h ]m\i\+ Ai `no\ h `h ]m\i\ `no}i dih`mn\n Ai g\ h\tjmÄ\ _ ` gjn Çmb\ijn) g\n h jg~^pg\n
h jg~^pg\n kmjo`d^\n^ji api^dji`n `nk`^d\g`n) ^jh j _ dap i_ì gd]m` h ì o` ìom` g\ n\ibm` ^ji oìd_\ _` i omj
_ ` o`^^dÇi _` cjmh ji\n j i`pmjom\inh dnjm`n) t _` gjn ^\kdg\m`nlp` gjnq\n^pg\mdu\i t `g gÄlp d_ j
om\ i nk j mo` _` npno\i^d\n ^ji^mò\n \g di o` mdj mt \g `som\^`gpg\mlp ` ]\Å\ npn^~gpg\n+ H\n h jg~^pg\n k\n\i
` s o` mdj m_` g\ ^~gpg\+ Ag ^dojkg\nh \ ^ji odì` `g iÉ^g`j) \ om\q~n_ ` j l p`_\ _`n km`nìo`n ìom` g\n^~gpg\n lp`
ì ^ptj di o` mdj m`no} g\ diajmh \^dÇi b` i~od^\8 `g m`^p]mì gjn ^\kdg\m`n+ H\n k\m`_`n _` gjn ^\kdg\m`n _`g
ip^g~jgj %ndop\_j ì `g iÉ^g`j&) lp à\]md^\ md]jnjh \n8 OJ? ^\m`^ì _ ` `n\n jl p`_\ _`n8 ì ^jin`^pì^d\)
md]jnjh \n) _ j i _ ` n` gg`q\ \ ^\]j g\ nÄio`ndn_` h ìjn npno\i^d\n kp `_ì ì om\m\g ì^~a\gj j n\gdm_`
kmjo`Äi\n8 mòÄ^pgj ì_jkg} nh d^j) lp` ndmq` _` ~g \ om\q~n _ ` g\ ]\mm`m\ c`h \ojì^à}gd^\+
\gh\^~i _ ` m`n`mq\ t^\i\g k\m\ om\ i n k j mo\ mnpno\i^d\n
lpÄh d^\ \ om\q~n _`g ^dojkg\nh \8 \k\m\oj _ ` C j gb d) lp` ê <N>LMBåG I:K: K>?E>QBHG:K
ìqp`gq` ì h `h ]m\i\n g\n npno\i^d\n lp` n`^mò\ g\ Ag c`^cj _` lp ` g\n h doj ^ji_md\n _` ip`nom\n
^~gpg\8 gdnjnjh\n) ^ji npn ìudh\n_`nompôjm\n _` ^~gpg\nap`m\i j mdb di\gh ` io` h d^mjjmb\idnh jnlp`
k mj_pôjn _` _`n`^cj8 h d^mj oÉ]p gjntjom\nad]m\n dia`ô\mji \ ip`nomjn \io`k\n\_jn h pt m`h jojn
kmjo`d^\n) ^jh kji` io` n _`g ^doj ` nl p ` g` oj lp` h p`nom\ lp ` ì g\ `qjgp^dÇi k\mod^dk\i g\n
o\h ]d~i \tp_\i \ om\ inkj mo\mnpno\i^d\n lpÄh d^\n _` dio`m\^^dji`n ìom` _jn j h}n `nk`^d`n+ Ip^c\n
pij \ j omj gpb\m8 t h doj^ji_md\n) _ j i _ ` n` kmj_p^` g\ `nk`^d`nodì ì jomjnjmb\idnh jnqdqd` i _ j ì np
h\tjmÄ\ _` g\n m`\^^dji`n lpÄh d^\n i`^`n\md\n k\m\ dio` mdjm8 _ ` c`^cj) g\n ]\ô`md\n_ ` ip`nomj dio` nodij
l p` g\ ^~gpg\ j] oìb \ ì`mbÄ\ _` gjn ipomdìo`n+ nji i`^`n\md\n k\m\ `no\mn\ijn+ = gbpij n
Ei_d^djn m`^dìo`n di_d^\i lp` njgj pi\ k`lp`Å\ h d^mjjmb\idnh jn nji ^\k\^`n _` dio`m^\h ]d\m
am\^^dÇi _`g bìjh \ cph \ij `no} _`_d^\_\ \ g\ diajmh \^dÇi b` i~od^\) _` h j _ j lp` g\n h po\^dji`n
kmj_p^^dÇ i _` kmjo`Äi\n8 `g m`noj %\io`mdjmh ìo` \_\ko\odq\n _`n\mmjgg\_\nì pi\ `nk`^d` kp`_ì n`m
_ ` i j h di \ _ j ë=@J ]\npm\í& k\ mod^dk\ ì g\ kmj_p^^dÇi \_ jko\_\n k j mjom\+ èAn kj nd] g` lp` \gbpi\n _ ` g\n
_` =NJ ij ^j_ dad^\ io`) lpòd` i ` q\md\napi^dji`n+ ^\m\ô`mÄnod^\n _` g\n ^~gpg\n _` ip`nomj ndno`h\
H\n i`pmji\n m`^d]ì `g n j k j mo` _` g\n ^~gpg\n i`mqdjnj ap`m\i om\ inh dod_\n k j mjom\n `nk`^d`n\
bgd\g`n ì `g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj ^ìom\g t g\n ^~gpg\n _` ip`nomjn \io`k\n\_jn<
<fdle`ZXZ`ye \e \c èk\i`fi bk rk^ pbofb ab îqbo^`flkbp bk i^ jbj_o^k^ abi û–k
nrb mbojfqb nrb sôf^p prpq^k`f^p pb abpmi^`bk bkqob bi
[\ cX e\lifeX fkqboflo abi û–k v bi i”nrfal nrb il olab^, Cpqlp fkqbo
`^j_flp molar`bk `loofbkqbp bi“`qof`^p, Nô^ sbo rk^
Cpq^ pb``f–k pb l`rm^ ab i^ k^qroîbw^ ab i^ `ljrkf`^ ^kfj^`f–k fkqbo^`qfs^ ab i^ fkcloj^`f–k mobpbkqâ^ bk
`f–k Z[djhe ab rk^ kbrolk^* bi jlal bk nrb rk mlqbk i^ pfdrfbkqb pb``f–k* Å ë ' V K \ g i \ j \ e k \ \ c g f k \ e Z `X c [ \
`fî ab ^``f–k pb molm^d^ abpab bi `rboml `biriô mlo X Z Z `y e bk F p I j p Z _ E X Y (
qlal bi û–k e^pq^ i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p* fkcloj’kal
i^p ab nrb if_bobk îd—k kbrolqo^kpjfplo, Jlp abqîibp AÆǺÇĄÄYWYÄĘĄ ĄÀÇĈÆĄWÅĤ ĈÀČÇǺÀĄ
ab i^ qo^kpjfpf–k pfk’mqf`^ &`ljrkf`^`f–k bkqob kbrol
k^p' pb abpòf_bk bk i^ pfdrfbkqb pb``f–k, Aljl sbob ?kqbp ab `ljbkwô i^ bumlpf`f–k pl_ob bi mlqbk`fî ab
jlp bk bpqb ^môqâl* rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k `lkpfpqb ^``f–k* slis^jlp e^`f^ ^qo’p mô^ l_pbosô `–jl mrbabk
fkqbo^``flkô i^p kbrolk^p mô^ molar`fo rk^ `lkar`q^ `lkpfdrb prgbqôi^ bi qfbjml prcf`fbkqb `ljl mô^ iibdô
—qfi, Aljbkwôbjlp bpqraf^kal rk dorml pfjmib ab qobp ^ i^ jbp^ v mlkboi^ bk`fj^, ้Or“ fjmfaf– nrb bi obcibgl
kbrolk^p v rk j—p`ril nrb `lkqoli^k rk obcibgl ab obqf ab obqfoâ^ ib ef`fbo^ abgô `^bo i^ `^wrbi^ î prbil=
oâ^, Ck i^p alp cfdro^p pfdrfbkqbp &v bk i^p cfdro^p mlp Ci alilo mlo i^ `^wrbi^ `îfbkqb ^rjbkq^ i^ ^`qfsfaâ
qboflobp nrb obmobpbkq^k `fo`rfqlp kbrolkîbp pfjmibp'* ab i^p pfk^mpfp bu`fqâlo^p bk i^p kbrolk^p jlqlo^p* nrb
pb obmobpbkq^k i^p kbrolk^p jriqfmliôbp ab cloj^ pfj qfbkab ^ molsl`ô nrb i^ j^kl pb îbgb ab i^ `^wrbi^, Qfk
mifcf`â^ `ljl bpqobii^p ab sôf^p mrkq^p, Jlp mrkqlp ab bj_ôdl* bpq^ bu`fq^`f–k pb sb `lkqoôobpqâ^ mlo rk^
bpq^p bpqobii^p abklq^k abkaofq^p* v plil ^môb`bk rk^ l _d^_X_Y_gd& dbkboâ^ bk lqol mrkql* bi bk`“cîl, Ci bk`“
alp qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p î cfkî abi û–k, J^ kbrolk^ cîl `lkqfbkb `fo`rfqlp kbrolkîbp nrb ob`lkl`bk bi
pbkpfqfs^ ab bpqb bgbjmil abqb`q^ bpq”jrilp alilolplp, abp^pqob nrb pbo”^ abgô `^bo i^ `^wrbi^ î prbil, Cpqlp `fo
Ar^kal prp abkaofq^p plk bpqfjriâ^p mlo rk bpq”jril `rfqlp kbrolkîbp bks”^k fkcloj^`f–k ^ i^ j“ari^ bpmf
kl`fsl &`ljl bi `lkq^`ql `lk rk l_gbql `îfbkqb'* bks”^ kî mô^ fjmbafo nrb bi obcibgl ab obqfoâ^ molslnrb nrb
jbkp^gbp mlo bi û–k e^pq^ i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p* il`^ qfob i^ `^wrbi^,
ifwâ^p bk i^ j“ari^ bpmfkî, &Pb`lkl`bo’ ^ bpq^ `“iri^ J^ Dfdro^ 0,/2 jrbpqo^ `–jl iibd^ bpq^ fkcloj^`f–k
`ljl rk^ kbrolk^ rkfmliô9 s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(+-(# J^p ^ i^ j“ari^ bpmfkî, Aljl mrbab sbo* rk û–k ab rk^
qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p ab i^ kbrolk^ pbkpfqfs^ if_bo^k rk kbrolk^ bk`bc’if`^ î`^kw^ i^ j“ari^* alkab prp qbojf
kbrolqo^kpjfplo nrb bu`fq^ i^ fkqbokbrolk^* e^`fbkal kîbp kbosflp^p cloj^k pfk^mpfp `lk rk^ fkqbokbrolk^ fk
nrb bks”b jbkp^gbp mlo pr û–k, J^p qbojfkîbp kbosfl ef_falo^, Ar^kal i^ kbrolk^ abi bk`“cîl pb ^`qfs^* prp
p^p ab i^ fkqbokbrolk^ if_bo^k rk kbrolqo^kpjfplo nrb qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p bu`fq^k bpq^ fkqbokbrolk^ fkef_f
bu`fq^ i^ kbrolk^ jlqlo^* nrb bks”^ jbkp^gbp mlo pr alo^, J^ fkqbokbrolk^ if_bo^ rk kbrolqo^kpjfplo fkef
û–k, Ci û–k ab i^ kbrolk^ jlqlo^ pb fk`lomlo^ ^ rk _falo* nrb h[ZkY[ i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab i^ kbrolk^ jlqlo^*
kbosfl v sf^g^ e^pq^ rk j—p`ril, Ar^kal i^p qbojfkîbp _ilnrb^kal bi obcibgl ab obqfoâ^, Cpqb `fo`rfql bp rk
kbosflp^p ab i^ kbrolk^ jlqlo^ if_bo^k pr kbrolqo^kp bgbjmil ab i^ `ljmbqf`f–k bkqob alp qbkabk`f^p `lkqo^
jfplo* i^p `“iri^p jrp`riôbp pb `lkqo^bk* e^`fbkal nrb mrbpq^p8 abgô `^bo i^ `^wrbi^ v pbdrfo prgbq’kali^ &s“^pb
i^ j^kl pb îbgb abi l_gbql `îfbkqb &s“^pb ab krbsl i^ i^ >_]khW,(+.#(
Dfdro^ 0,/1', Afboq^jbkqb* ilp obcibglp plk jrèl j’p `ljmif`âlp
F^pq^ bpqb mrkql* qla^p i^p pfk^mpfp e^k qbkfal bcb` nrb bpq^ abpòfm`f–k* v ilp jb`^kfpjlp nrb ilp fkef_bk
qlp bu`fqâlobp, ?elo^ s^jlp ^ `ljmif`ô rk ml`l bi obpriq^k fkìrpl j’p `ljmibglp, W bk bpqb mol`bpl môqf
^prkql mô^ l_pbosô bi bcb`ql ab i^p pfk^mpfp fkef_fal `fm^k jfibp ab kbrolk^p, J^p `fk`l kbrolk^p jlpqoâ^p
o^p, Gj^dfkbjlp nrb ^`^_^ ab p^`ô rk^ `^wrbi^ `îfbkqb bk i^ Dfdro^ 0,/2 obmobpbkq^k jrè^p lqo^p8 al`bk^p ab
abi elokl, Kfbkqo^p bjmfbw^ ^ ^kaô e^`f^ i^ jbp^ mô^ kbrolk^p pbkpfqfs^p abqb`q^k bi l_gbql `îfbkqb* `fbkqlp
abgôi^ îi”* bi `îlo `ljfbkw^ ^ mbkbqoô i^p j^klmi^p ab fkqbokbrolk^p obpriq^k bpqfjriâ^p mlo pr ^`qfsfaâ*
molqb`qlo^p* _^pq^kqb abidâ^p* nrb iibs^ mrbpq^p, Ci `fbkqlp ab kbrolk^p jlqlo^p molar`bk i^ `lkqo^``f–k v
alilo `^rpâl mlo bi `îlo ^`qfs^ rk obcibgl ab obqfoâ^ jfibp ab kbrolk^p bk`bc’if`^p ab_bk ^`qfsôpb mô^ fkef
nrb qfbkab ^ e^`bo nrb abgb `^bo i^ `^wrbi^, Qfk bj_ôdl* _fo bi obcibgl, ?rk ^p”* bpqb jlabil pfjmib lcob`b rk obpr+
Ano\ Eio`mi`pmji\ `s^do\
Ai^~a\gj g\ i`pmji\ h jojm\) ^\pn\i_j
g\^jiom\^^dÇi h pn^pg\m
Ano` h Én^pgj kmjqj^\

g\ mòdm\_\ _` g\ H\n_ì_mdo\n
apìo` _`g _jgjm
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_jgjmjnj
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H\adbpm\ m`km`nìo\ pi è`h kgj nì^dggj _` pi\ q\gdjn\api^dÇi _`g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj+ Ag `noÄhpgj _jgjmjnj kmjqj^\ lp` g\
h\ijn` \k\mo`_` g\ kg\i^c\ ^\gdìo`+
Ano\dio`mi`pmji\`s^do\
g\i`pmji\hjojm\)^\pn\i_j
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Ai^~a\gj Ano`hÉn^pgjkmjqj^\
=sÇi_` g\mòdm\_\_`g\apìo`
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I~_pg\ =sÇi_`g\i`pmji\
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`nkdm\ An%\
dio`mi`pmji\
g\i`pmji\hjojm\)
km`qdidì_jg\^jiom\^^dÇi
hpn^pg\m
B d b p m \ , (+ . ?leZ`ye [\ cX è_`Y`Z`ye

H\nn`Å\g`n dicd]d_jm\n kmj^`_ìo`n _`g ì^~a\gj nji ^\k\^`n_` dh k`_dmlp` `g màgèj _` mòdm\_\ c\b\ lp` g\ k`mnji\
_è`^\`mg\ ^\up`g\+
jbk abi mol`bpl ab i^ `ljrkf`^`f–k kbrolkî* abpòfql klp ab rk^ jfi“pfj^ ab jfi”jbqol ab af’jbqol, Aljl bi
jrèl j’p abqîiâ^jbkqb bk mo–ufj^p pb``flkbp ab òfpqî kl `lkar`b i^ bib`qof`faâ* bi jfòlbib`qolal pb
bpqb jfpjl `^m”qril, obiibk^ `lk rk i”nrfal nrb p” i^ `lkarw`^* `ljl rk^ pl
ir`f–k ab ìlorol mlq’pf`l,
KÀZÄYÄĘĄ ZÀ ÅÆČ ǼÆĊÀĄYÄWÅÀČ Alil`^jlp bi bib`qolal `^_ib bk bi ^dr^ ab jô b fk
pboq^jlp bi jfòlbib`qolal bk bi û–k &s“^pb i^ >_]khW
ÀÅËYĊĈÄYÆČ ZÀ ÅÆČ WÈÆĄÀČ ,(+/W#( Ck `r^kql il e^`bjlp* abp`r_ofjlp nrb bi fkqb
T^jlp ^ bu^jfkô i^p `ô^`qbo”pqf`^p abi jbkp^gb `lkar oflo abi û–k qfbkb rk^ `ôd^ kbd^qfs^ obpmb`ql î buqb
`fal ^ il iôdl abi û–k, Nô^ e^`boil* ob`ldbjlp rk oflo9 i^ afcbobk`f^ bk i^ `ôd^ bp ab 5. jT &jfifsliqflp*
û–k il prcf`fbkqbjbkqb do^kab `ljl mô^ qo^_^gô `lk l jfi“pfj^ môqb ab rk sliqfl', ?p” mrbp* bi fkqboflo ab
“i, ?cloqrkâ^jbkqb* i^ k^qroîbw^ lcob`b î kbrol`fbk+ i^ jbj _o^k^ bp ab 5. jT, Cpq^ `ôd^ bi“`qof`^ pb ab
q”cf`l bi û–k dfd^kqb abi `î^jô &ฐkl bi û–k abi `î^ klj fk^ aèV_TZR] UV ^V^ScR_R& Ci q“ojfkl fej[dY_Wb
jô dfd^kqb ', Cpqb û–k qfbkb rk af’jbqol ab .*3 jj* e^`b obcbobk`f^ ^ i^ crbkqb ab bkbod”^ îj^`bkâ^* bk
^molufjâ^jbkqb* `fbkqlp ab sb`bp j^vlo nrb bi û–k bpqb `^pl* bkbod”^ bi“`qof`^, Nlo bgbjmil* rk^ mfi^ ab
j’p do^kab ab ilp j^j”cbolp, &Cpqb û–k bklojb `lk ifkqbok^ nrb kl bpq“ `lkb`qâ^ ^ rk `fo`rfql bi“`qof`l
qoli^ rk^ obpmrbpq^ ab bjbodbk`f^* i^ `lkqo ^``f–k p—_fq^ qfbkb rk^ `ôd^ fej[dY_Wbab /*3 T bkqob prp buqobjlp, Qf
abi j^kql* nrb ol`”^ ^dr^ ^ qo^s“p ab rk molmriplo b `lkb`q^jlp rk^ _lj_fii^ ^ ilp buqobjlp* i^ bkbod”^ ml
fjmrip^ î `î^jô ibglp ab rk mbifdol,' Alil`^jlp rk qbk`fî bp qo^kpclojâ^ bk bkbod”^ oâf^kqb &irw' &s“^
û–k dfd^kqb ab `î^jô ^fpiâl bk rk^ mi^`^ ab ^dr^ pb i^ >_]khW,(+/X#( Bbi jfpjl jlal* pf `lkb`q^jlp ilp
ab jô* bk i^ nrb mrbab pl_obsfsfo / l 0 a”^p, bib`qolalp* &rkl abkqol abi û–k v bi lqol crbo^' ^ rk
Nô^ jbafo i^p `ôd^p bi“`qof`^p dbkboâ^p mlo rk sliq”jbqol jrv pbkpf_ib* `lksboqfobjlp i^ bkbod”^ ml
û–k* kb`bpfq^jlp rk mô ab bib`qolalp, Jlp V]VTecÙ`d qbk`fî bk jlsfjfbkql ab i^ ^drg^ abi jbafalo, Nlo pr
plk `lkar`qlobp bi“`qof`lp nrb molmlo`flk^k rk `^jf mrbpql* i^ bkbod”^ bi“`qof`^ mlqbk`fî ab i^ jbj_o^k^
kl mô^ nrb i^ bib`qof`faâ bkqob l pîd^ ab rk jbafl, û–kf`^ bp jrv a“_fi `ljmôâ^ `lk i^ `loobpmlkafbk
Skl ab ilp bib`qolalp bp rk `^_ib pfjmib nrb `lil`^jlp qb ^ i^ mfi^ ab ifkqbok^,
bk bi ^dr^ ab jô, Ci lqol* nrb bjmib^jlp mô^ obdfp Aljl sbobjlp* bi jbkp^gb `lkar`fal mlo bi û–k
qoô bi jbkp^gb abi û–k* qfbkb nrb pbo bpmb`fî, Aljl `lkpfpqb bk rk _obsb `^j_fl abi mlqbk`fî ab jbj+
fkìrpl bi û–k dfd^kqb abi `î^jô bp _^pq^kqb mbnrb
•l* qbkbjlp nrb rpô rk bib`qolal jfk—p`ril nrb obdfp
qoô’ bi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ pfk a^•ô bi û–k, Nô^ w7\c\Zkif[f I ` _ dj _` ^ji_p^^dÇi lp` kp ` _ ` `h kg`\mn` k\m\
`lkpbdrfoil* bjmib^jlp rk jfòlbib`qolal, \kgd^\m`noÄh pgjn `g~ômd^jnj m`bdnom\mkjoì^d\g`n `g~ômd^jn+
Sk ^ZTc`V]VTecÙ` bp pbk`fii^jbkqb rk bib`qolal d `Zif \c\Zkif[f A g`ômj_ j h ptadi j ) pn\_j) k j m gj bì`m\g)
jrv mbnrb•l* ebèl ab jbqî l sfaofl, Ck bpqb `^pl* rqf k\m\ m`bdnom\mg\ \ôdqd_\_ _` i`pmji\n \dng\_\n+
I gfk\eZ`Xc [\ d \d YiXeX ?\mb\ `g~ômd^\ \om\q~n_` pi\
ifwôbjlp rkl c^_of`âl `lk rk qr_l ab sfaofl jrv cfkl* h `h ]m\i\ ^`gpg\m8 _da`mì^d\ ì `g kjoì^d\g ` g~ômd^j ìom` `g
`îbkqâl v ob_^gâl e^pq^ pbo buqobjâ^jbkqb cfkl* jb di o` mdj mt`g ` s o` mdj m_` g\ ^~gpg\+
Anodhpg\_jm`g~ômd^j Kn^dgjn^jkdj
6bfxn`
hp`nom\`gm`bdnomj
_`g\nq\md\^dji`n
_`gkjoì^d\g
_`h`h]m\i\
?\]g``g`ômj_j
^jgj^\_jì`g
\bp\_`h\m
!S"
&^' _`qd_mdj bdb\io`
_`g^\g\h\m
?B@NK: , (+ / F \[`Z`ye [\ ZXi^Xj \cvZki`ZXj
? B@ N K : , (+ 0 >jkl[`f [\c Xoye
H\adbpm\ hp`nom\ %\& pi qjgoÄh òmj _ò`ô\i_j g\ ^\mb\
Ano\adbpm\ hp`nom\ kj mlp~ h`_djn kp`_``nodhpg\mn` pi
`sdnoìo` \ om\q~n_` g\ h`h]m\i\ _` pi \sÇi) t %]& pi\
\sÇi hdìom\nn` m`bdnom\ np kjoì^d\g _` h`h]m\i\+
]jh ]dgg\ _ò`ô\i_j g\ ^\mb\ km`nìo` \om\q~n_` gjn
o`mhdi\g`n_` pi\ kdg\+
Tb^jlp nr“ pr`bab ^ rk û–k `r^kal jlafcf`^jlp

_o^k^, Qfk bj_ôdl* bpqb `^j_fl pb molar`b jrv o’mfal* ôqfcf`fîjbkqb bi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ bk rk mrkql,
abj^pfâl `ljl mô^ pbo `^m^`bp ab sboil rp^kal rk J^ Dfdro^ 0,/5 jrbpqo^ bi do’cf`l af_rgâl mlo rk lp`f
sliq”jbqol, Nlo q^kql* mô^ bpqrafô bi jbkp^gb bjmib^ ilp`lmfl nrb e^ bpqâl obdfpqo^kal ilp bcb`qlp ab bpq”
objlp rk `dTZ]`dTàZ`& Cpqb afpmlpfqfsl* `ljl bi sliq” jrilp abpmliôfwâlobp _obsbp, Jlp do’cf`lp ab ilp
jbqol* jfab sliq^gbp* mbol q^j_f“k dbkbo^ rk obdfpqol bcb`qlp ab bpqlp bpq”jrilp fkafsfarîbp bpq’k pl_obfj+
ab bplp sliq^gbp* af_rg^kal rk do’cf`l bk crk`f–k abi mrbpqlp bk bi jfpjl obdfpqol mô^ mlabo `ljmôôilp,
qfbjml, Cpqlp do’cf`lp pb jrbpqo^k bk rk^ m^kqîi^* jrv ?mif`^jlp rk^ pbofb ab bpq”jrilp abpmliôfwâlobp*
môb`fa^ ^ i^ ab rk qbibsfplo, Ci bgb sboqf`î obmobpbkq^ bi `ljbkw^kal mlo rk bpq”jril jrv a“_fi &k—jbol /' v
sliq^gb* v bi elofwlkqî* bi qfbjml* bk afob``f–k ab ^rjbkq^kal doârîjbkqb pr mlqbk`f^, Aâ^ bpq”jril
fwnrfboa^ ^ abobè^, abpmliôfw^ _obsbjbkqb bi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ rk
Ar^kal fkpboq^jlp bi jfòlbib`qolal bk bi û–k* bi mlnrfql j’p, Nlo —iqfjl* qo^p i^ abpmliôfw^`f–k k—jbol
lp`filp`lmfl af_rg^ rk^ i”kb^ elofwlkqî ob`q^ ^ 5. jT* 2* bi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ pb obsfboqb p—_fq^jbkqb* ab
pfbjmob v `r^kal kl pb îqbob bi û–k, Cpq^ `ôd^ bi“` jlal nrb bi fkqboflo pb qo^kpcloj^ bk fei_j_le &v bi buqb
qof`^ ^ qo^s“p ab i^ j bj _o^k^ pb abklj fk^ _^pq^kqb oflo* bk kbd^qfsl', Ci mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ srbisb ^ i^
âb`râ^j bkqb aèV_TZR] UV cVa`d`& Ck bpqb mrkql* kloj îfaâ o’mfa^j bkqb* mbol mofjbol bu`bab bi
s^jlp ^ îqboô bi mlqbk`fî ab obmlpl v l_pbosô nr“ mlqbk`fî ab obmlpl* `lksfoqf“kalpb bk YZaVca`]RcZkRU`
pr`bab, Nô^ e^`boil* bjmib^jlp lqol afpmlpfqfsl* rk
bpqfjriâlo bi“`qof`l nrb klp mboj fqb îqboô bi ml
qbk`fî ab j bj _o^k^ bk rk^ il`îfw^`f–k `lkòbq^ =7fjZ`cfjZfg`f Einomph ìoj _` g\ ] j m\ oj mdj ^\k\u _` m`km`nìo\m
&s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(+0#( Ci bpqfjriâlo mrbab qo^kpjf pi bm} ad^ j _`g qjgo\ e` ^jh japi^dÇ i _`g od` h k j ì g\ k\io\gg\ _` pi
op ] j _` m\tjn^\oÇ_d^jn+
qfo `loofbkqb ^ qo^s“p ab lqol j fòlbib`qolal nrb eb 7 gfk\eZ`Xc [\ i\gfjf Ljoì^d\g _` h `h ]m\i\ _` pi\ i`pmji\
jlp fkpboqâl bk bi û–k, Aljl bi fkqboflo abi û–k ^p\i_j ij `no} ndì_j \go`m\_\ k j m kjoì^d\g`n kjnondi}kod^jn
bp kbd^qfsl* rk^ `ôd^ mlpfqfs^ ^mif`â^ î fkqboflo ab `s^do\_jm`nj di cd]d_jm`n8 ^`m^\ _` * 4 - hRì `g \sÇi b db \ i o` _`g
i^ j bj _o^k^ molar`b rk^ UVda`]RcZkRTZz_& Cp ab`fo* ^\g\h\m+
bifjfk^ môqb ab i^ `ôd^ bi“`qof`^ mobpbkqb ^ qo^s“p ab 7 [\jgfcXi`qXZ`ye N`_p^^dÇi %c\^d\ `g ^`mj& _`g kjoì^d\g _`
h`mmq]*m\i\*_*`*pi\*^~gpg\m` n k ` ^ oj *\*np*kjoì^d\g*_ `*m`kjnj*ijmh\g+*
i^ j bj _o^k^ `bo`^k^ î bib`qolal* obar`fbkal bi ml H _`g \ig fcXi`qXZ`ye = p h ` i oj ì `g kjo` i ^d\ g _` h `h ]m\i\ _`
qbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^, pi\ ^~gpg\ m`nk`ôj\g kjo` i ^d\ g _` m`kjnj ijmh \g+
&sôflp a”^p* mol_^_ibjbkqb'* i^p jli“`ri^p ab ^w—`ô pb

afpqof_rvbk eljld“kb^jbkqb mlo qlal bi ^dr^* fkìrpl
pfk objlsbo bi i”nrfal, Ci mol`bpl mlo bi nrb i^p jli“
`ri^p pb afpqof_rvbk eljld“kb^jbkqb bk bi jbafl bk bi
nrb bpq’k afprbiq^p pb `lkl`b `ljl UZWfdZz_&
Ar^kal kl e^v crbow^p l _ôobo^p nrb pb il fjmfa^k*
i^p jli“`ri^p afcrkafo’k abpab i^p obdflkbp `lk `lk`bk
qo^`f–k îq^ e^`f^ ^nrbii^p `lk `lk`bkqo^`f–k _^g^, J^p
jli“`ri^p pb jrbsbk`lkpq^kqbjbkqb* v pr sbil`faâ ab
jlsfjfbkql bp molmlo`flkî ^ i^ qbjmbo^qro^, Qlil bk
bi `bol ^_plirql Y. I &hbisfk' ; +051*/3 A[ abg^k ab
jlsbopb î ^wô i^p jli“`ri^p, ? `rînrfbo lqo^ qbjmbo^
qro^* i^p jli“`ri^p pb jrbsbk* `lifpflk^kal v abpsf’k
alpb bk afpqfkq^p afob``flkbp* v îbg^kal ^p” ^ lqo^p, Ci
obpriqâl ab bpq^p `lifpflkbp bk bi bgbjmil ^kqboflo abi
^w—`ô v bi ^dr^ bp clowô ^ i^p jli“`ri^p ab ^w—`ô e^`f^
ôof_^ &v ^ i^p jli“`ri^p ab ^dr^ e^`f^ ^_^gl'* ibglp ab
i^p obdflkbp bk i^p nrb bpq’k j’p `lk`bkqoâ^p,
? N > K S : = > E: I K > L Bå G > E > < M K H L M ä M B< :
Ar^kal îdrk^p prpq^k`f^p bpq’k afprbiq^p bk ^dr^* pb
\kgd^\_j afsfabk bk alp môqbp* `â^ rk^ `lk rk^ `ôd^ bi“`qof`^
`lkqoôf^, J^p prpq^k`f^p `lk bpq^ molmfbaâ pb ii^j^k
? B@ N K : , (+ 1 Ifk\eZ`Xc [ \ XZZ`ye V]VTecz]Ze`d3i^p môq”`ri^p `ôdâ^p bk i^p nrb pb abp`lj
Anojnn`mÄ\i gjn m`npgo\_jnj]n`mq\_jn ì g\ k\io\gg\ _`g mlkbk plk ilp Z`_Vd&F^v alp qfmlp _’pf`lp ab flkbp8 ilp
jn^dgjn^jkdjnd n` \kgd^\m\i `noÄhpgjn _`nkjg\mdu\_jm`n _` YWj_ed[i qfbkbk `ôd^ mlpfqfs^* v ilp Wd_ed[i& kbd^qfs^, Nlo
_dnodio\n dioìnd_\_`n \g \sÇi hjnom\_j ì g\ Bdbpm\ /+.3+ bgbjmil* `r^kal bi ìlorol p–af`l &LÂi* pî `lj—k' pb
afprbisb bk ^dr^* jrè^p ab i^p jli“`ri^p pb afsfabk bk
`^qflkbp plafl &L^)' v ^kflkbp ìlorol &Ai]',
&j’p mliôfwâl ab il klojî' aro^kqb rk _obsb bpm^ Aljl pfk ara^ p^_o’* i^p môq”`ri^p `lk bi jfpjl
`fl ab qfbjml, Rlal bi mol`bpl qôa^ rklp 0 jp &jfifpb+ qfml ab `ôd^ pb obmbibk &) obmbib ^ )* v obmbib ^ '*
drkalp' &s“^pbi^ >_]khW,(+1#( mbol i^p môq”`ri^p `lk afpqfkq^ `ôd^ pb ^qo^bk &) v pb
Cpqb cbk–jbkl* rk^ fksbopf–k jrv o’mfa^ abi mlqbk ^qo^bk', ?p” mrbp* ilp ^kflkbp obmbibk ^ ilp ^kflkbp* ilp
`fî ab jbj_o^k^* pb abkljfk^ aèV_TZR] UV RTTZz_& `^qflkbp obmbibk ^ ilp `^qflkbp* mbol ^kflkbp v `^qflkbp
Alkpqfqrvb bi jbkp^gb qo^kpmloqâl mlo bi û–k abpab bi pb ^qo^bk, J^ crbow^ bgbo`fa^ mlo bpq^ ^qo^``f–k l obmri
`rboml `biriô e^pq^ i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p, J^ `r^kq”^ pf–k pb abkljfk^ acVdZz_V]VTec`deveZTR&?i fdrî nrb i^
abi sliq^gb nrb abpbk`âbk^ bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k &nrb crbow^ ab afcrpf–k abpmi^w^ ^ i^p jli“`ri^p ab i^p obdfl
plil pb `lkpfdrf– `lk bi bpq”jril abpmliôfwâlo k—jbol kbp `lk `lk`bkqo^`f–k îq^ ^ i^p obdflkbp `lk `lk`bkqo^
2' pb ii^j^ f^ScR]UVViTZeRTZz_& `f–k _^g^* i^ mobpf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^ jrbsb ^ ilp flkbp ab
rk pfqfl ^ lqol8 ilp `^qflkbp pb bumrip^k ab i^p obdflkbp
NÆĊÀĄYÄWÅ ZÀ ǺÀǺXĈWĄWĤ XWÅWĄYÀ `lk rk bu`bpl ab `^qflkbp* v ilp ^kflkbp pb sbk clowâlp
ÀĄĊĈÀ ZÆČ ÁÇÀĈÊWČ ^ ^_^kalkô i^p obdflkbp `lk rk bu`bpl ab ^kflkbp,
Nô^ `ljmobkabo nr“ `^rp^ i^ molar``f–k abi mlqbk`fî
ab jbj_o^k^* ab_bjlp `lkl`bo mofjbol ilp jlqfslp ab gfk\eZ`Xc [\ XZZ`ye >m`q` dh kpgnj ` g~ômd^j lp` ^jinodopt` g\
i^ bufpqbk`f^ abi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^, Aljl sbob ]\n` _` g\ ^ji_p^^dÇi _` di ajmh \^dÇi \ gj g\mbj _` pi \sÇi+
jlp* bpq^ `ôd^ bi“`qof`^ bp bi obpriqâl abi _î^k`b 7 ld YiXc [\ \oZ`kXZ`ye R\gjm_`g kjoì^d\g _` h `h ]m\i\ lp`
bkqob alp crbow^p `lkqo^mrbpq^p8 afcrpf–k v mobpf–k bib` _ ` ] ` \g^\iu\mn` k\m\ lpò` i b \ gpb\m pi kjo` i ^d\ g _` \^^dÇi+
7 [`]lj`ye I jqdh d` i oj n _` h jg~^pg\n_`n_` g\n m`bdji`n ^ji \go\
qolpq’qf`^, ^ji^` iom\^dÇi c\^d\ g\n m`bdji`n^ji ^ji^ìom\^dÇi ]\e\+
\ c\Zkiyc`kf Ojgp^dÇi \^pjn\ _` pi h \o`md\g ^\k\u _` djidu\mn`8
? N > K S : = > = B? N L Bå G ì ^ji^mòj) pi }^d_j njgp]g`) pi\ ]\n`j pi\ n\g+
Ar^kal pb bè^ `lk `rfaâl rk^ `rèôâ^ ab ^w—`ô H `y e I jg~^pg\ ^\mb\_\+ Hjn^\odji`nodì` i ^\mb\ kjndodq\)tgjn
bk rk ob`fmfbkqb `lk ^dr^* pb s^ î clkal, Bbpmr“p* bi \idji`n) i`b\odq\+

7 gi\j`ye \c\Zkifjkuk`ZX Bp`mu\ _` \om\^^dÇi ìom` k\moÄ^pg\n
^w—`ô pb afprbisb* mbol pfdrb bpq^kal `bo`^ abi clkal \oÇh d^\n ^\mb\_\n_` ndbijnjkp `nojn jap`mu\ _` m`kpgndÇi ìom`
abi ob`fmfbkqb, Ro^p rk qfbjml jrèl j’p molilkdâl k\moÄ^pg\n\oÇh d^\n ^\mb\_\n_ `g h dnh j ndbij+
BH G > L > G >E E ãJ N B= H BG M K : < > E N E : K pî* LÂi, Jlp ^kqbm^pâlp mofjfqfslp ab krbpqo^p `“iri^p
R >QMK:<>ENE:K sfs”^k bk bi l`“^kl9 ^p” mrbp* bi ^dr^ ab jô bo^ pr
Ci i”nrfal abi fkqboflo ab i^p `“iri^p !]xbfZU` Z_ecRTV]f% i”nrfal buqo^`biriô, Nlo bpqb jlqfsl* krbpqol i”nrfal
]Rc" v bi nrb i^p olab^ !]xbfZU` ViecRTV]f]Rc" `lkqfbkbk buqo^`biriô pb môb`b î ^dr^ jôfk^* molar`fal v j^k
afcbobkqbp flkbp, J^p crbow^p ab afcrpf–k v mobpf–k bib` qbkfal mlo ilp jb`^kfpjlp obdriâlobp abpòfqlp bk bi
qolpq’qf`^ ^ i^p nrb `lkqof_rvbk bpqlp flkbp a^k irdô î A^m”qril /0,
mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^, Aljl bi mlqbk`fî ab jbj T^jlp ^ bpqrafô ilp flkbp ab i^ Dfdro^ 0,/6* ^kîf
_o^k^ bp bi obpriqâl abi _î^k`b bkqob i^p crbow^p ab w^kal i^p crbow^p ab afcrpf–k v mobpf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^
afcrpf–k v mobpflkbp bib`qolpq’qf`^p* mô^ `ljmobkabo bgbo`fa^p pl_ob `â^ rkl v o^wlk^kal mlonr“ `â^ rkl
nr“ molar`b bpqb mlqbk`fî bp kb`bpôfl `lkl`bo i^ `lk pb bk`rbkqo^ bk pr irdô, ?+ * ilp ^kflkbp lod’kf`lp* plk
`bkqo^`f–k ab ilp afpqfkqlp flkbp bk ilp i”nrfalp fkqo^+ v fk`^m^`bp ab ^qo^sbpô i^ jbj_o^k^ abi û–k9 ^p” mrbp*
buqo^`biriô, ^rknrb i^ mobpbk`f^ ab bpqlp flkbp abkqol ab i^ `“iri^
F^v sôflp flkbp jrv fjmloq^kqbp bk bpqlp i”nrfalp, `lkqof_rvb î mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^* pb pfq—^k alkab
Ck bpq^ pb``f–k `ljbkqô“ `r^qol ab biilp8 ^kflkbp lod’ bpq’k mlonrb i^ jbj_o^k^ bp fjmbojb^_ib ^ biilp,
kf`lp &pfj_lifwâlp mlo ?+ '* flkbp ìlorol &Ai|'* flkbp Ci f–k mlq^pfl* I)* bpq’ `lk`bkqoâl abkqol abi û–k9
plafl &L^)' b flkbp mlq^pfl &I)', Ck i^q”k* plafl v mlq^ mlo bpqb jlqfsl* i^ crbow^ ab afcrpf–k qfbkab ^ bumripôil
pfl plk dWjh_kcoaWb_kc& ab ê” prp p”j_lilp* L^ v I* obp crbo^ ab i^ `“iri^, Qfk bj_ôdl* bi buqboflo ab i^ `“iri^
mb`qfs^jbkqb, Jlp ^kflkbp lod’kf`lp* molqb”k^p v bpq’ `ôdâl mlpfqfs^jbkqb obpmb`ql î fkqboflo* ab jlal
molar`qlp fkqbojbafôflp ab ilp mol`bplp jbq^_–if`lp nrb i^ mobpf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^ qfbkab ^ clowô ^ bpqb `^qf–k
`biriôbp `lk `ôd^ kbd^qfs^* plil pb bk`rbkqo^k bk bi e^`f^ bi fkqboflo, ?p” mrbp* i^p alp crbow^p `lkqo^mrbpq^p
i”nrfal fkqo^`biriô, ?rknrb ilp lqolp qobp flkbp bpq’k pb bnrfif_o^k* v ilp flkbp mlq^pfl qfbkabk ^ mboj^kb`bo
mobpbkqbp bk bi i”nrfal fkqo^`biriô v bi buqo^`biriô* I) alkab bpq’k &l_pbosb ab krbsl i^ Dfdro^ 0,/6',
pb bk`rbkqo^ mobalj fk^kqbj bkqb bk bi fkqo^`biriô* Ci f–k ìlorol* Ai]* î`^kw^ pr j’ufj^ `lk`bkqo^
jfbkqo^p nrb L^) v Ai] bpq’k j^vlofqôf^jbkqb bk bi `f–k bk bi buqboflo abi û–k, J^ crbow^ ab afcrpf–k
i”nrfal buqo^`biriô, Jlp q^j^•lp ab ilp ob`râolp ab i^ bjmrg^ ^ bpqb f–k e^`f^ abkqol ab i^ `“iri^, Qfk bj_ôdl*
Dfdro^ 0,/6 fkaf`^k i^p `lk`bkqo^`flkbp obi^qfs^p ab `ljl bi fkqboflo abi û–k qfbkb `ôd^ kbd^qfs^* i^ mob+
bpqlp `r^qol flkbp &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(+2#( J^ cloj^ j’p
pbk`fii^ ab ob`loaô a–kab bpq’ `â^ f–k bp `lkl`bo nrb T cwhl`[f èkiXZ\clcXi HÄlpd_j ^ j i o` i d_ j _ ` i omj _` g\n^~gpg\n+
bi i”nrfal nrb olab^ krbpqo^p `“iri^p bp pfjfiô î ^dr^ T cwhl`[f \okiXZ\clcXi HÄlpd_jn^jmkjm\g`n km`nìo`nap`m\ _` g\n
ab jô* nrb `lkpfpqb _’pf`^jbkqb bk rk^ plir`f–k ab ^~gpg\n+
?ji^ìom\^dÇi
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>ok\i`fi [\ cXZvclcX

I) Drbow^,
_` _dapndÇi
Lm`ndÇi
`g`ômjno}od^\
Bp`mu\_`
_dapndÇi
L m`ndÇi
`g`ômjno}od^\
)
Jjkp`_` *
Bek\i`fi n\gdm_` Bp`mu\ Lm`ndÇi Ai| J\(
[\ cXZvclcX g\^~gpg\ _` _dapndÇiw t ` g`ômjno}od^\
G(
? B@ N K : , (+ 2 <fekifc [\c gfk\eZ`Xc [\ d \d YiXeX

H\ adbpm\ hp`nom\ g\ ^ji^ìom\^dÇi m`g\odq\ _` \gbpijndji`n dh kjmo\io`n ì `g dio`mdjmt`so`mdjm_` g\ i`pmji$ \nÄ^jh j g\n
ap`mu\nlp`\ôÉ\i nj]m``ggjn+
pf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^ il bumrip^ crbo^, Bb krbsl* alp crbo `ljl sbobjlp `r^kal klp l`rmbjlp ab i^ fkef_f`f–k
w^p `lkqo^mrbpq^p pb bnrfif_o^k bkqob p” &^kîf`b lqo^ sbw kbrolkî bk lqo^p pb``flkbp abi `^m”qril* bp jrv fjmlo
i^ Dfdro^ 0,/6', q^kqb, Jlp qo^kpmloqâlobp nrb `ljmlkbk i^ _lj_^
Ci flk plafl* L^)* q^j_f“k î`^kw^ pr j’ufj^ `lk plafl+mlq^pfl rp^k rk^ `^kqfaâ `lkpfabo^_ib ab bkbo
`bkqo^`f–k bk bi buqboflo abi û–k* ab jlal nrb* fdrî d”^8 e^pq^ bi 2. # ab ilp ob`roplp jbq^_–if`lp ab rk^
nrb bi Ai+ * bp bjmrgâl e^`f^ abkqol ab i^ `“iri^ mlo i^ kbrolk^ pb bjmib^k bk pr crk`f–k, J^p kbrolk^p* i^p
crbow^ ab afcrpf–k, Nbol* ^ afcbobk`f^ abi ìlorol* bi flk `“iri^p jrp`riôbp* i^ di”^ &ab ebèl* `^pf qla^p i^p `“ir
plafl qfbkb `ôd^ fei_j_lW( Nlo q^kql* i^ mobpf–k bib`qolp i^p abi lod^kfpjl' qfbkbk qo^kpmloqâlobp plafl+mlq^pfl
q’qf`^ kl fjmfab nrb bi L^) bkqob bk i^ `“iri^9 j’p _fbk* bk i^ jbj_o^k^,
i^ `ôd^ kbd^qfs^ abi fkqboflo abi û–k WjhW[ î L^)
&l_pbosb rk^ sbw j’p i^ Dfdro^ 0,/6', NÆĊÀĄYÄWÅ ZÀ WYYÄĘĄ
้A–jl bp mlpf_ib nrb bi L^) mboj^kbw`^ ^ rk^ `lk
`bkqo^`f–k j’ufj^ bk bi i”nrfal buqo^`biriô* ^ mbpô ab Aljl sfjlp* i^p crbow^p ab afcrpf–k v mobpf–k bib`qolpq’
nrb ^j_^p crbow^p &afcrpf–k v mobpf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^' qf`^ qfbkabk ^ fkqolar`fo L^) bk i^ `“iri^, Qfk bj_ôdl*
qfbkabk ^ bjmrgôil e^`f^ âbkqol= Cpq^ bp i^ obpmrbpq^8 i^ jbj_o^k^ kl bp jrv mbojb^_ib ^ bpqb f–k* v ilp qo^kp
lqo^ crbow^* dbkboâ^ mlo i^ XecXWieZ_e'fejWi_e& p^`^ `lk mloqâlobp plafl+mlq^pfl _lj_b^k `lkqfkr^jbkqb L^)
qfkr^jbkqb î L^) abi û–k, J^ _lj_^ plafl+mlq^pfl e^`f^ ^crbo^* j^kqbkfbkal _^g^ i^ `lk`bkqo^`f–k fkqo^
`lkpfpqb bk rk do^k k—jbol ab jli“`ri^p molqbf`^p `biriô ab L^), Nbol fj^dfkbjlp il nrb pr`babo”^ pf i^
fkjbop^p bk i^ jbj_o^k^* îfjbkqâ^p mlo i^ bkbod”^ j bj _o^k^ pb ef`fbo^ p—_fq^jbkqb mbojb^_ib î L^),
^mloqâ^ mlo jli“`ri^p ab ?RN molar`fa^p mlo i^p jfql+ J^p crbow^p ab afcrpf–k v mobpf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^ eô”^k
`lkaof^p, Cpq^p jli“`ri^p* `lkl`fa^p `ljl ecR_da`ceRr nrb bi L^) bkqoô^ o’mfa^jbkqb ^ i^ `“iri^, Cpqb cirgl
U`cVddÙZ`%aèRdZ`$fkqbo`^j_f^k L^) mlo I)* p^`^kal obmbkqfkl &e^`f^ abkqol' ab flkbp `lk `ôd^ mlpfqfs^
qobp flkbp plafl mlo `â^ alp flkbp mlq^pfl nrb fkqolar `^j_fô”^ ao’pqf`^jbkqb bi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^,
`bk &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(+3#( Afboq^jbkqb* ilp bumbofjbkqlp e^k abjlpqoâl nrb bp
Aljl i^ j bj _o^k^ kl bp jrv mbojb^_ib î L^)* ilp bpqb jb`^kfpjl bi `^rp^kqb abi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k8 rk
qo^kpmloqâlobp plafl+mlq^pfl j^kqfbkbk _^g^ i^ `lk _obsb ^rjbkql bk i^ mbojb^_fifaâ ab i^ jbj_o^k^ î
`bkqo^`f–k fkqo^`biriô ab L^) `lk do^k bcf`fbk`f^, ?i L^) &mbojfqfbkal nrb bpqlp flkbp bkqobk o’mfa^jbkqb
qo^kpmloqô I) î fkqboflo ab i^ `“iri^* q^j_f“k ^rjbk bk i^ `“iri^' pb pfdrb fkjbaf^q^jbkqb ab rk fkòbjbkql
q^k ifdbo^jbkqb i^ `lk`bkqo^`f–k fkqo^`biriô ab I), J^ qo^kpfqlofl bk i^ mbojb^_fifaâ ab i^ jbj_o^k^ î I)
jbj_o^k^ bp rk^p /.. sb`bp j’p mbojb^_ib î I) nrb &mbojfqfbkal nrb bpqlp flkbp pîd^k sbilwjbkqb ab i^
î L^)* ab jlal nrb bi fkòbjbkql bp afpòbql* mbol* `“iri^', ้Orf“k bp bi obpmlkp^_ib ab bpqlp ^rjbkqlp
qo^kpfqloflp ab i^ mbojb^_fifaâ=
0dji`nnj_dj
Tfjlp ^kqboflojbkqb nrb rk qfml ab jli“`ri^ mol
qbf`^ fkjbop^ bk i^ jbj_o^k^ &bi qo^kpmloqâlo plafl+
mlq^pfl' _lj_b^ ^`qfs^jbkqb flkbp plafl î buqboflo ab
i^ `“iri^ b flkbp mlq^pfl î fkqboflo, Mqol qfml ab molqb”
k^ `lkpqfqrvb rk^ ^mboqro^ nrb mbojfqb i^ bkqoâ^ v p^
ifa^ ab ilp flkbp, Cpq^p jli“`ri^p cloj^k TR_R]VdZz_ZT`d$
nrb `lkqfbkbk `^kîbp &…mlolp่' `^m^`bp ab ^_ofopb l `b
ooôpb, Ar^kal rk `^kî f–kf`l bpq’ ^_fboql* rk qfml `lk
òbql ab f–k mrbab cirfo ^ qo^s“p abi mlol* v ^p” bkqoô l
pîfo ab i^ `“iri^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(,*#( J^p jbj_o^k^p
kbrolkîbp `lkqfbkbk jrèlp jfibp ab `^kîbp f–kf`lp,
Nlo bgbjmil* bi û–k dfd^kqb abi `î^jô qfbkb sôflp
`fbkqlp ab `^kîbp ab plafl mlo `â^ jfò–jbqol `râo^
al ab jbj_o^k^, &F^v rk jfii–k ab jfò–jbqolp `r^
aoâlp bk rk jfi”jbqol `râoâl9 ^p” mrbp* rk qolwl ab
jbj_o^k^ abi q^j^•l ab i^ ibqo^ jfk—p`ri^ …l่ ab bpqb
if_ol `lkqbkao”^ sôflp `fbkqlp ab jfiilkbp ab `^kîbp ab
/dji`nkjo\ndj]jh]`\_jn
kiX e jg f ikX[ f ijf[`f'gfkXj`f Lmjo`Äi\ km`nìo` ì g\
c\^d\`gdio`mdjm^~gpg\
h `h ]m\i\ _òj _ \ n g\n^~gpg\nlp``skpgn\ dji`nnj_dj _` g\ ^~gpg\
tom\ i n k j mo\ dji`n kjo\ndj \ np dio`mdjm+
? B@ N K : , (+ 3 MiXejgfikX[fi jf[`f'gfkXj`f T7ZXeXc `ye`Zf I jg~^pg\ kmjo`d^\ `nk`^d\gdu\_\ lp` k `mh do` lp`
Anojnom\inkjmo\_jm`nn`ì^pìom\iìg\h`h]m\i\^`gpg\m+ _ ò` mh di \ _ j ndji`n ìomì j n\gb\i _` g\n^~gpg\n+
Op]pid_\_`n kmjo`d^\n Z jmjZ +

_`g ^\i\g dÇid^j ^\i\g dÇ id^j
>ok\i`fi
[ \ cXZvclcX
? \i\g dÇid^j
^`mm\_j Bek\i`fi
[\ cX ZvclcX
I jg~^pg\n
_` g\ h `h ]m\i\
?\i\g dj id^j
\]d`moj
? B@ N K : , (, * <XeXc\j `ye`Zfj
?p\i_j gjn ^\i\g`n dÇid^jn `no}i \]d`mojn) gjn dji`n kp`_ì \om\q`n\mgjn) ìom\i_j jn\gdì_j _` g\ ^~gpg\+
plafl', Aâ^ `^kî ab plafl bp `^m^w ab âjfqfo e^pq^

?\i\g _`nj_dj
/.. jfiilkbp ab flkbp mlo pbdrkal `r^kal bpq’ ^_fboql,
? `mm\_j , = ] d`moj N àm\ô\mdj N `\epno`
Nlo `lkpfdrfbkqb* i^ mbojb^_fifaâ ab rk^ j bj _o^k^ ^
ü
rk f–k `lkòbql bk rk jljbkql aâl bpq’ abqbojfk^
N >J ON a^ mlo bi k—jbol ab `^kîbp f–kf`lp ^_fboqlp,
) ) * * Jlp pfdrfbkqbp m’oo^clp krjboâlp abpòf_bk ilp
Aiom\i dji`n nj_dj jlsfjfbkqlp ab flkbp ^ qo^s“p ab i^ jbj_o^k^ aro^kqb
rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k, Jlp k—jbolp ab i^ cfdro^ pb
(1- m Hjn^\i\g`n `loobpmlkabk `lk ilp k—jbolp ab ilp m’oo^clp nrb
_` J$ n` pfdrbk &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(,+#(
c\^ì màm\ô\mdjn8
t\ ij ìom\ h}n /, Ck `r^kql pb î`^kw^ bi rj_oî ab bu`fq^`f–k* ilp
J\(ì g\^~gpg\
`^kîbp ab plafl ab i^ jbj_o^k^ pb ^_obk v bi
1 w Ag G(ndbp`n\gdì_j L^) pb mob`fmfq^ e^`f^ bi fkqboflo* molmripâl mlo
<C, . + O` \]mì gjn
_` g\^~gpg$ kmjqj^\ i^p crbow^p ab afcrpf–k v mobpf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^, J^
AÀ ^\i\g`n _` G(8
lp` `g kjoì^d\g _`
h `h ]m\i\qp`gq\\g
^mboqro^ ab bpqlp `^kîbp bpq’ abpbk`âbkâ^ mlo
0 `g G( `h kdù\
q \gjm_` m`kjnj i^ obar``f–k abi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ &abpml
*M
A
Ņ
\n\gdm_` g\
^~gpg\
iôfw^`f–k'9 pb ^_obk bk bi mrkql bk nrb `ljfbkw^
A
lM rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k* bi rj_oî ab bu`fq^`f–k,
CjB
O`\]mì gjn Aljl bpqlp `^kîbp pb ^_obk mlo i^p sôf^`flkbp
`
^\i\g`n_` J\( abi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^* pb abkljfk^k TR_Rr
xl `g J \(`h kdù\
\ ìom\mì ]Vd Zz_ZT`d UVaV_UZV_eVd UV] g`]eR[V& J^ bkqoâ^
M[ g\^~gpg\ .
Hjn ^\i\g`n_` G(
n`^d`mm\i8gjn _` ab flkbp plafl `lk `ôd^ mlpfqfs^ molar`b rk `^j
J\( n` m`\epno\i _fl o’mfal bk bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k* ab 5. ^
*4- * ) 2. jT,
Qh ]m\g Ag G( `som\_`g 0, J^ jbj_o^k^ abi û–k `lkqfbkb `^kîbp ab mlq^
_` `s^do\^dÇi `so`mdjmn`_dapi_` pfl abmbkafbkqbp abi sliq^gb* mbol bpqlp plk jbklp
pbkpf_ibp nrb ilp `^kîbp ab plafl abmbkafbkqbp
? B@ N K : , (, + F fm`d `\ekfj [\ `fe\j [liXek\ \c abi sliq^gb, Cp ab`fo* obnrfbobk rk doâl j^vlo ab
gfk\eZ`Xc [\ XZZ`ye abpmliôfw^`f–k ^kqbp ab bjmbwô ^ ^_ofopb, ?p”
Ag m`^p\_mj njh ]m`\_j _` g\ k\mo` npk`mdjmhp`nom\ g\ mrbp* `ljfbkw^k ^ ^_ofopb j’p qôab nrb ilp `^k^
\k`mopm\ _` gjn ^\i\g`n_`nj_dj ì `g ph]m\g _` ibp ab plafl,
`s^do\^dÇi) np `no\_j màm\ô\mdjì `g h}sdhj _`g
kjoì^d\g _` \^^dÇitnp m`\epno` ^p\i_j `g kjoì^d\g _`
1 ECOCM K_OKEPFGQGOFKGOUGFGMWPMUCLG ?\i\g dÇ id^jlp` n` \]m`
h`h]m\i\qp`gq` \ g\ ijmh\gd_\_+ j^d`mm\ n`bÉi `g q\gjm_ `g kjoì^d\g _` h `h ]m\i\+
1, Ck bi jfpjl jljbkql* ^molufjâ^jbkqb* bk fkrkaâl ab L^), Ck bi j’ufjl abi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k*

nrb bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k î`^kw^ pr j’ufjl rk^ `^m^ jrv cfk^ ab i”nrfal fkjbaf^q^jbkqb abkqol
&qôa^ `bo`^ ab / jp'* ilp `^kîbp ab plafl pb abi û–k pb iibk^ ab flkbp L^) ob`f“k iibdâlp9 bpq^ `^k
e^`bk h[\hWYjWh_ei4 pb _ilnrb^k v kl mrbabk slisbo qfaâ bp `fboq^jbkqb prcf`fbkqb mô^ obsboqfo bi mlqbk`fî
^ ^_ofopb e^pq^ nrb i^ jbj_o^k^ î`^k`b ab krbsl ab jbj_o^k^, Qfk bj_ôdl* kl e^ m^pâl bi qfbjml
bi mlqbk`fî ab obmlpl, Ck bpqb jljbkql* bk i^ kb`bpôfl mô^ nrb bpqlp flkbp iibkbk qlal bi û–k,
`“iri^ kl mrbab bkqoô j’p L^), ?kqbp ab nrb bpql mrba^ m^pô* ilp `^kîbp ab L^) pb `fb
2, Ck bpqb mrkql* ilp `^kîbp ab mlq^pfl abmbkafbk oo^k v bi I) `ljfbkw^ ^ pîfo,
qbp abi sliq^gb ab i^ jbj_o^k^ bpq’k ^_fboqlp* mbo Jlp bumbofjbkqlp e^k jlpqoâl nrb rk mlqbk`fî ab
jfqfbkal nrb ilp flkbp I) pb jrbs^k if_objbkqb ^``f–k ^rjbkq^ qbjmloîjbkqb bi k—jbol ab flkbp
^ qo^s“p ab i^ jbj_o^k^, ?elo^* bi fkqboflo abi L^) bk bi fkqboflo abi û–k dfd^kqb abi `î^jô bk rk
û–k qfbkb `ôd^ fei_j_lW& ab jlal nrb i^ afcrpf–k .*...1 ( ?rknrb i^ `lk`bkqo^`f–k fkjbaf^q^jbkqb
v i^ mobpf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^ bumrip^k î I) ab i^ mlo abkqol ab i^ jbj_o^k^ bp bibsâ^* bi k—jbol qlqî
`“iri^, Cpq^ pîfa^ ab `^qflkbp e^`b nrb bi mlqbk ab flkbp nrb bkqo^k bk i^ `“iri^ bp jrv mbnrb•l obpmb`
`fî ab jbj_o^k^ obqlokb e^`f^ pr sîlo klojî, ql î k—jbol nrb v^ bpq^_^ îi”, Cpql pfdkfcf`^ nrb* ^ `lo
Ar^kal il e^`b* ilp `^kîbp ab mlq^pfl bjmfbw^k ql mi^wl* ilp qo^kpmloqâlobp plafl+mlq^pfl kl plk jrv
^ `booôpb ab krbsl, fjmloq^kqbp, Jlp ml`lp flkbp L^) nrb `lkpfdrbk bkqoô
3, Sk^ sbw nrb bi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ srbisb ^ i^ afcrkabk î obpql abi ûlmi^pj^* v bi ifdbol ^rjbkql ab
klojîfaâ* ilp `^kîbp ab plafl pb ob^grpq^k* ab i^ `lk`bkqo^`f–k ab L^) ^mbk^p bp bsfabkqb, Qfk bj_ô
jlal nrb lqo^ abpmliôfw^`f–k mrba^ e^`bo nrb dl* ilp qo^kpmloqâlobp plafl+mlq^pfl plk fjmloq^kqbp W
pb ^_o^k lqo^ sbw, bWh]efbWpe( Qfk i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab bpqlp qo^kpmloqâlobp* i^
4, J^ jbj_o^k^ obîjbkqb prmbo^ pr sîlo ab obmlpl `lk`bkqo^`f–k ab flkbp plafl bk bi ûlmi^pj^ ^rjbkq^
& + 5. jT' v plil srbisb doârîjbkqb ^ i^ kloj^ o”^ cfkîjbkqb bk qî `r^kq”^ nrb bi û–k v^ kl mlao”^
ifaâ `r^kal ilp `^kîbp ab mlq^pfl pb `fboo^k mlo crk`flkô,
cfk, Nlo —iqfjl* ilp qo^kpmloqâlobp plafl+mlq^pfl
obqfo^k ilp flkbp L^) nrb pb cfiqoôlk v absrbisbk AÆĄZÇYYÄĘĄ ZÀÅ ǼÆĊÀĄYÄWÅ ZÀ WYYÄĘĄ
ilp flkbp I) nrb pîfbolk,
J^ Dfdro^ 0,00 jrbpqo^ ilp `^j_flp bk i^ mbojb^_fif ?elo^ nrb qbkbjlp rklp `lkl`fjfbkqlp _’pf`lp abi ml
aâ ab i^ jbj_o^k^ ^ ilp flkbp plafl v mlq^pfl aro^kqb qbk`fî ab obmlpl ab i^ jbj _o^k^ v ab i^ molar``f–k
bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(,,#( abi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k* mlabjlp l`rmôklp abi jlsf
้Ar’kql cirgl f–kf`l pb molar`b= Ci ^rjbkql ab i^ jfbkql abi jbkp^gb mlo bi û–k* l YedZkYY_gdZ[bfej[d{
mbojb^_fifaâ ab i^ jbj_o^k^ î L^) bp _obsb* v i^ afcr Y_WbZ[WYY_gd( Nô^ bpqrafô bpqb cbk–jbkl* ab krbsl klp
pf–k ^ il iôdl ab `rînrfbo afpq^k`f^ ^mob`f^_ib iibs^ ^molsbèôbjlp abi û–k dfd^kqb abi `î^jô, Dfg^jlp
`fboql qfbjml, ?p”* `r^kal bpòf_l nrb …bi L^) bkqo^ rk bpqfjriâlo bi“`qof`l ^ rk bib`qolal bk rk buqobjl
sbilwjbkqb่* kl nrfbol ab`fo nrb bi ûlmi^pj^ nrbab abi û–k* v `lil`^jlp bib`qolalp ab obdfpqol* rkfalp ^
lp`filp`lmflp* ^ afpqfkq^p afpq^k`f^p abi bib`qolal bpqf
jriâlo, ? `lkqfkr^`f–k* ^mif`^jlp rk bpq”jril abpml
iôfwâlo î buqobjl abi û–k v abpbk`âbk^jlp rk
2joì^g\g_`\^^dÇi
mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k, Pbdfpqo^jlp bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k
bk qlalp ilp bib`qolalp* rkl qo^p lqol, ?p”* l_pbosôb
jlp nrb bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k bp `lkar`fal mlo bi
_` gjn^\i\g`n_` J\(
û–k, ? jbafa^ nrb bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k pb molm^d^*
=k`mopm\_`gjn^\i\g`n_` G( pr q^j^•l mboj^kb`b `lkpq^kqb &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(,-#(
Cpqb bumbofjbkql bpq^_ib`b rk^ ibv _’pf`^ ab i^ `lk
ar``f–k û–kf`^8 i^ ]VjUV]eÙ` `_RUR&Cpq^ ibv abqbo
jfk^ nrb rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k ^môb`b l _fbk kl pb
molar`b* v nrb* rk^ sbw abpbk`âbkâl* pb qo^kpjfqb
mlo bi û–k e^pq^ bi cfkî abi jfpjl, Sk mlqbk`fî ab
Pd`hkj ^``f–k pfbjmob qfbkb bi jfpjl q^j^•l* pfk òb`bo kf afp
jfkrfo, W `r^kal rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k î`^kw^ rk
? B@ N K : , (, , I \id \XY`c`[X[ X cfj `fe\j [liXek\ \c mrkql bk nrb bi û–k pb o^jfcf`^* pb afsfab* mbol kl
gfk\eZ`Xc [\ XZZ`ye
Ag bm}ad^j hp`nom\ gjn ^\h]djn ì g\ k`mh`\]dgd_\_ _` g\ T7c\p[\ckf [ f f eX[X Lmdi^dkdj k j m`g ^p\g) pi\ qù
h`h]m\i\ _` pi \sÇi \g J\( t G( _pm\io` `g kjoì^d\g _`nì^\_ì\_j pi kjoì^d\g _`\^^dÇi ì pi \sÇi) n` kmjk\b \ ndi
_` \^^dÇi+ m`_p^dmn` c\no\ `gadi\g _` g\ad]m\+
ii^kqb' molsl`^ rk^ q^p^ ab ^`qfs^`f–k îq^ bk ilp ûlkbp

nrb fkbos^k ilp lglp, ?p” mrbp* i^ ibv abi qlal l kâ^ pb
`ljmibjbkq^ `lk i^ ]VjUVeRdR&s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(,.#(
F^v nrb ob`loaô nrb qlalp ilp ûlkbp ab ilp pfpqb
j^p kbosflplp ab ilp j^j”cbolp* bu`bmql ilp j’p mbnrb
•lp* bpq’k jfbifkfwâlp9 i^ s^fk^ ab jfbifk^ molar`fa^
F
AnoÄhpgj $ñ
_`nkjg\mdu\_jm mlo ilp lifdlabkaol`fqlp abi QLA l i^p `“iri^p ab
Qèt^kk abi QLN ob`r_ob pbdjbkqlp ab ilp ûlkbp,
/ Cpqlp pbdjbkqlp bpq’k pbmôâlp mlo mlo`flkbp ab û–k
abp`r_fboq^p* ilp klarilp ab P^ksfbo, J^ `lkar``f–k ab
rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k bk rk û–k jfbifkfwâl bp ifdb
o^jbkqb afcbobkqb ^ i^ abi û–k kl jfbifkfwâl,
J^p `“iri^p ab Qèt^kk v ilp lifdlabkaol`fqlp abi
QLA pb bkolii^k jrv `b•falp îobabalo abi û–k* pfk ab
@ dm`^^dÇi _`g _`nk g\u\h d` ioj_`g kjoì^d\g _` \^^dÇi gô i”nrfal buqo^`biriô jbaf_ib bkqob biilp v bi û–k, Ci
—kf`l irdô bk nrb rk û–k jfbifkfwâl `lkq^`q^ `lk bi
? B@ N K : , (, - <fe[lZZ`ye [\c gfk\eZ`Xc [\ XZZ`ye
i”nrfal buqo^`biriô bp bk bi klaril ab P^ksfbo* alkab
?p\i_jn`_`nì^\_ì\ pi kjoì^d\g _`\^^dÇi) npo\h\Åj bi û–k bpq’ abp`r_fboql, Ck i^p ’ob^p jfbifkfwâ^p kl
ij_dnhdipt`\ h`_d_\ lp` n` kmjk\b\ kjm`g \sÇi+ An mrbab e^_bo bkqoâ^ ab L^) `r^kal ilp `^kîbp ab pl
kjnd]g`^\g^pg\mg\ q`gj^d_\__`^ji_p^^dÇi \ k\modm_` g\ afl pb ^_obk* mlonrb kl e^v plafl buqo^`biriô, Ci û–k
_`hjm\ ìom``g `noÄhpgjt `g kjoì^d\g _`\^^dÇi+
`lkar`b i^ îqbo^`f–k bi“`qof`^ ab_fa^ î mlqbk`fî ab ^`
`f–k e^pq^ bi pfdrfbkqb klaril ab P^ksfbo, J^ îqbo^`f–k
jbkdr^ pr q^j^•l, Sk û–k qo^kpjfqfo’ rk mlqbk`fî pb `lkar`b m^pfs^jbkqb* `ljl pb qo^kpjfqb rk^ pb•î
ab ^``f–k bk rk^ afob``f–k* l fkìrpl bk ^j_^p afob` bi“`qof`^ ^ qo^s“p ab rk `^_ib `lk ^fpi^jfbkql, J^ îqbo^
`flkbp* pf `ljfbkw^ bk i^ jfqâ ab i^ ilkdfqra abi û–k, `f–k bjmbnrb•b`b ^ jbafa^ nrb ^qo^sfbp^ bi û–k* mbol
Qfk bj_ôdl* `ljl ilp mlqbk`fîbp ab ^``f–k bk ilp ^kf pfdrb pfbkal il prcf`fbkqbjbkqb do^kab `ljl mô^ abp
jîbp sfslp `ljfbkw^k bk bi buqobjl rkfal î plj^* ilp bk`âbkô rk krbsl mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k bk bi klaril pf
ûlkbp klojîjbkqb plk s”^p ab rk plil pbkqfal, drfbkqb &bpq^ obar``f–k bk bi q^j^•l ab i^ îqbo^`f–k pb
Aljl p^_bjlp* i^ crbow^ ab rk^ `lkqo^``f–k jrp`r abkljfk^ YedZkYY_gdZ[Yh[Y_[dj[#( Ci mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k
iô lp`fi^ bkqob jrv a“_fi v jrv crboqb* v i^ fkqbkpfaâ ab srbisb ^ abpbk`âbkôpb* l obmbqfopb* bk `â^ klaril ab
rk bpq”jril ^_ô`^ abpab ^mbk^p abqb`q^_ib ^ jrv P^ksfbo* v i^ îqbo^`f–k bi“`qof`^ obpriq^kqb pb `lkar`b
fkqbkpl, Alkl`bjlp nrb i^ ^môf`f–k ab mlqbk`fîbp ab abòb`fbkqbjbkqb ^ il iôdl abi ’ob^ jfbifkfwâ^ e^pq^ bi
^``f–k bk ilp ûlkbp `lkqoli^ i^ crbow^ ab i^p `lkqo^``fl klaril pfdrfbkqb, J^ qo^kpjfpf–k ab bpqb jbkp^gb* pîq^k
kbp jrp`riôbp v obmobpbkq^ i^ fkqbkpfaâ ab rk bpq”jril al ab klaril ^ klaril* pb ii^j^ T`_UfTTZz_dR]eRe`cZR$
c”pf`l, Nbol* pf bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k pfdrb i^ ibv abi qlal abi i^q”k iWbjWh[& …_^fiô่ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(,/#(
l kâ^* ้`–jl mrbab obmobpbkqô fkcloj^`f–k nrb âjfq^
sôf^`flkbp `lkqfkr^p= J^ obpmrbpq^ bp pfjmib8 rk plil
mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k kl bp bi bibjbkql _’pf`l ab fkcloj^ B7 c\ p [\ kXjX Lmdi^dkdj lp` `no\]g`^` lp` g\nq\md\^dji`nì g\
`f–k* pfkl nrb i^ fkcloj^`f–k sôf^_ib bpq’ obmobpbkqâ^ di oì nd_\_ _` pi `noÄh pgj j _` jom\ di ajmh \^dÇi lp`nòm\i nh do`
mlo i^ jWiWZ[WYj_lWY_gd ab rk û–k &bk bpqb `lkqbuql* WYj_{ ì pi \sÇi `no}i m`km`nìo\_\n k j m g\nq\md\^dji`n ì g\ o\n\ _`
lWY_gd pfdkfcf`^ molar``f–k ab mlqbk`fîbp ab ^``f–k', \ôdq\^dÇi _`g \sÇi+

Zfe[lZZ`ye jXckXkfi`X ? ji_p^^dÇi _` gjnkjoì^d\g`n_`\^^dÇi
Sk^ q^p^ ab ^`qfs^`f–k bibsâ^ `^rp^ rk^ `lkqo^``f–k k j m gjn\sji`n h d`gdidu\_jn+ Ag kjoì^d\g _` \^^dÇi k\m`^`n\go\m_`
jrp`riô crboqb* v rk bpq”jril fkqbkpl &`ljl i^ irw _of pi ij_ p gj _` N\iqd`m\g ndbpdìo`+
AnoÄhpgj_~]dg AnoÄhpgjap`mo`
Ljoì^d\g`n E EE E E E E E E E E E L j o` i ^ d\ g` n [[[[[[ WIdg
_`\^^dÇi ! i E h E E E E d _`\^^dÇi .
=ôdq\_j[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Ei\ôdq\_j = ôdq\ _ j[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Ei\ôdq\_j
AnoÄhpgj ************* . E**************************** AnoÄhpgj ************* . E*******************
M `\d gf '
? B@ N K : , (, . E\p [\ kXjX

H\ kjoì^d\ _` pi `noÄhpgj `no} m`km`nìo\_\ kjmg\o\n\ _` \ôdq\^dÇi _`g \sÇi+ Ago\h \Åj _` ^\_\ kjoì^d\g _`\^^dÇi `n
nd`hkm` ^jino\io`+
+AnoÄh pgj mrbab fkqolar`fopb bk ilp ûlkbp jfbifkfwâlp bk ilp

_`nkjg\mdu\_j klarilp ab P^ksfbo* bkqo^ jrèl jbklp v* bk `lkpb
R\di\_`hd`gdi\ `rbk`f^* e^v nrb slisbo ^ bumripô crbo^ rk^ `^kqfaâ
jrèl jbklo, Nlo bpqb jlqfsl* ilp ûlkbp jfbifkfwâlp
d^pq^k jrè^ jbklp bkbod”^ bk j ^kqbkbo pr _î^k`b
ab plafl,
J^ pbdrka^ sbkq^g^ ab i^ jfbifk^ bp i^ sbil`faâ, J^
`lkar``f–k abi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k bp j’p o’mfa^ bk ilp
?ji_p^^dÇi Agkjoì^d\g_`\^^dÇi ûlkbp jfbifkfwâlp* mlonrb i^ qo^kpjfpf–k bkqob ilp
_`^m`^dìo`]\ej n`m`bì`m\ì gjn klarilp bp jrv sbilw, Cpq^ j^vlo sbil`faâ mbojfqb nrb
g\q\di\_`hd`gdi ij_pgjn_` N\iqd`m
rk ^kfjî ob^``flkb j’p o’mfal v &pfk ara^' mfbkpb j’p
? B@ N K : , (, / <fe[lZZ`ye jXckXkfi`X o’mfal, Sk^ ab i^p j^kbo^p ab ^rj bkqô i^ sbil`faâ ab
H\adbpm\ hp`nom\ g\ kmjk\b\^dÇi _` pi kjoì^d\g _`
`lkar``f–k bp fkòbjbkqô bi q^j^•l, Aljl bp q^k
\^^dÇi ì pi \sÇi hd`gdidu\_j+
do^kab* bi û–k kl jfbifkfwâl abi `î^jô* `lk rk af’
jbqol ab 3.. -kj* î`^kw^ rk^ sbil`faâ ab `lkar``f–k
`bo`^k^ ^ 13 j -p &jbqolp mlo pbdrkal', Qfk bj_ôdl*
J^ `lkar``f–k pîq^qlof^ prmlkb alp sbkq^g^p, J^ rk û–k jfbifkfwâl ab d^ql î`^kw^ i^ jfpj^ sbil`faâ
mofj bo^ bp b`lk–jf`^, Jlp flkbp plafl bkqo^k bk ilp `lk rk af’jbqol ab q^k plil 4 -้j, Jlp ûlkbp jfbifkf
ûlkbp aro^kqb bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k* v bpqlp flkbp wâlp j’p o’mfalp* ab 0. -้j ab af’jbqol* plk `^m^`bp
ab_bk pbo obqfoâlp bk —iqfjl q“ojfkl, Rfbkb nrb e^_bo ab `lkar`fo mlqbk`fîbp ab ^``f–k ^ i^ fjmobpflk^kqb
qo^kpmloqâlobp plafl+mlq^pfl ^ il iôdl ab qlal bi ob`l sbil`faâ ab /0. j -p* l 210 hj -e &hfi–jbqolp mlo
oofal ab ilp ûlkbp kl jfbifkfwâlp* mlonrb bi L^) elo^', ? bp^ sbil`faâ* i^ pb•î mrbab qo^kpjfqfopb ab rk
bkqo^ mlo qla^p môqbp, Qfk bj_ôdl* `ljl bi L^) plil buqobjl ^ lqol abi û–k pfk ^mbk^p obqo^pl,
PCQSKCL GLRCPKCBGM
8`^f_ZTRTZz_V_V]Z_eVcZ`cUV]R_Vfc`_R
Ag màgèj _` mòdm\_\ dgpnom\ ^Çh j kp`_ì ^ji`ô\mn` m`kjnj % * 4 - hR&) gjn ^\i\g`n _` nj_ dj t kjo\ndj
g\n i`pmji\n k\m\ gjbm\m^ji_pô\n Éodg`n+ Ag ^dm^pdoj _ ` k ` i _ d` i o` n _`g qj go\ e` `no}i ^`mm\_jn+ ?d`mo\
m`nkjin\]g` _` `no` màgèj ^jindno` ì om`n bmpkjn _` ^\iod_\_ _ ` J $ ìom\ ^ji odip\h ìo` \g \sÇi) k`mj `n
i`pmji\n7 nìndodq\n) dio`mi`pmji\nt h jojm\n+ Ag m} kd_\h ìo` `skpgn\_\ _` g\ ^~gpg\ k j m gjn
màgèj k p `_` npkmdh dmn` ^p\i_j i`pmji\n ì^à}gd^\n om\inkj mo\_ jm` nnj _ dj *k j o\ n dj %lpò\h ]d~i ]jh ]`\i
\ôdq\i dio`mi`pmji\n dicd]d_jm\n lp ` ajmh \i ndi\kndn kj o\ndj UXYbhfc _`g \sÇi&+ ? p\i_j pi `nodh pg\_j m
^ji g\n i`pmji\n h jojm\n+ `g~ômd^j _`nkjg\mdu\ g\ h `h ]m\i\ _`g \sÇi _ ` h j _j
Ag hìn\e` ^ j i _ p ^ d_ j k j moj _ j `g \sÇi n` l p` np kj oì^d\g \g^\iu\ `g ph ]m\g _` `s^do\^dÇi) gjn
_ìjh di\ kj oì^d\g _` \^^dÇi+ H\n h `h ]m\i\n_` ^\i\g`n_ ` nj_ dj _` k ` i _ d` i o` n _`g qj go\ e` n` \]mì) t
oj_ \n g\n ^~gpg\n_`g jmb\idnh j odìì ^\mb\ `g~ômd^$ `g J $ ìom\ m} kd_\h ìo` ì g\ ^~gpg$ dh kp gn\_j k j m
k`mj njgj gjn \sji`n nji ^\k\^`n _` k mj _ p ^ dm g\ ap`mu\ _` _dapndÇi t g\ km`ndÇi `g`ômjno}od^\+ H\
kjoì^d\g`n _` \^^dÇi+ Ag kj oì^d\g _` m`kjnj _` g\ ìom\_\ _ ` `nojn dji`n _ ` ^\mb\ kjndodq\ m`_p^` `g
h `h ]m\i\ n` _ ` ] ` \ lp `q\mdjn dji`n `no}i ì kj oì^d\g _` h `h ]m\i\ t) ^d`mo\h ìo`) kmjqj^\ lp`
^ji^ìom\^dji`n _dnodio\n ì `g gÄlp d_ j _`g di o` mdj m n` diqd`mo\) _` h j _ j lp ` `g di o` mdj mn` ^ji qd` mo` ì
^`gpg\m m`nk`ôj \g gÄl p d_ j _`g ` so` mdj m_` g\ ^~gpg\+ Ag kj ndodqj + H\ \k`mopm\ _` gjn ^\i\g`n _` nj _ dj `n
gÄl p d_ j `som\^`gpg\m%^jh j `g \bp\ _` h\m& `n o` h k j m\ g) qp`gqì \ ^`mm\mn` \g k j ^j od` h k j + H\
\] pi_\ io` ì J $ t? E* ) t`g gÄl p d_ j diom\^`gpg\m) ì _`nkjg\mdu\^dÇi ^\pn\_\ k j m g\ ìom\_\ _` J \( \ôdq\
G( tq\mdjn \idji`n jmb}id^jn) m`km`nìo\_jn k j m= * + gjn ^\i\g`n _` kj o\ndj _` k ` i _ d` i o` n _`g qjgo\ e` ) t `g
H\ h `h ]m\i\ ^`gpg\m`noj o\ gh ` i o` k` mh `\ ]g` \g G( n\g` _`g \sÇi) _`nkg\u}i_jn` \ a\ q j m_ ` np
\bp$ k`mj np k` mh ` \ ] dgd_ \ _ \ _ dnodi oj n dji`n %ì b m\_dì o` _ ` ^ji^ìom\^dÇi+ Ano\ n\gd_\ _` G( gg`q\
`nk`^d\g) J $ t G(& `no} m`bpg\_\ k j m^\i\g`n dÇid^jn+ m}kd_\h ìo` \g kj oì^d\g _` h `h ]m\i\ _` ip`qj \ np
? p\i_j `g kj oì^d\g _` h `h ]m\i\ `no} ì `g q\gjm_` q\ gj m_` m`kjnj+
? j h j `g kj o` i ^ d\ g _ ` \^^dÇi _` pi \sÇi di_dqd_ p\g _`nì^\_ì\ pi ip`qj kj o` i ^d\ g _ ` \^^dÇi+ Ano`
`n pi a` i Ç h ` i j _ ` oj _ j j i\_$ g\n i`pmji\n h `^\idnh j \cjmm\ pi\ ^\i od_\_ ^ji nd_ `m\ ]g` _`
m`km`nìo\i g\ dio` ind_\_ h ` _d\io` np o\n\ _` ì`mbÄ\) k j ml p ` ij n` i`^`ndo\i om\ inkj mo\_ jm` n
\ôdq\^dÇi+ Ag kj oì^d\g _` \^^dÇi ^jh dìu\ nj _ dj *k j o\ n dj ì g\n kj m^dji` n h d`gdidu\_\n _`g \sÇi t
ij mh \gh ìo` ì pi `som` h j _`g \sÇi) \ggÄ_ j i _ ` n` g\ ^ji _p^^dÇi n\go\ojmd\ `n h}n m}kd_\+
pi` \g njh\+ Ag kj o` i ^d\ g _ ` \^^dÇi n` kmjk\b\
^ji odi p \ h ` i o` \ gj g\mbj _ ` gjn \sji`n ij ü ?QAOPEõJ L=N= NABHATEKJ=N
h d`gdidu\_jn) k` mh \ i ` ^d` i _ j ^jino\io` np o\h \Åj ) H\ `qjgp^dÇi _`g ì^~a\gj cph \ij) ^ji oj _ \ np
c\no\ lp ` \g^\iu\ g\n o`mh di\g` n i`mqdjn\n+ %Od `g \sÇi ^j h k g` ed_ \ _ ) _ ` k ` i _ dÇ _` h p^cjn h `^\idnh jn
n` _ dqd_ ` ) k j m^\_\ m\h\ ^jiodiÉ\ pi kj oì^d\g _` \k \mìo`h ìo` omdqd\g`n+ Ljmè` h k gj ) èlp~ np^`_`mÄ\
\^^dÇi+& Ai gjn \sji`n h d`gdidu\_jn) gjn dji`n njgj nd g\n^~gpg\n ij cp]d`m\i _`n\mmjgg\_j g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _`
kp`_ì \om\q`n\m g\ h `h ]m\i\ ì gjn i j _pgjn _` k mj _ p ^ dmh d`gdi\< Hjn \sji`n ij h d`gdidu\_jn_` ]ì
N\iqd`m) k j ml p ` `g m`noj _`g \sÇi `no} m` ^p]d`moj k j m n`mh ptbm\i_`n k\m\ k j _ ` mom\ i nh dodmkjoì^d\g`n _`
h d`gdi\) lp ` gjn \Äng\ _`g gÄl p d_ j `som\^`gpg\m+ =nÄ \^^dÇi m} kd_\h ìo`+ èMp~o\h \Åjoì _mÄ\ lp`
kp`n) `g kj o` i ^d\ g _ ` \^^dÇi `n ^ j i _ p ^ d_ j \g^\iu\m`g ì^~a\gj cph \ij nd gjnj gdb j _ ` i _ mj ^ doj n ij
k\ndq\h ìo` _` pi i j _ p gj _` N\iqd`m\ jomj+ ? p\i_j kmj_pe`m\i h d`gdi\< èLj_mÄ\ `g ì^~a\gj cph \ij)o\g t
`g h ìn\e` `g~ ômd^j \g^\iu\ pi i j _ p gj ) gjn ^\i\g`n _` ^jh j gj ^jij^`h jn) c\ ]`m` qj gp ^dji\ _j ndi g\
n j _ dj _ ` k ` i _ d` i o` n _`g qj go\ e` n` \]mì) t n` hd`gdi\<
<fdle`ZXZ`ye \eki\ e\lifeXj if_boâlp mlo i^p kbrolk^p, Nbol lqo^p prpq^k`f^p nr”jf
`^p mobpbkqbp bk i^ k^qroîbw^ &pl_ob qlal bk mi^kq^p l
?elo^ nrb `lkl`bjlp i^ bpqor`qro^ _’pf`^ ab i^p kbrol bk ilp sbkbklp ab ^kfjîbp' q^j_f“k mrbabk ^`qrô
k^p v i^ k^qroîbw^ abi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k* bp bi jljbkql `ljl ifd^kalp, ?abj’p* bk bi i^_lo^qlofl pb c^_of`^k if
ab abpòf_fo `–jl pb `ljrkf`^k bkqob p” i^p kbrolk^p, d^kalp ôqfcf`fîbp, Cpq^p prpq^k`f^p nr”jf`^p pb ^_loa^k
Cpq^p `ljrkf`^`flkbp mlpf_fifq^k nrb ilp `fo`rfqlp ab bk bi A^m”qril 2* abaf`âl ^ ilp c’oj^`lp v prp bcb`qlp,
kbrolk^p ob`lg^k fkcloj^`f–k pbkpfqfs^* e^d^k mi^kbp v
mlkd^k bk jôè^ `lkar`q^p, CČĊĈÇYĊÇĈW ZÀ ÅWČ ČÄĄWǼČÄČ
Ci jbafl ab `ljrkf`^`f–k mofjôfl bkqob i^p kbrol Aljl v^ p^_b* i^p pfk^mpfp plk rkflkbp bkqob i^p qbojfk^
k^p bp i^ jhWdic_i_gdi_dcfj_YW& i^ qo^kpjfpf–k ab jbkp^ ibp kbosflp^p ab ilp buqobjlp ab i^p o^j^p û–kf`^p ab rk^
gbp ab rk^ ^ lqo^ kbrolk^ ^ qo^s“p ab i^ pfk^mpfp, Aljl kbrolk^ v i^ jbj_o^k^ ab lqo^, Nrbab e^_bo pfk^mpfp bk
sfjlp* bpqlp jbkp^gbp plk mloqâlp mlo kbrolqo^kpjfpl+ qobp irdôbp8 abkaofq^p* plj^ v lqolp ûlkbp, Cpq^p pfk^m
obp if_boâlp ab i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p, Cpq^p prpq^k`f^p pfp pb `lkl`bk `ljl WneZcZhej_YWi& Wneieccj_YWi& v WneWng'
nr”jf`^p afcrkabk ^ qo^s“p abi bpm^`fl iibkl ab i”nrfal d_YWi( J^p pfk^mpfp ûlabkao”qf`^p bpq’k bk i^ prmbocf`fb
bufpqbkqb bkqob i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p v i^p jbj_o^k^p ifp^ ab i^ abkaofq^ l bk i^p VdaZ_RdUV_UcxeZTRd$mbnrb•^p
ab i^p kbrolk^p `lk i^p nrb cloj^k pfk^mpfp, Aljl sbob molqorpflkbp nrb _olq^k ab i^p abkaofq^p ab sôflp qfmlp
jlp bk bpq^ pb``f–k* ilp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp molar`bk ab kbrolk^p do^kabp bk bi bk`“cîl &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(,0#(
aèV_TZR]Vd a`dedZ_vaeZT`d &abpmliôfw^`flkbp l efmbo+ J^ Dfdro^ 0,05 obmobpbkq^ rk^ pfk^mpfp, J^ ^V^r
mliôfw^`flkbp _obsbp' nrb ^rjbkq^k l afpjfkrvbk i^ ScR_RacVdZ_vaeZTR$pfqrâ^ bk bi buqobj l ab i^ qbojf+
q^p^ ab ^`qfs^`f–k abi û–k ab i^ kbrolk^ mlpqpfk’mqf`^,
Nô^ sbo rk^ ^kfj^`f–k fkqbo^`qfs^ ab i^ fkcloj^`f–k
mobpbkqâ^ bk i^ pfdrfbkqb pb``f–k* K \ g i \ j \ e k\ gfk\eZ`Xc gfjkjèugk`Zf = go` m\^dji`nì `g kjoì^d\g _`
j è X g j `j bk F p I j p Z _ E X Y ( h `h ]m\i\ _` pi\ i`pmji\ kjnondi}kod^\) kmj_p^d_\nk j mg\
Jlp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp bgbo`bk prp bcb`qlp bk i^p `“ gd]`m\^dÇi _`g i`pmjom\inh dnjmì g\ ndi\kndn+
iri^p rkf“kalpb ^ rk^ obdf–k `lkòbq^ ab rk^ jli“`ri^ Hcl^Xi [\ le`ye Vji\ _` g\ kmjo`Äi\ m`^`kojm\ \ g\ lp`n` pi`
`g gdb\i_j+
ob`bmqlo^ abkljfkâ^ ]fXRcUVf_Zz_&Sk^ jli“`ri^ ab 7 c`^Xe[f Opno\i^d\ lpÄh d^\ lp`n` pi` \g gp b\m_` pidÇi _` pi
i^ prpq^k`f^ nr”jf`^ bk`^g^ bk bi irdô ab rkf–k `ljl m`^`kojm+
rk^ ii^sb bk pr `booâro^8 i^ cloj^ abi irdô ab rkf–k v 7 \jgèX [\e[iwk`ZX L`lp`Å\ k mj op]`m\i^d\ ì g\npk` mad^d`_`
i^ cloj^ ab i^ jli“`ri^ abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo plk `lj pi\ _ ` i _ mdo\ ) ^ji g\ lpàjmh \ pi\ ndi\kndng\o`mh di \ g i`mqdjn\ _`
mibjbkqôf^p, Sk^ prpq^k`f^ nr”jf`^ nrb pb rkb ^ rk ir j om\ i`pmji\+

d \d YiXeX gi\jèugk`ZX I `h ]m\i\ _` pi\o`mh di \ g i`mqdjn\
dô ab rkf–k pb ii^j^ ]ZXR_U`$ ab b_]Wh[& …rkfo่, Jlp ndop\_\ \_t\^ìo`\ g\ h `h ]m\i\ kjnondi}kod^\8 `g i`pmjom\inh dnjm
kbrolqo^kpjfplobp plk ifd^kalp k^qroîbp* molar`falp v n` gd]`m\ \ om\q~n _` `gg\+
P`mhdi\g i`mqdjn\
km`ndi}kod^\
@ì_mdo\ P`mhdi\g
gdn\ i`mqdjn\
P`mhdi\g i`mqdjn\
P`mhdi\g kjnondi}kod^\
X P`mhdi\g Ankdi\
i`mqdjn\ _ì_mÄod^\
%\& %]& %^& %_&
B E C Q N = , (, 0 M`gfj [\ jèXgj`j

H\nndi\kndn\sj_ì_mÄod^\n kp`_ì `no\mì g\ npk`mad^d` gdn\ _` pi\ _ì_mdo\ %\& j ì `nkdi\n _ì_mÄod^\n%]&+ H\nndi\kndn
\sjnjh}od^\nodìì gpb\mì g\ h`h]m\i\ njh}od^\ %^&+ H\nndi\kndn\sj\sÇid^\n^jindnoì ì ndi\kndnìom` _jno`mhdi\g`n
i`mqdjn\n%_&+
kî kbosflp^* pb bkcobkq^ ^ i^ ^V^ScR_Ra`dedZ_vaeZTR$ ^qo^sfbp^ i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’mqf`^ v j ^kqfbkb îfkb^

mboqbkb`fbkqb ^ i^ kbrolk^ nrb ob`f_b bi jbkp^gb a^p i^p j bj _o^k^p mob+ v mlpqpfk’mqf`^ &s“^pb i^ >_]k{
&kbrolk^ feiji_dcfj_YW#( Cpq^p alp j bj _o^k^p bpq’k hW,(,1#(
pbmôâ^p mlo i^ YV_UZUfcR dZ_vaeZTR$ bpm^`fl ab q^
j^•l sôf^_ib pbd—k i^ pfk^mpfp* mbol nrb prbib qbkbo
rklp 0. kj ab ^kèro^ &rk k^k–j bqol* kj* bp i^ jfi+ d \d YiXeX gfjkjèugk`ZX I `h ]m\i\ ^`gpg\mndop\_\ ìamìo`
jfiilk“pfj^ môqb ab rk j bqol', J^ ebkafaro^ pfk’m _` g\o`mh di \ g i`mqdjn\ ì pi\ ndi\kndn8 h `h ]m\i\ _` g\ ^~gpg\ lp`
qf`^ `lkqfbkb i”nrfal buqo^`biriô* ^ qo^s“p abi `rî m`^d]``g hìn\e`+

T _\e[`[liX jèugk`ZX Ank\^dj ìom` g\ h `h ]m\i\ km`ndi}kod^\t
afcrkab bi kbrolqo^kpj fplo, S k^ oba ab cfi^jbkqlp g\ kjnondi}kod^\+
<YhU``YXYibUg]bUdg]g
Idoj^ji_md\
R`nÄ^pg\ Id^mjoÉ]pgj
ndi}kod^\
R`nÄ^pg\ndi}kod^\
om\inkjmo}i_jn`
_`n_``gnjh\
P`mhdi\gi`mqdjn\
Dì_d_pm\
ndi}kod^\
R`nÄ^pg\ndi}kod^\
ndop\_\ì g\uji\
_`gd]`m\^dÇi
@ìnd_\_ I`h]m\i\ I`h]m\i\
J`pmji\ kjnondi}kod^\ km`ndi}kod^\ kjnondi}kod^\
B E C Q N = , (, 1 < fd gfe\ek\j [\ cX jèXgj`j

Aljl bp mlpf_ib nrb e^v^ l_pbosâl bk i^ Dfdr afpqfkqlp* `rv^p crk`flkbp pb abpòf_fo’k bk mo–ufjlp
o^ 0,05* bk bi `fqlmi^pj^ ab i^ qbojfkî kbosflp^ e^v alp ^môqâlp abi `^m”qril &s“^kpb i^p >_]khWi,(,1 v ,(,2#(
bpqor`qro^p abpq^`â^p8 jfql`lkaof^p v sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf+ J^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p mbnrb•^p plk dbkboâ^p bk bi
`^p, R^j_f“k ^mob`f^jlp jfòlq—_rilp* obpmlkp^_ibp ab ^mô^ql ab Elidf pfqrâl bk bi plj^ v iibd^k ^ i^ qbojfkî
qo^kpmloqô j^qbofî bkqob bi plj^ v i^p qbojfkîbp kbo kbosflp^ jbaf^kqb qo^kpmloqb ûlmi’pjf`l o’mfal, Aljl
sflp^p, J^ mobpbk`f^ ab jfql`lkaof^p fjmif`^ nrb i^ qbo sbobjlp* îdrk^p q^j_f“k pb molar`bk ^ môqfo ab j^qbof^
jfkî kbosflp^ kb`bpfq^ bkbod”^ mô^ iibsô ^ `^_l prp ibp ob`fìâlp bk i^ qbojfkî kbosflp^, J^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf
crk`flkbp, J^p gVdxTf]RddZ_vaeZTRdplk l_gbqlp mbnrb•lp `^p do^kabp plil pb dbkbo^k bk bi plj^ v pb qo^kpmloq^k
v obalkabâlp `lk cloj^ lslfab l bpc“of`^ &bi q“ojfkl mlo bi ûlmi^pj^ e^pq^ i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p,
l[ieYkbW pfdkfcf`^ …sbgfd^ mbnrb•^่', Sk^ qbojfkî kbosfl Ck bi jfòlp`lmfl bib`qo–kf`l* i^ jbj_o^k^ mlpqpfk’m+
p^ fkafsfarî mrbab `lkqbkbo ab rklp `fbkqlp ^ `^pf rk qf`^ pfqrâ^ _^gl i^ qbojfkî kbosflp^ môb`b ifdbo^jbkqb
jfii–k ab sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p, Krè^p qbojfkîbp kbosfl j’p dorbp^ v abkp^ nrb i^ jbj_o^k^ ab lqo^p il`îfw^`fl
p^p qfbkbk alp qfmlp ab sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p* do^kabp v mb kbp, Cpq^ abkpfaâ mlpqpfk’mqf`^ bpq’ `^rpâ^ mlo i^ mob
nrb•^p, J^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p mbnrb•^p &mobpbkqbp bk pbk`f^ ab ob`bmqlobp &molqb”k^p bpmb`fîfwâ^p nrb abqb`q^k
qla^p i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p' `lkqfbkbk jli“`ri^p abi i^ mobpbk`f^ ab kbrolqo^kpjfplobp bk i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’m
kbrolqo^kpjfplo, Qr k—jbol lp`fi^ bkqob rk^p al`bk^p v qf`^' v cfi^jbkqlp molqbf`lp nrb j^kqfbkbk ^ ilp ob`bmql
sôflp `fbkqlp, J^ jbj_o^k^ ab i^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p obp bk pr irdô &l_pbosb ab krbsl i^p >_]khWi,(,1v ,(,2#(
mbnrb•^p `lkpfpqb bk rk^p /.,... jli“`ri^p ifm”af`^p bk
i^p nrb pb fkpboq^k `bo`^ ab 0.. jli“`ri^p ab molqb”k^p, JÄXÀĈWYÄĘĄ ZÀÅ ĄÀÇĈÆĊĈWĄČǺÄČÆĈ
J^p fhej[edWiZ[jhWdifehj[obiibk^k i^p sbp”`ri^p `lk bi kbr
olqo^kpjfplo* jfbkqo^p nrb i^p fhej[edWiZ[jhc\_Ye môqf`f Ar^kal ilp mlqbk`fîbp ab ^``f–k plk `lkar`falp mlo
m^k bk i^ if_bo^`f–k abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo v ob`fì^gb ab qlal bi û–k &v mlo i^ qlqîfaâ ab prp o^j^p'* îdl
i^p sbp”`ri^p, J^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p î`^kw^k pr j^vlo pr`bab abkqol ab qla^p i^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p8 sôf^p
k—jbol îobabalo ab i^ môqb ab i^ jbj_o^k^ mobpfk’m+ sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p pfqrâ^p fkjbaf^q^jbkqb mlo abkqol
qf`^ nrb jfo^ ^ i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’mqf`^* `bo`^ ab i^ k`_R ab i^ jbj_o^k^ mobpfk’mqf`^ pb crpflk^k `lk i^ jbj
UV]ZSVcRTZz_$obdf–k abpab i^ nrb pb if_bo^ bi kbrolqo^kp _o^k^ v ^ `lkqfkr^`f–k pb oljmbk* aboo^j^kal pr `lk
jfplo, Ck jrè^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p l_pbos^jlp sbp” qbkfal bk i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’mqf`^, J^ Dfdro^ 0,07 jrbpqo^
`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p afpbjfkâ^p ab do^k q^j^•l v k—ìbl rk^ mlo`f–k ab rk^ rkf–k kbroljrp`riô ab o^k^* i^
abkpl, Cpq^p sbp”`ri^p `lkqfbkbk rkl ab sôflp m“mqfalp pfk^mpfp bkqob rk^ qbojfkî kbosflp^ v rk^ cf_o^ jrp`r
iô, Ci û–k ^`^_^ ab pbo bpqfjriâl* v i^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’m
qf`^p ab i^ qbojfkî kbosflp^ bpq’k bk bi mol`bpl ab
O \jwZl cXj if_boô bi kbrolqo^kpjfplo, M_p“osbpb nrb îdrk^p sbp”
O\jwZl cX [\
ezZc\f[\ejf jèXgk`ZXj `ri^p bpq’k crpflkâ^p `lk i^ jbj_o^k^ mobpfk’mqf`^*
^ iXe[ \ cloj^kal rk^ ibqo^ ljbd^ &”i' &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(,3#(
้A–jl e^`b bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k nrb i^p sbp”`ri^p
pfk’mqf`^p if_bobk bi kbrolqo^kpjfplo= Ci mol`bpl
`ljfbkw^ `r^kal rk dorml ab sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p
…^qo^`^่ bk i^ j bj _o^k^ mobpfk’mqf`^* ifpq^p mô^ if_boô
M\id èXc pr kbrolqo^kpjfplo ^ i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’mqf`^, Ci ^qo ^nrb
e\im`fjX
pb `lkpfdrb `r^kal rk dorml ab jli“`ri^p molqbf`^p pb
rkb ^ lqo^p molqb”k^p pfqrâ^p bk i^ j bj _o^k^ mobpfk’m
>jgèX qf`^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(-*#(
[ \e [ iwk`ZX J^ wlk^ ab if_bo^`f–k ab i^ jbj_o^k^ mobpfk’mqf`^
= \ej`[X[ `lkqfbkb `^kîbp ab `î`fl abmbkafbkqbp abi sliq^gb,
g f j kjèugk`ZX Ar^kal i^ jbj_o^k^ a“i^ qbojfkî kbosflp^ pb abpmli^
ofw^ mlo i^ iibdâ^ ab rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k* ilp `^k^
?B@NK: , (, 2 < fik\ kiXejm\ijXc [\ leX jèXgj`j
ibp ab `î`fl pb ^_obk, ?i fdrî nrb ilp flkbp plafl* ilp
flkbp `î`fl &A^0)' î`^kw^k pr j’ufj^ `lk`bkqo^`f–k
H\ajojbm\aÄ\ _` hd^mjn^jkdj `g`ômÇid^j hp`nom\ pi ^jmo`
om\inq`mn\g _` pi\ ndi\kndn+ H\o`mhdi\g i`mqdjn\ ^jiodì`
hp^c\nq`nÄ^pg\n ndi}kod^\n) ggì\n_`g i`pmjom\inhdnjm)t T7m\jwZlcX jèugk`ZX L`lp`Å\ `nompôpm\ cp`^\ ndh dg\m\ pi\
pi\ njg\ q`nÄ^pg\ bm\i_` _` iÉ^g`j _ìnj) j^pk\_\ kjm ^pìo\ km`nìo` ì g\no`mh di \g`n i`mqdjn\n8 ^jiod` i` h jg~^pg\n_`
pi k~kod_j+ pi i`pmjom\inh dnjm+
%Pjh \_j _`@ ` ?\h dggd ` o\g+)ì KmbUdgYg' ` _ do` _ ] t S + I + ?jr\i)P+ ?+ OÑ_cja) 7 q f e X [\ c`Y\iXZ`ye N`bdÇi _`g di o` mdj m_` g\ h `h ]m\i\
\i_?+ B+Oo`qìn+ > \godh jm`) I @7FjcinDjkfdinQidq`mndot Lm`nn) /--.+ N`kmj_p* km`ndi}kod^\ _` pi\ ndi\kndn\ g\ lp` g\nq`nÄ^pg\nndi}kod^\n n`
^d_ j ^ji\pojmdu\^dÇi+& piì t gd]`m\i np i`pmjom\inh dnjmì g\ cì_d_pm\ ndi}kod^\+
bk bi i”nrfal buqo^`biriô, ?p” mrbp* `r^kal ilp `^kîbp

ab `î`fl abmbkafbkqbp abi sliq^gb pb ^_obk* bkqo^ A^0)
^ i^ `“iri^* molmripâl mlo i^ mobpf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^ v i^
O \jwZl cX : crbow^ ab afcrpf–k, J^ bkqoâ^ ab A^0) bp rk m^pl bpbk
jèugk`ZX
! F \d YiXeX
g i\jèugk`ZX `fî8 pf i^p kbrolk^p bpq’k bk rk^ plir`f–k nrb kl `lk
?`^liX\e
c\kiX fd \^X qbkd^ flkbp `î`fl* bi mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k v^ kl `^rp^ i^
if_bo^`f–k abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo, &Jlp qo^kpmloqâlobp ab
`î`fl* nrb lmbo^k ab rk jlal pfjfiô ^ ilp qo^kpmloq^
alobp plafl+mlq^pfl* obqfo^k mlpqbofloj bkqb bi A^0)
fkqo^`biriô,'
Aljl sbobjlp j’p âbi^kqb bk bpqb `^m”qril v bk
lqolp `^m”qrilp abi qbuql* ilp flkbp `î`fl plk jrv
F \d YiXeX fjmloq^kqbp mô^ ilp mol`bplp _fli–df`lp `biriôbp, Jlp
: gfVjkjaeXgk`ZX flkbp `î`fl plk `^m^`bp ab rkfopb ^ sôflp qfmlp ab mol
qb”k^p* `^j_f^kal prp `ô^`qbo”pqf`^p, ?idrklp ab ilp
flkbp `î`fl nrb bkqo^k bk i^ qbojfkî kbosflp^ pb ^`l
? B@ N K : , (, 3 < fik\ kiXejm\ijXc [\ leX jèXgj`j mi^k î dorml ab jli“`ri^p molqbf`^p nrb rkb i^ jbj
H\ ajojbm\aÄ\ _`g hd^mjn^jkdj `g`ômÇid^j hp`nom\ pi ^jmo` _o^k^ ab i^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p `lk i^ j bj _o^k^
om\inq`mn\g _` pi\ ndi\kndn+ H\nadbpm\nì ajmh\ _` gòm\ mobpfk’mqf`^, Cpql e^`b nrb ilp pbdjbkqlp abi dorml ab
jh`b\ nji q`nÄ^pg\n ndi}kod^\napndji}i_jn`^ji g\n molqb”k^p pb pbmôbk* molar`f“kalpb rk feheZ[\ki_gd&
h`h]m\i\n km`ndi}kod^\n_` g\no`mhdi\g`ni`mqdjn\nlp` ^drgbol nrb ^qo^sfbp^ ^j_^p jbj_o^k^p* mbojfqf“kal
ajmh\i ndi\kndn^ji `g hÉn^pgj _` m\i\+ ibp nrb pb crpflkbk `lkgrkq^jbkqb, Ci mol`bpl ab crpf–k
%Pjh \_j _`D`pn`m)F+ A+) ì K cW]YhmZc fF YifcgW]YbWYKmadcg]U' Nc`) AA' `_ do` _ ]t qôa^ ^molufjâ^jbkqb .*/ jp &l_pbosb ab krbsl i^
S + I+ ?jr \i \i_F+= + B`mmì_`ggd+ >òc`n_\) I @ 7Oj^dòtaj mJ`pmjn^dì^`) .644+
N`kmj_p^d_j^ji \pojmdu\^dÇi+&
>_]khW,(-*#(
R`nÄ^pg\ndi}kod^\ij\om\^\_\
Cmpkj_`hjg~^pg\nkmjo`d^\n
ì g\h`h]m\i\_` g\q`nÄ^pg\
ndi}kod^\
O g j we `cX j è u e kìX Bdbpm\n

ì ëjh`b\í
Cmpkj_`kmjo`Äi\n
ìg\h`h]m\i\
km`ndi}kod^\
?\i\g H\ìom\_\_` ìn\i^c\) g\h`h]m\i\ H\nhjg~^pg\n I`h]m\i\'

_`^\g^dj ^\g^dj\]m``g _` g\q`nÄ^pg\ndi}kod^\ _`gi`pmjom\inhdnjm km`ndi}kod^\
kjmj_àpndÇi nàpndji\^ji g\ ^jhdìu\i\n\gdm_`
h`h]m\i\km`ndi}kod^\ g\o`mhdi\gi`mqdjn\
? B@ N K : , (- * E`Y\iXZ`ye [\c e\lifkiXejd `jfi

Qi kjoì^d\g _` \^^dÇi \]m` gjn ^\i\g`n_` ^\g^dj) lp` ìom\i tn` piì \ g\ kmjo`Äi\ dih`mn\ ì g\ h`h]m\i\ _` g\n
q`nÄ^pg\n ndi}kod^\n\om\^\_\nì g\ uji\ _` gd]`m\^dÇi+ Hjn kjmjn_àpndÇi n` \]mì t`g i`pmjom\inhdnjm`n gd]`m\_j
\ g\ cì_d_pm\ ndi}kod^\+
J^ Dfdro^ 0,1/ jrbpqo^ alp jfòlclqldo^c”^p ab i^ kfal `r^kal iibdrb rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k, Cpq^p sbp”`r
jbj_o^k^ mobpfk’mqf`^* ^kqbp v abpmr“p ab i^ ^mboqro^ i^p prj^k jbklp abi / abi k—jbol qlqî mobpbkqb bk
ab ilp mlolp ab crpf–k, Tbjlp i^ `ô^ ab i^ jbj_o^k^ i^ qbojfkî, J^p sbp”`ri^p abi \edZeZ[h[Y_YbW`[ `lkpqfqrvbk
mobpfk’mqf`^ qî v `ljl pb l_pbosô”^ abpab i^ jbj_o^k^ bi /.+/3 abi qlqî* v i^p abi\edZeZ[h[i[hlWplk bi 63+7.
mlpqpfk’mqf`^, Aljl mrbab ^mob`fô* i^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’m obpq^kqb, Qf bi û–k qfbkb rk^ q^p^ ab ^`qfs^`f–k _^g^* plil
qf`^p bpq’k îfkbâ^p bk rk^ cfi^ ^ il iôdl ab i^ wlk^ ab pb ob`roob ^ i^p sbp”`ri^p ab if_bo^`f–k o’mfa^, Qf i^ q^p^
if_bo^`f–k, J^p mbnrb•^p molqr_bo^k`f^p afpmrbpq^p bk ^rjbkq^* if_boô’k pr `lkqbkfal i^p sbp”`ri^p abi clkal
i”kb^p ^ `â^ iâl ab i^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p plk ^môbk ab ob`fì^gb v* mlo —iqfjl* ^nrbii^p abi clkal ab obpbos^,
qbj bkqb `^kîbp ab `î`fl abmbkafbkqbp abi sliq^gb ้Or“ ib pr`bab ^ i^ jbj _o^k^ ab i^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’m
&s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(-+#( qf`^p rk^ sbw nrb pb e^k ^_fboql v if_boâl bi kbrol
J^ fksbpqfd^`f–k fkaf`^ nrb e^v qobp dormlp afpqfkqlp qo^kpjfplo nrb `lkqfbkbk= Nôb`b pbo nrb jrè^p
ab sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p &Pfwwlif v @bqw* 0..3', J^p l[ieYk{ sbp”`ri^p abi clkal ab if_bo^`f–k o’mfa^ rp^k rk mol`b
bWiZ[b_X[hWY_gdhcf_ZW bpq’k ^qo^`â^p bk i^ `ô^ fkqbok^ pl `lkl`fal `ljl X[iWhoiWb_hYehh_[dZe( Cpq^p sbp”`ri^p
ab i^ jbj_o^k^ mobpfk’mqf`^* ifpq^p mô^ if_boô pr `lkqb+ pfk’mqf`^p if_bo^k i^ j^vlo”^ l i^ qlqîfaâ ab pr kbrol
qo^kpjfplo* bi mlol ab crpf–k pb `fboo^* v i^p sbp”`ri^p pb
?\i\g`n_`^\g^dj7^p\i_j`no}i\]d`mojn)
abpmobkabk ab i^ jbj_o^k^ mobpfk’mqf`^ v srbisbk ^
^\pn\i g\gd]`m\^dÇi_`g i`pmjom\inhdnjm iibkôpb abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo, Mqo^p sbp”`ri^p &mofk`fmî
jbkqb i^p abi clkal ab ob`fì^gb' pb crpflk^k v ob`fì^k*
mboafbkal* mlo il q^kql* pr fabkqfaâ, J^p jbj_o^k^p
ab bpq^p sbp”`ri^p pb crpflk^k `lk i^ jbj _o^k^ mobpf
k’mqf`^, ? `lkqfkr^`f–k* rk^p mbnrb•^p molqr_bo^k`f^p
ab i^ jbj_o^k^ pb abpmbd^k î `fqlmi^pj^ v pb `lksfbo
qbk bk sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p, Ck i^p jbj_o^k^p ab bpq^p
sbp”`ri^p pb fkpboq^k i^p molqb”k^p ^molmfâ^p* v i^p sb
p”`ri^p pb obiibk^k `lk jli“`ri^p abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo,
J^p jbj_o^k^p ab i^p sbp”`ri^p abi clkal ab obpbos^ pb
ob`fì^k jbaf^kqb rk mol`bpl ab [dZeY_jei_icWi_lW "[d'
ZeY_jei_i pfdkfcf`^ …mol`bpl ab bkqoô bk rk^ `“iri^่',
Eo^kabp mlo`flkbp ab i^ jbj _o^k^ ab i^ qbojfkî kbo
R`nÄ^pg\nndi}kod^\napndji\_\n^ji g\h`h]m\i\ sflp^ pb mifbd^k e^`f^ abkqol* pb olj mbk v bkqo^k bk bi
km`ndi}kod^\) gd]`m\i_j`gi`pmjom\inhdnjm
`fqlmi^pj^, Qb cloj^k krbs^p sbp”`ri^p ^ môqfo ab mb
nrb•lp _olqbp nrb pb abpmbd^k ab bpq^p mlo`flkbp ab i^
jbj_o^k^, Ci mol`bpl ab ob`fì^gb iibs^ jbklp ab rk
pbdrkal mô^ bi clkal ab if_bo^`f–k o’mfa^* rklp ml`lp
pbdrkalp mô^ bi clkal ab ob`fì^gb v rklp `r^kqlp jf
krqlp mô^ bi ab obpbos^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(-,#(
YĊÄĎWYÄĘĄ ZÀ ÅÆČ ĈÀYÀǼĊÆĈÀČ

้A–jl molar`bk i^p jli“`ri^p abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo
rk^ abpmliôfw^`f–k l efmbomliôfw^`f–k bk i^ jbj
%]& _o^k^ mlpqpfk’mqf`^= Jl `lkpfdrbk ^qo^sbp^kal i^ ebk
? B@ N K : , (- + E`Y\iXZ`ye [\c e\lifkiXejd `jfi
afaro^ pfk’mqf`^ t^`lmi’kalpb ^ ilp irdôbp ab rkf–k ab
rk^p molqb”k^p bpmb`fîbp pfqrâ^p bk i^ j bj _o^k^ mlpq
Ano\n hd^mjajojbm\aÄ\n hp`nom\i g\ gd]`m\^dÇi _`g
pfk’mqf`^* abkljfkâ^p cVTVae`cVda`dedZ_vaeZT`d& Sk^
i`pmjom\inhdnjmkjmk\mo` _` pi\o`mhdi\g i`mqdjn\ lp`
ajmh\ pi\ ndi\kndn^ji `g hÉn^pgj _` m\i\+ H\n dh}bì`n
sbw molar`fa^ i^ rkf–k* ilp ob`bmqlobp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp
nji _` g\ npk`mad^d` _` g\ uji\ _àpndÇi _` g\ o`mhdi\g
^_obk TR_R]Vd Zz_ZT`d UVaV_UZV_eVd UV] _VfcècR_d^Zr
i`mqdjn\) %\& Eih`_d\o\hìo` \io`n_` g\ gd]`m\^dÇi+ H\n
d`c$nrb mbojfqbk bi m^pl ab flkbp bpmb`”cf`lp î fkqboflo
_jnadg\n_` kpiojnnji) kmj]\]g`h ìo`) ^\i\g`n_`
^\g^dj) %]& @pm\io` g\ gd]`m\^dÇi+ Hjn^Äm^pgjn h}nbm\i_`n
i\Z\g kf i gfjkjèugk`Zf I jg~^pg\ m`^`kojm\ ì g\ h `h ]m\i\
nji \bpe`mjn_` g\ h`h]m\i\ km`ndi}kod^\) lp` kjiì \g
kjnondi}kod^\ _` pi\ ndi\kndnlp` ^jiod` i` pi gpb\m_` pidÇi k\m\
_`n^p]d`moj `g ^jioìd_j_` g\nq`nÄ^pg\nndi}kod^\nlp` `g i`pmjom\inh dnjm+
n` c\i apndji\_j ^ji `gg\+ =7ZXeXc `ye`Zf [\g \e [ `\e k\ [\c e\lifkiXejd `jfi ?\i\g dÇ id^j
%P jh \_j_` D`pn`m) F+)\i_ N``n`) P+ B cifbU`c Z ; Y``: ]c`c[m' .65.) 55) 231*25-+ lp`n` \]m`^p\i_j pi\ h jg~^pg\ _ `g i`pmjom\inh dnjmn` pi` \ pi
N `kmj_p^d_j^ji \pojmdu\^dÇi+& m` ^ ` k oj mkjnondi }kod^j+
Ijg~^pg\_`g
Hpb\m_` i`pmjom\inhdnjm
pidÇi_`g \^jkg\_\\g gpb\m
m`^`kojm _` pidÇi
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^`mm\_j dÇid^j\]d`moj Z
?B@NK: , (- - K\Z\gkfi\j Öfefkiyg`Zfj

? B@ N K : , (- , K\Z`ZcXa\ [\ cX d \d YiXeX [\ cXj
Ag ^\i\g dÇid^j n` \]m` ^p\i_j pi\ hjg~^pg\ _`g
m\jwZlcXj jèugk`ZXj
i`pmjom\inhdnjmn` \^jkg\ \g gpb\m_` pidÇi+ H\
Qi\ qùlp` g\nq`nÄ^pg\n ndi}kod^\n c\i gd]`m\_j `g
m`km`nìo\^dÇi `n `nlp`h}od^\ ^ji `gadi _` lp` m`npgo`
i`pmjom\inh dnjmì g\ cì_d_pm\ ndi}kod^\) np^`_` gj
h}n ^g\m\8 m`\ghìo`) g\n hjg~^pg\n_`g i`pmjom\inhdnjm
ndbpdìo`7 ì ë]`n\mt n\gdm^jmmdì_jí) g\ q`nÄ^pg\ n`
nji hp^cj h}n bm\i_`nlp` gjn dji`n+
apndji\ ^ji g\ h`h]m\i\ km`ndi}kod^\) gd]`m\ `g
i`pmjom\inhdnjm) qp`gq` \ n`gg\mn`) \]\i_ji\ g\ uji\ _`
\om\lp`) n` ggì\ _` ip`qj _`g i`pmjom\inh dnjmt n`
Jlp ob`bmqlobp flklqo–mf`lp pb abp`r_ofbolk mlo mof
hù^g\ ^ji jom\nq`nÄ^pg\n _` g\ o`mh di\g i`mqdjn\+ Ai
jbo^ sbw bk bi –od^kl nrb molar`b i^ `ljbkqb bi“`qof`^
ëapndÇi t m`^d^g\e`í) g\ q`nÄ^pg\ n` apndji\
abi Lehf[Ze& i^ o^v^ bi“`qof`^* nrb `lkqfbkb rk do^k k—jb
^jh kgò\h ìo` ^ji g\ h`h]m\i\ kjnondi}kod^\)
ol ab biilp, &J^ o^v^ bi“`qof`^ bp rk mbw `^m^w ab dbkboô
k`m_dì_j np d_ìod_\_+ H\ kjm^dÇi `som\ _` h`h]m\i\ rk^ mlqbkqb `loofbkqb bi“`qof`^* kl rk ôj^ ab DW]k[hhW
kmj^`_ìo` _` g\nq`nÄ^pg\napndji\_\n n` _`nkmì_` \g Z[bWi]WbWn_Wi(# Cpqlp ob`bmqlobp* pbkpf_ibp ^ rk kbrolqo^kp
^dojkg\nh \ tajmh \ q`nÄ^pg\n) lp` n` m`ggì\i ^ji `g jfplo abkljfkâl WY[j_bYeb_dW& `lkqfbkbk `^kîbp ab pl
i`pmjom\inhdnjm+ H\n h`h]m\i\n _` g\n q`nÄ^pg\n _`g afl, Ar^kal ilp `^kîbp bpq’k ^_fboqlp* bkqo^k flkbp plafl
aj i _ j _` m`n`mq\ n` m`^d^g\i h `_d\io` pi kmj^`nj _` bk i^ `“iri^ v abpmliôfw^k i^ jbj_o^k^,
ì_j^dojndn h\ndq\+ Cm\i_`n kjm^dji`n _` g\ h`h]m\i\ Ci j“qlal fkafob`ql bp j’p `ljmif`âl, ?idrklp ob`bm
_` g\ o`mh di\g i`mqdjn\ n` kgd`b\i c\^d\ _ìomj) n` qlobp kl ^_obk `^kîbp f–kf`lp afob`q^jbkqb* pfkl nrb
mjh kì t ìom\i ì `g ^dojkg\nh\+ O` ajmh \i ip`q\n mlkbk bk jôè^ rk^ `âbk^ ab ob^``flkbp nr”jf`^p,
q`nÄ^pg\n \ k\ modm_` k`lp`Åjn ]mjo`n lp` n` Cpqlp ob`bmqlobp pb ii^j^k cVTVae`cVd^VeRSèczaZT`d$mlo
_`nkmì_ì _` `no\n kjm^dji`n _` h`h]m\i\+ nrb ^`qfs^k mol`bplp nrb bufdbk bi d^pql ab bkbod”^ jbq^+
_–if`^ mlo môqb ab i^ `“iri^, Jlp ob`bmqlobp jbq^_lqo–mf`lp
l buqboflo ab i^ `“iri^, ?p” mrbp* i^ mobpbk`f^ abi kbrol bpq’k pfqrâlp jrv `bo`^ ab lqo^ molqb”k^ rkfa^ ^ i^ jbj
qo^kpjfplo bk i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’mqf`^ mbojfqb nrb `fbo _o^k^* i^ acèVx_R <& Ar^kal rk^ jli“`ri^ abi kbrol+
qlp flkbp ^qo^sfbpbk i^ j bj _o^k^* `^j_f^kal bi
mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ il`î,
Jlp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp ^_obk `^kîbp f–kf`lp jbaf^kqb T7i\Z \ g kf i`fefkiyg`Zf N ` ^`kojmlp` ^jiod` i` pi gpb\m_` pidÇi
î jbklp alp j“qlalp afpqfkqlp* afob`ql b fkafob`ql, Ci k\m\ pi i`pmjom\inh dnjmt pi ^\i\g dÇ id^j lp`n` \]m` ^p\i_j pi\
h jg~^pg\ _`g i`pmjom\inh dnjmn`\^jkg\ \g gp b\m_` pidÇi+
j“qlal afob`ql bp j’p pbk`fiil* ab jlal nrb bjmbwôb T7i\Z \ g kf id \kXY f kiy g `Zf N ` ^`kojmlp` ^jiod` i` pi gpb\m_`
jlp mlo “i, J^ Dfdro^ 0,11 jrbpqo^ rk `^kî f–kf`l abmbk pidÇi k\m\ pi i`pmjom\inh dnjm8 \ôdq\ pi\ ìudh\ lp` kji ` ì
afbkqb abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo bnrfmâl `lk pr molmfl irdô h\m^c\ pi\ n`md` _` kmj^`njnlp` \]mì pi ^\i\g dÇ id^j ì jom\
ab rkf–k, Ar^kal rk^ jli“`ri^ abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo uji\ _` g\ h `h ]m\i\ ^`gpg\m^p\i_j pi\ h jg~^pg\ _`g
^molmfâl pb rkb ^ “i* bi `^kî f–kf`l pb ^_ob, Ci klj_ob i`pmjom\inh dnjmn`\^jkg\ \g gp b\m_` pidÇi+
T7gifk\weX @ Lmjo`Äi\ \^jkg\_\ \ pi m` ^ ` k oj m h ` o\ ] j omÇ k d^ j 8
clojî ab bpq^ `lj_fk^`f–k ab ob`bmqlo-`^kî f–kf`l bp om\i nh do` hìn\e`n \ jom\n h jg~^pg\n ^p\i_j pi gdb\ i _ j n` pi`\g
cVTVae`cZ`_èczaZT` &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(--"& m` ^ ` k oj mtgj \ôdq\+
< X g wkl cf , Anompôpm\ tapi^dji`n _` g\n ^~gpg\n _`g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj 3.
qo^kpjfplo pb ^`lmi^ î ob`bmqlo* bpqb ^`qfs^ rk^ molqb”k^ E k^qroîbw^ abi mlqbk`fî mlpqpfk’mqf`l bk rk^ pfk^mpfp
pfq^ bk i^ `ô^ fkqbok^ ab i^ jbj_o^k^ î iâl abi ob`bmqlo, aâ^ kl bp bi molmfl kbrolqo^kpjfplo* pfkl i^p `ô^`qb
?i ^`qfsôpb* i^ molqb”k^ E ^`qfs^* ^ pr sbw* rk^ bkwfj^ nrb o”pqf`^p ab ilp ob`bmqlobp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp* bk `lkòbql* [b
bpqfjri^ i^ molar``f–k ab rk^ prpq^k`f^ nr”jf`^ abkljf j_fefWhj_YkbWhZ[YWdWb_gd_Yegk[WXh[d(
kâ^ dVXf_U`^V_dR[Vc` &bi mofjbol bp bi kbrolqo^kpjf Aljl jrbpqo^ i^ Dfdro^ 0,13* bk i^ jbj_o^k^ mlpq
plo', J^p jli“`ri^p abi pbdrkal jbkp^gbol pb abpmi^w^k pfk’mqf`^ e^v `r^qol qfmlp mofk`fmîbp ab `^kîbp f–kf`lp
mlo bi `fqlmi^pj^* rkf“kalpb ^ `^kîbp f–kf`lp `bo`^klp v abmbkafbkqbp abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo8 plafl &L^)'* mlq^pfl
`^rp^kal pr ^mboqro^, Aljmôâl `lk ilp mlqbk`fîbp &I)'* ìlorol &Ai| ' v `î`fl &A^0)', ?rknrb i^ cfdro^
mlpqpfk’mqf`lp molar`falp mlo ilp ob`bmqlobp flklqo–mf`lp* plil firpqo^ `^kîbp f–kf`lp ^`qfsâlp afob`q^jbkqb &flkl
ilp dbkboâlp mlo ilp jbq^_lqo–mf`lp qôa^k j’p bk qo–mf`lp' * e^v nrb qbkbo bk `rbkq^ nrb jrèlp `^kîbp
`ljbkwô v plk j’p aroâbolp &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(-."& f–kf`lp pb ^`qfs^k fkafob`q^jbkqb* ^ qo^s“p ab ob`bmqlobp
Ci mofjbo pbdrkal jbkp^gbol abp`r_fboql crb bi 9EH jbq^_lqo–mf`lp ^`lmiâlp ^ molqb”k^p E,
YeYb_Ye& rk `ljmrbpql pfkqbqfwâl ^ môqfo abi ?RN, Bbpab Ci `^kî ab plafl abmbkafbkqb abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo
bkqlk`bp pb e^k abp`r_fboql lqolp `r^kqlp, Aljl sbob bp bi lofdbk j’p fjmloq^kqb ab mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf
jlp bk mo–ufjlp `^m”qrilp* ilp pbdrkalp jbkp^gbolp plk `lp bu`fqâlobp, Aljl sfjlp* ilp qo^kpmloqâlobp plafl+
jrv fjmloq^kqbp bk i^ `ljrkf`^`f–k pfk’mqf`^ v kl mlq^pfl j^kqfbkbk î plafl crbo^ ab i^ `“iri^* bpmbo^kal
pfk’mqf`^, We^`bk îdl j’p nrb ^_ofo `^kîbp f–kf`lp, Nlo nrb i^p crbow^p ab afcrpf–k v mobpf–k bib`qolpq’qf`^ il fj
bgbjmil* mrbabk abpmi^wôpb î k—ìbl l ^ lqo^p obdflkbp mripbk âbkqol, M_sf^jbkqb* `r^kal ilp `^kîbp ab pl
ab i^ kbrolk^ v mlkbo bk jôè^ `^j_flp _flnr”jf`lp afl pb ^_obk* bi obpriqâl bp rk^ abpmliôfw^`f–k* rk
nrb ^cb`q^k ^ i^p crk`flkbp ab i^ `“iri^, Gkìrpl plk `^m^ aèV_TZR]a`dedZ_vaeZT`ViTZeRU`c!EEH:" &s“^pb i^ >_]k{
`bp ab ^`qfsô l fk^`qfsô `fboqlp dbkbp* fkf`f^kal l ^`^ hW,(-/W#(R^j_f“k mi^kqb^jlp nrb ilp qo^kpmloqâlobp
_^kal ^p” i^ molar``f–k ab abqbojfkâ^p molqb”k^p, plafl+mlq^pfl j^kqfbkbk rk mbnrb•l bu`babkqb ab fl
kbp mlq^pfl abkqol ab i^ `“iri^, Qf pb ^_obk ilp `^kîbp ab
NÆĊÀĄYÄWÅÀČ ǼÆČĊČÄĄĚǼĊÄYÆČ mlq^pfl* môqb ab bpqlp `^qflkbp pbdrfo’k bpqb doâfbkqb
v pîao’k ab i^ `“iri^, Aljl bi I) qfbkb `ôd^ mlpfqfs^*
Aljl jbk`flk^jlp mobsf^jbkqb* ilp mlqbk`fîbp mlpq pr pîfa^ efmbomliôfwô’ i^ jbj_o^k^* molar`f“kalpb
pfk’mqf`lp mrbabk pbo abpmliôfwâlobp &bu`fqâlobp' l rk aèV_TZR]a`dedZ_vaeZT`Z_YZSZU`c!EEH>" &s“^pb i^ >_{
efmbomliôfwâlobp &fkef_falobp', Jl nrb abqbojfk^ i^ ]khW,(-/X#( Ck jrè^p pfk^mpfp* ilp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp
fkef_falobp ^_obk ilp `^kîbp ab ìlorol* bk sbw ab &l
Ijg~^pg\_`g Opk`mad^d`_` N`^`kojm âbj’p ab' ilp `^kîbp ab mlq^pfl, Ci bcb`ql ab i^ ^mbo
i`pmjom\inhdnjm g\h`h]m\i\ hò\]jomÇkg^j qro^ ab ilp `^kîbp ab ìlorol abmbkab abi mlqbk`fî ab
jbj_o^k^ ab i^ kbrolk^, Qf i^ jbj_o^k^ bpq’ bk bi ml
qbk`fî ab obmlpl* kl m^p^ kâ^* mlonrb &`ljl sfjlp
^kqboflojbkqb' i^p crbow^p ab afcrpf–k v mobpf–k bib`qolp
q’qf`^ pb bnrfif_o^k mbocb`q^jbkqb mô^ bi f–k ìlorol,
Qfk bj_ôdl* pf bi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ v^ e^ pfal abp
mliôfwâl mlo i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab pfk^mpfp bu`fqâlo^p il`^
ifwâ^p bk i^p molufjfaâbp* bkqlk`bp i^ ^mboqro^ ab ilp
`^kîbp ab ìlorol mbojfqfo’ nrb bkqob Ai] bk i^ `“iri^,
J^ bkqoâ^ ab ^kflkbp abslisbo’ î mlqbk`fî ab jbj
_o^k^ ^ pr pfqr^`f–k ab obmlpl klojî, ?p” mrbp* i^ ^mbo
qro^ ab ilp `^kîbp ab ìlorol pfosb mô^ kbrqoîfwô ilp
NNQC &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(-/Y#(
j\^le[f d \ejXa\if L mj_p ôjlpÄh d^j b ì `m\ _j ^p\i_j pi\

k mjo`Äi\ C \ôdq\ pi\ ìudh \8om\ i n k j mo\ pi\ n`Å\g lp` m`npgo\
ì g\ \k` mopm\ _`g ^\i\g dÇ id^j j kmjqj^\ lp` n` kmj_pu^\i jomjn
dÇid^j \^jkg\_\\g gpb\m_`pidÇi EÇid^j kmj^`njnì g\ ^~gpg\+
\]d`moj _`gm`^`kojmhò\]jomÇkd^j ^`mm\_j gfk\eZ`Xc gfjkjèugk`Zf \oZ`kX[fi "IIL># @`nkjg\mdu\^dÇi
`s^do\_ jm\ _` g\ h `h ]m\i\ kjnondi}kod^\ _` pi\ ndi\kndn ^\pn\_\
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gfk\eZ`Xc gfjkjèugk`Zf è_`Y`[fi"IILB# D dk`mkjg\mdu\^dÇi
m`^`kojm) pi\ kmjo`Äi\ C \ôdq\ pi\ ìudh\) lp` kmj_p^` di c d] d_ j m\ _` g\ h `h ]m\i\ kjnondi}kod^\ _` pi\ ndi\kndn^\pn\_\
pi n`bpi_j hìn\e`mj %m`km`nìo\_j kjmag`^c\n i`bm\n& k j m g\ gd]`m\^dÇ i _` pi i`pmjom\inh dnjmk j mk \mo` _` g\o`mh di \g
lp`) \ np qù) \]m`^\i\g`n dÇid^jn ^`m^\ijn+ i`mqdjn\+
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Ci `rôql qfml ab `^kî f–kf`l abmbkafbkqb abi kbr kî kbosflp^, Ci kbrolqo^kpjfplo kl srbisb bk i^p sbp”`r
olqo^kpjfplo bp bi `^kî ab `î`fl, Jlp flkbp `î`fl i^p nrb pb abpmobkabk ab i^ jbj_o^k^ bk i^ qbojfkî
&A^0)'* ab `ôd^ mlpfqfs^ v j’p `lk`bkqoâlp crbo^ ab i^ kbosflp^, Ck sbw ab bpql* i^ jbj_o^k^ `lkqfbkb jli“`r
`“iri^* ^`q—^k `ljl ilp flkbp plafl9 bp ab`fo* i^ ^mboqr i^p qo^kpmloqâlo^p bpmb`fîbp nrb ^molsbè^k i^p obpbo
o^ ab ilp `^kîbp ab `î`fl abpmliôfw^ i^ jbj_o^k^* mol s^p bkbod“qf`^p ab i^ `“iri^ mô^ qo^piâô i^p jli“`ri^p
ar`fbkal NNQC, Nbol bi `î`fl e^`b îdl j’p, Aljl abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo afob`q^jbkqb î `fqlmi^pj^ abpab
sfjlp bk ^môqâlp ^kqboflobp abi `^m”qril* i^ bkqo â^ ab i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’mqf`^* abi jfpjl jlal nrb ilp qo^kp
`î`fl ^ i^ qbojfkî kbosflp^ abpbk`âbk^ i^ jfdo^`f–k mloqâlobp plafl+mlq^pfl jlsfifw^k L^) v I) ^ qo^s“p ab
ab i^p sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p v i^ if_bo^`f–k abi kbrolqo^kp i^ jbj_o^k^, Ar^kal iibd^ rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k* i^
jfplo, Ck i^p abkaofq^p ab i^ `“iri^ mlpqpfk’mqf`^* bi `î qbojfkî kbosflp^ if_bo^ rk^ mbnrb•^ `^kqfaâ ab kbr
`fl pb rkb ^ bkwfj^p bpmb`fîbp v i^p ^`qfs^, Cpq^p bkwfj^p olqo^kpjfplo ^ i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’mqf`^ v* ^ `lkqfkr^`f–k*
qfbkbk sôflp bcb`qlp* `ljl i^ molar``f–k ab `^j_flp il `^mq^ ab krbsl* mbojfqfbkal î ob`bmqlo mlpqpfk’m+
_flnr”jf`lp v bpqor`qroîbp bk i^ kbrolk^ mlpqpfk’mqf`^, qf`l q^k plil rk^ _obsb bumlpf`f–k î kbrolqo^kpjfplo
Aljl sbobjlp bk bi A^m”qril /1* rk^ ab i^p cloj^p bk &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(-0#(
nrb bi ^mobkafw^gb ^cb`q^ ^ i^p `lkbuflkbp bkqob kbrol J^ UVdRTeZgRTZz_V_kZ^veZTRpb iibs^ ^ `^_l mlo rk^
k^p prmlkb `^j_flp bk i^p bpmfk^p abkao”qf`^p fkf`fâlp bkwfj^ nrb abpqorvb i^p jli“`ri^p abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo,
mlo i^ ^mboqro^ ab ilp `^kîbp ab `î`fl &s“^pb i^ >_]k{ Jlp mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp pb qboj fk^k ab bpq^
hW,(--Z#( j ^kbo^ mô^ i^ RTVeZ]T`]Z_R " : < _ # v ilp kbrolqo^kpjfpl
obp mbmq”af`lp, J^ qo^kpjfpf–k bk i^p pfk^mpfp ab i^p
DÄĄWÅÄÊWYÄĘĄ ZÀ ÅÆČ ǼÆĊÀĄYÄWÅÀČ cf_o^p jrp`riôbp v bk îdrk^p pfk^mpfp bkqob kbrolk^p
abi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl `bkqoî bpq’ jbafâ^ mlo ?Ae, Jlp
ǼÆČĊČÄĄĚǼĊÄYÆČ mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp molar`falp mlo i^ ?Ae plk
Jlp mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp plk abpmliôfw^`flkbp l jrv _obsbp* mlonrb i^ jbj_o^k^ mlpqpfk’mqf`^ ab bpq^p
efmbomliôfw^`flkbp _obsbp ab_fa^p ^ i^ ^`qfs^`f–k ab ilp
ob`bmqlobp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp mlo i^p jli“`ri^p ab rk kbr i\ZXgkXZ`ye N`ìom\_\ \om\q~n_` g\ h `h ]m\i\ _`g
olqo^kpjfplo, Qr aro^`f–k pb j^kqfbkb `loq^ mlo alp i`pmjom\inh dnjmlp` \^\]\ _` n`m gd] ` m\ _ j k j mpi\o`mh di \g
jb`^kfpjlp8 ob`^mq^`f–k b fk^`qfs^`f–k bkwfj’qf`^, i`mqdjn\) k j i d` i _ j \nÄk p i oj adi\g \g kjoì^d\g kjnondi }kod^j+
Jlp mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp molar`falp mlo i^ 7 [\jXZk`mXZ`ye \eq`d uk`ZX @`nomp^^dÇi _` pi i`pmjom\inh dnjm
j^vlo”^ ab ilp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp pb ^`^_^k mlo cVTRar om\nnp gd]`m\^dÇi k j mk \mo` _` pi\ ìudh\8 k j mè`h k gj)
eRTZz_& Cpqb mol`bpl `lkpfpqb pfjmibjbkqb bk rk^ obqf _ `b m\_ \^dÇi _` g\ \^òdg^jgdi\ k j mg\ \^òdg^jgdi`no`m\n\+
XZ\k`cZfcèX ":<_# J ` pmjom\inh dnjm km`nìo` ì `g ì^~a\gj) g\
oâ^ abi kbrolqo^kpj fplo ab i^ sbp”`ri^ pfk’mqf`^ h ~_pg\ `nkdi\g tk \mo` _ `g ndno`h \ i`mqdjnj k`mda~md^j8 m`nkjin\]g`
buqobjâ^jbkqb o’mfa^* obîfwâ^ mlo i^ molmf^ qbojf _` g\ ^jiom\^^dÇi hpn^pg\m+
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Ijg~^pg\n_`gi`pmjom\inhdnjm m`nojn_`pi\q`nÄ^pg\
_`qp`go\n\g\o`mhdi\gi`mqdjn\ ndi}kod^\lp`c\gd]`m\_j
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H\n hjg~^pg\n_` pi i`pmjom\inhdnjmlp` c\]Ä\ nd_j gd]`m\_j \ g\ cì_d_pm\
ndi}kod^\ nòm\inkjmo\i _` ip`qj \ g\ o`mhdi\g i`mqdjn\+
pfk^mpfp `lkqfbkb rk^ bkwfj^ ii^jâ^ RTVeZ]T`]Z_VdeV% ^`^_^jlp ab sbo* i^ ?AeC bp rk^ bkwfj^ nrb abpqorvb
cRdR!68Y:"&J^ ?AeC abpqorvb ?Ae afsfaf“kali^ bk prp ?Ae v ^`^_^ `lk bi mlqbk`fî mlpqpfk’mqf`l nrb bi kbr
`ljmlkbkqbp* `lifk^ v ^`bq^ql, Aljl kfkdrk^ ab bpq^p olqo^kpjfplo molar`b, ?i abp^`qfsô i^ ?AeC* i^ cfplp
prpq^k`f^p bp `^m^w ab ^`qfsô ilp ob`bmqlobp mlpqpfk’mqf+ qfdjfk^ ^rj bkq^ v molilkd^ bkloj bj bkqb ilp bcb`qlp
`lp* bi mlqbk`fî mlpqpfk’mqf`l qbojfk^ bk `r^kql pb ab i^ ?Ae bk i^ j bj _o^k^ mlpqpfk’mqf`^, ?p” mrbp*
abdoâ^k i^p jli“`ri^p ab ?Ae, J^ ?AeC bp rk abpqor` ^rj bkq^ i^ mlqbk`f^ ab i^ qo^kpjfpf–k pfk’mqf`^ bk i^p
qlo ab ?Ae buqobjâ^jbkqb mlqbkqb8 rk^ jli“`ri^ ab pfk^mpfp jrp`riôbp v obsfboqb ilp bcb`qlp abi `roôb, &Ci
?AeC abpj^kqbi^ j’p ab 3,... jli“`ri^p ab ?Ae mlo A^m”qril 2 `lkqfbkb j’p fkcloj^`f–k pl_ob bi `roôb v
pbdrkal, i^ cfplpqfdjfk^,'
Pb`loabjlp nrb I^qeovk* i^ jrgbo mobpbkqâ^ bk bi J^ Bo^, Uîhbo mi^kqb– nrb pf i^ cfplpqfdjfk^ obsboq”^
`^pl ì”kf`l nrb ^_ob bpqb `^m”qril* prco”^ rk^ ab_fifaâ ilp bcb`qlp abi bksbkbk^jfbkql mlo `roôb* nrfw’p q^j
jrp`riô moldobpfs^, Aljl abp`r_of– i^ kbro–ild^* _f“k obsboqbo”^ ilp p”kqlj^p ab i^ jf^pqbkf^ do^sb, Jl
I^qeovk qbk”^ c_Wij[d_W]hWl[( Cpq^ bkcbojbaâ crb abp mol_– v crk`flk– bk rklp jfkrqlp, Rfbjml abpmr“p* i^p
òfq^ mlo mofjbo^ sbw bk /450 mlo Relj^p Ufiifp* rk bjmobp^p côj^`“rqf`^p abp`r_ofbolk c’oj^`lp nrb
j“af`l fkdi“p, Ci q“ojfkl pfdkfcf`^ ifqboîjbkqb …ab_fif mla”^k qljôpb mlo s”^ loî v molar`”^k bcb`qlp j’p
aâ jrp`riô do^sb่, Ll bp rk qo^pqlokl jrv cob`rbkqb* aroâbolp, ?`qrîjbkqb* pb rp^ rk c’oj^`l fkvb`q^_ib
mbol i^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp bumboqlp òbb nrb jrèlp `^plp mô^ bpq^_ib`bo bi af^dk–pqf`l &`ljl bk bi `^pl ab
ibsbp pb nrba^k pfk af^dklpqf`ô, I^qeovk' v rk c’oj^`l loî mô^ qo^qôi^, Ll pb e^
Ck /712* i^ Bo^, Kôv Uîhbo l_pbos– nrb ilp p”kql bk`lkqoâl ^—k rk qo^q^jfbkql `ro^qfsl mô^ i^ jf^pqb
j^p ab i^ jf^pqbkf^ do^sb ob`loa^_^k ilp bcb`qlp abi kf^ do^sb* mlo abpdo^`f^,
`roôb* rk sbkbkl nrb _ilnrb^ i^ qo^kpjfpf–k kbrol
kî bk i^p pfk^mpfp jrp`riôbp, Sk c’oj^`l ii^jâl XZ\k`cZfcè\jk\iXjX ":<_># Aiudh\ lp` _`nompt` g\ \^òdg^jgdi\
\_ieij_]c_dW& nrb abp^`qfs^ i^ ^`bqfi`lifkbpqbo^p^* pfosb kj^j _`nkp~n _` n`m gd]`m\_\ k j mg\no`mh di \g`n i`mqdjn\n)
ab ^kq”alql mô^ bi bksbkbk^jfbkql mlo `roôb, Aljl adi\gdu\i _j\nÄ`g kjoì^d\g kjnondi }kod^j+
?i fdrî nrb i^ bpìbolpfp j—iqfmib* i^ jf^pqbkf^ do^sb mobpbkqâ^ bk bi obpql abi `^m”qril* K \ g i \ j \ e k\
bp rk^ bkcbojbaâ ^rqlfkjrkb, Nlo îd—k jlqfsl* bi g f k \ e Z `X c\ j g f j kj è u g k`Z f j bk F p I j p Z _ E X Y (
pfpqbj^ fkjrkfqôfl pb pbkpf_fifw^ ^ i^ molqb”k^ nrb `lk J^ fkqbo^``f–k ab ilp bcb`qlp ab i^p pfk^mpfp bu`fqâlo^p
cloj^ ilp ob`bmqlobp ab ^`bqfi`lifk^, Jlp ob`bmqlobp ab b fkef_falo^p bk rk^ kbrolk^ `lkòbq^ pb abkljfk^ fkqb
?Ae krbslp plk abpqorfalp mlo bi pfpqbj^ fkjrkfqôfl do^`f–k kbrolkî &fkqbdo^`f–k pfdkfcf`^ …`lkpqfqrfo rk
`^pf ^ i^ jfpj^ sbil`faâ bk nrb pb molar`bk, qlal่* bk bi pbkqfal ab `lj_fkô alp l j’p crk`flkbp',
J^ Dfdro^ 0,15 firpqo^ ilp bcb`qlp ab i^p pfk^mpfp bu`fqâl
CÁÀYĊÆČ ZÀ ÅÆČ ǼÆĊÀĄYÄWÅÀČ o^p b fkef_falo^p pl_ob rk^ kbrolk^ mlpqpfk’mqf`^, Ci mof
ǼÆČĊČÄĄĚǼĊÄYÆČĤ ÄĄĊÀÂĈWYÄĘĄ ĄÀÇĈÆĄWÅ jbo af_rgl jrbpqo^ il nrb pr`bab `r^kal sôf^p pfk^mpfp
bu`fqâlo^p pb ^`qfs^k, J^ if_bo^`f–k abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo
Fbjlp bpqrafâl i^ fkqbo`lkbuf–k ab kbrolk^p jbaf^k molar`b NNQC abpmliôfwâlobp bk i^p abkaofq^p ab i^ kbr
qb pfk^mpfp* `–jl ilp mlqbk`fîbp ab ^``f–k abpbk`âb olk^, Cpqlp NNQC &obmobpbkqâlp bk olgl' pb qo^kpjfqbk
k^k i^ if_bo^`f–k ab kbrolqo^kpjfplobp v i^ d“kbpfp ab bkqlk`bp mlo i^p abkaofq^p* ^qo^sbp^kal bi plj^* e^pq^ bi
ilp mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp bu`fqâlobp l fkef_falobp `lkl abi û–k pfqrâl bk i^ _^pb abi jfpjl, Qf i^ abpmli^
mlo bpq^p prpq^k`f^p, Jlp mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp bu`f ofw^`f–k bp ^—k il prcf`fbkqbjbkqb mlqbkqb `r^kal î`^kw^
qâlobp ^rjbkq^k i^ mol_^_fifaâ ab nrb i^ kbrolk^ bpqb mrkql* bi û–k pb ^`qfsô’ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(-1W#(
mlpqpfk’mqf`^ pb ^`qfsb9 ilp mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp fk ?elo^ m^pbjlp ^ `lkpfaboô il nrb pr`babo”^ pf* î
ef_falobp afpjfkrvbk bpq^ mol_^_fifaâ &ob`rboab nrb jfpjl qfbjml* i^p pfk^mpfp fkef_falo^p q^j_f“k pb ^`qf
…^`qfs^`f–k่ e^`b obcbobk`f^ ^ i^ molar``f–k ab rk ml sô^k, Jlp mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp fkef_falobp plk
qbk`fî ab ^``f–k', ?p” mrbp* i^ q^p^ ab ^`qfs^`f–k ab rk efmbomliôfwâlobp8 îbg^k î mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^
û–k bpq’ abqbojfkâ^ mlo i^ ^`qfsfaâ obi^qfs^ ab i^p pf abi rj_oî ab bu`fq^`f–k, Nlo bpqb jlqfsl* qfbkabk ^
k^mpfp bu`fqâlo^p b fkef_falo^p bk bi plj^ v i^p abkaof `^k`biô ilp bcb`qlp ab ilp mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp
q^p ab bp^ `“iri^, Qf kl e^v pfk^mpfp bu`fqâlo^p ^`qfs^p* l bu`fqâlobp &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(-1X#(
`r^kal i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab i^p pfk^mpfp fkef_falo^p bp bpmb
`fîjbkqb îq^* bp^ q^p^ mlao”^ ^molufjôpb ^ `bol, èk\îXZ`ye e\lifeXc Lmj^`nj k j m`g lp` gjn kjoì^d\g`n
Cèbjlp rk sfpq^wl ^ ilp bibjbkqlp ab bpqb mol`bpl, kjnondi}kod^jn di cd]d_jm`nt`s^do\_jm`nn` ^jh ]di\i t^jiomjg\i g\
Nô^ sbo rk^ ^kfj^`f–k fkqbo^`qfs^ ab i^ fkcloj^`f–k o\n\ _` \ôdq\^dÇi _` pi\ i`pmji\+
H\\ôdqd_\__`g\n
ndi\kndndicd]d_jm\n
kmj_p^` LLOE %ì\upg&
ì g\i`pmji\
kjnondi}kod^\
H\\ôdqd_\__`g\n
ndi\kndn`s^do\_jm\n Ag^jij_`g\sÇi\g^\iu\ Hjn LLOE ^jiom\mm`no\i gjn
kmj_p^` LLOA %ì mjej& `gph]m\g_``s^do\^dÇi8 LLOA8 ijn`_`nì^\_ì\
ì g\i`pmji\ n`_`nì^\_ì\pikjoì^d\g pikjoì^d\g_`\^^dÇi
kjnondi}kod^\ q_`\^^dÇiì`g\sÇi ì`g\sÇi
B E C Q N = , (- 1 Bek\îXZ`ye e\lifeXc
%\&Od q\md\n ndi\kndn`s^do\_jm\n`no}i \ôdq\n\g hdnhjod`h kj) gjn LLOA lp` kmj_p^ì %m`km`nìo\_jnì ^jgjmmjej&n`
nph\i \ h`_d_\ lp` n` kmjk\b\i kj m`g \sÇi)t`g \sÇi n` \ôdq\) %]& Odq\md\n ndi\kndn dicd]d_jm\n`no}i \ôdq\n\ g\ qù) gjn
LLOE lp` kmj_p^ì %ì ^jgjm\upg& m`_p^ì `g o\h\Åj _` gjn LLOA` dh kd_ì lp``g \sÇi n` \ôdq`+
J^ q^p^ ab ^`qfs^`f–k ab rk^ kbrolk^ bpq’ `lkqoliâ^ pfpqbj^ obdriâlo nrb `lkqoli^ i^ `^kqfaâ ab kbrol
mlo i^ ^`qfsfaâ obi^qfs^ ab i^p pfk^mpfp ^`qfsâlo^p b fkef qo^kpjfplo if_boâ^, Qf pb if_bo^ abj^pfâl* ilp ^rqloob
_falo^p ab prp abkaofq^p v plj^, Qf i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab i^p `bmqlobp fkef_bk i^ molar``f–k v if_bo^`f–k9 pf kl pb
pfk^mpfp bu`fqâlo^p ^rjbkq^* i^ q^p^ ab ^`qfs^`f–k pb if_bo^ il prcf`fbkqb* i^p q^p^p ab molar``f–k v if_bo^`f–k
fkòbjbkqô’, Qf i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab i^p pfk^mpfp fkef_falo^p ^rjbkq^k,
bp j^vlo* i^ q^p^ ab ^`qfs^`f–k afpjfkrfo’,
F^v nrb qbkbo bk `rbkq^ nrb i^ fkef_f`f–k d[khedWb MĊĈÆČ ĊÄǼÆČ ZÀ ČÄĄWǼČÄČ
&bp ab`fo* rk mlqbk`fî mlpqpfk’mqf`l fkef_falo' kl pfbj
mob pb qoâr`b bk fkef_f`f–k YedZkYjkWb( Nlo bgbjmil* F^pq^ bpqb mrkql* bi ^k’ifpfp ab i^ ^`qfsfaâ pfk’mqf`^ pb
fj^dfkbjlp nrb rk dorml ab kbrolk^p fkef_b rk jlsf e^ obcbofal —kf`^jbkqb ^ ilp bcb`qlp ab i^ bu`fq^`f–k l
jfbkql abqbojfkâl, Qf bpq^p kbrolk^p plk fkef_fa^p* v^ fkef_f`f–k mlpqpfk’mqf`^, Cpqlp bcb`qlp qfbkbk irdô bk
kl prmofjfo’k i^ `lkar`q^, Nlo bpqb jlqfsl* i^ fkef_f pfk^mpfp ûlplj’qf`^p v ûlabkao”qf`^p, J^p pfk^mpfp
`f–k i^ i^p kbrolk^p fkef_falo^p e^`b j’p mol_^_ib i^ ûlû–kf`^p crk`flk^k ab cloj^ afcbobkqb, Ll `lkqof
^môf`f–k ab i^ `lkar`q^, Nlo prmrbpql* l`roob il jfpjl _rvbk afob`q^jbkqb ^ i^ fkqbdo^`f–k kbrolkî* pfkl nrb
bk bi `^pl ab i^ bu`fq^`f–k kbrolkî, J^ [nY_jWY_gd ab îqbo^k i^ `^kqfaâ ab kbrolqo^kpjfplo if_boâl mlo i^p
kbrolk^p nrb _d^_X[d rk^ `lkar`q^ prmofjb bp^ `lk qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p abi û–k mlpqpfk’mqf`l, Nrbabk
ar`q^, Nlo bgbjmil* `r^kal pl•^jlp* pb ^`qfs^ rk dorml molar`fo rk^ jlari^`f–k mobpfk’mqf`^8 fkef_f`f–k mob
môqf`riô ab kbrolk^p fkef_falo^p bk bi bk`“cîl nrb pfk’mqf`^ l c^`fifq^`f–k mobpfk’mqf`^,
fjmfabk nrb klp ibs^kqbjlp v ^`qrbjlp ilp prb•lp, Aljl p^_b* i^ if_bo^`f–k ab rk kbrolqo^kpjfplo mlo
&Aljl sbobjlp bk bi A^m”qril 7* pf bpq^p kbrolk^p pb môqb ab rk^ qbojfkî kbosflp^ bpq’ fkf`fâ^ mlo rk
ibpflk^k* i^p mboplk^p WYjkWhcd prp prb•lp,' J^p kbrol mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k, Llojîjbkqb* rk^ qbojfkî kbo
k^p plk bibjbkqlp ab `fo`rfqlp `ljmibglp9 pfk `lkl`bo sflp^ `lkòbq^ if_bo^ rk^ `^kqfaâ cfg^ ab kbrolqo^kpjf
ilp abqîibp ab bpqlp `fo`rfqlp* kl bp mlpf_ib mobab`fo ilp plo `â^ sbw nrb iibd^ rk mlqbk`fî ab ^``f–k, Qfk
bcb`qlp ab i^ bu`fq^`f–k l fkef_f`f–k ab rk dorml ab bj_ôdl* i^ if_bo^`f–k abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo mrbab bpqô
kbrolk^p pl_ob i^ `lkar`q^ abi lod^kfpjl, jlariâ^ mlo i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab i^p pfk^mpfp ûlû–kf`^p, Qf
i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab i^ pfk^mpfp ûlû–kf`^ obar`b i^ if_bo^
`f–k abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo* bi bcb`ql pb abkljfk^ fkef_f
ÇĊÆĈĈÀYÀǼĊÆĈÀČ `f–k mobpfk’mqf`^, Qf ^rjbkq^ i^ if_bo^`f–k* pb ii^j^
Jlp ob`bmqlobp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp abqb`q^k i^ mobpbk`f^ ab c^`fifq^`f–k mobpfk’mqf`^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW ,(-2#( Nlo
rk kbrolqo^kpjfplo bk i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’mqf`^ v mlkbk `fboql* `ljl sbobjlp bk bi A^m”qril 2* bi `ljmrbpql
bk jôè^ mlqbk`fîbp mlpqpfk’mqf`lp bu`fqâlobp l fkef ^`qfsl ab i^ jôfer^k^ bgbo`b pr bcb`ql bk bi `bob_ol
_falobp, Nbol i^ jbj_o^k^ mlpqpfk’mqf`^ kl bp i^ —kf`^ rkf“kalpb ^ ob`bmqlobp mobpfk’mqf`lp,
il`îfw^`f–k ab ob`bmqlobp nrb ob^``flk^k ^kqb ilp kbr Krè^p kbrolk^p jrv mbnrb•^p qfbkbk molilkd^`fl
olqo^kpjfplobp, Krè^p kbrolk^p q^j_f“k qfbkbk ob`bm kbp buqobjâ^jbkqb `loq^p v ^môbkqbjbkqb `ôb`bk ab
qlobp nrb obpmlkabk ^ ilp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp nrb [bbWi ûlkbp, Cpq^p kbrolk^p cloj^k i_dWfi_iZ[dZheZ[dZhej_YWi&
c_icWib_X[hWd& abkljfkâlp ^rqloob`bmqlobp, l pfk^mpfp bkqob abkaofq^p, Aljl bpq^p kbrolk^p kl qfb
Jlp ^rqloob`bmqlobp mrbabk pfqrôpb bk i^ jbj_o^ kbk molilkd^`flkbp û–kf`^p iôd^p* kl qo^kpjfqbk
k^ ab `rînrfbo môqb ab i^ `“iri^* mbol bk bpqb ^môq^ fkcloj^`f–k ab rk irdô ^ lqol abi bk`“cîl, J^ j^vl
al plil qbkaobj lp bk `rbkq^ ilp il`îfwâlp bk i^ o”^ ab ilp fksbpqfdâlobp mfbkp^ nrb obîfw^k crk`flkbp
qbojfkî kbosflp^, Ck i^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp `^plp* bpqlp ^r obdriâlo^p* nrfw’p ^vra^kal ^ lod^kfwô i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab
qloob`bmqlobp kl `lkqoli^k `^kîbp f–kf`lp, ?p” mrbp* dormlp ab kbrolk^p, Aljl bpq^p kbrolk^p plk q^k
`r^kal plk bpqfjriâlp mlo rk^ jli“`ri^ abi kbrol mbnrb•^p* obpriq^ afc”`fi bpqrafôi^p9 mlo bpqb jlqfsl*
qo^kpjfplo* ilp ^rqloob`bmqlobp kl molar`bk `^j_flp ^mbk^p pb `lkl`b pr crk`f–k,
bk bi mlqbk`fî ab jbj_o^k^ ab i^ qbojfkî kbosflp^* ?idrk^p kbrolk^p ab j^vlo q^j^•l cloj^k q^j_f“k
pfkl nrb obdri^k mol`bplp fkqboklp* `ljl i^ p”kqbpfp v if pfk^mpfp abkaolabkao”qf`^p, Nôqb ab bpq^p pfk^mpfp bp
_bo^`f–k abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo, &Aljl nrfw’p e^v^ abar nr”jf`^* il nrb pb mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql mlo i^ mobpbk`f^
`fal* ilp ^rqloob`bmqlobp plk jbq^_lqo–mf`lp9 bi `lkqoli ab sbp”`ri^p pfk’mqf`^p bk rk^ ab i^p abkaofq^p vruq^+
nrb bgbo`bk pl_ob bpqlp mol`bplp il `lkpfdrbk jbaf^k
qb molqb”k^p E v pbdrkalp jbkp^gbolp,' Ck i^ j^vlo”^ ab 7 Xl kf ii\Z\g kf i I jg~^pg\ m`^`kojm\ndop\_\ ì pi\ i`pmji\ lp`
ilp `^plp* ilp bcb`qlp ab i^ ^`qfs^`f–k ab ^rqloob`bmqlobp m`nkji_` \g i`pmjom\inh dnjm gd] ` m\ _ j k j m`n\ hdnh\ i`pmji\+
plk fkef_falobp9 bp ab`fo* i^ mobpbk`f^ abi kbrolqo^kpjf T7è_`Y`Z`ye gi\jèugk`ZX =^^dÇi _` pi\o`mh di \ g i`mqdjn\
plo bk bi i”nrfal buqo^`biriô bk i^p molufjfaâbp ab i^ km`ndi}kod^\ ì pi\ ndi\kndn\sj\sÇid^\8 m`_p^` g\ ^\iod_ \_ _`g
kbrolk^ `^rp^ rk abp`bkpl bk i^ q^p^ ab p”kqbpfp l if_b i `pmjom\inh dnjm gd]` m\ _ j k j m g\o`mh di \ g i`mqdjn\ kjnondi}kod^\+
7 ]XZ`c`kXZ`ye gi\jèugk`ZX =^^dÇi _` pi\o`mh di \ g i`mqdjn\
o^`f–k abi kbrolqo^kpjfplo, J^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp fksbpqfd^ km`ndi}kod^\ ì pi\ ndi\kndn\sj\sÇid^\8 \ph ìo\ g\ ^\iod_\_ _`g
alobp òbb nrb ilp ^rqloob`bmqlobp plk môqb ab rk i `pmjom\inh dnjm gd]` m\ _ j k j m g\o`mh di \ g i`mqdjn\ kjnondi}kod^\+
P`mhdi\g
i`mqdjn\=
P`mhdi\g Odi\kndn
i`mqdjn\ > \sj\sÇid^\
@ìnd_\_
kjnondi}kod^\
Odi\kndn
B gC Q N = , (- 3 Ne`ye èk\iZ\clcXi Zfdle`ZXek\
\sj_ì_mÄod^\
H\n p i dj i ` n di o` m ^ ` gp g\ m ` n ^ j h p i d^ \ i o` n k ` m h do` i `g
Ankdi\ \ ^ j k g\ h d` i oj ` g~ ^ om d^ j _ dm ` ^ o j ` i om ` g\n h ` h ] m\ i \ n _ `
_ì_mdod^\ i ` p mj i \ n \ _ t \ ^ ` i o` n +
%Pjh \_j _`> ìiòo) I +R+ H+)\i_ L\kk\n) C+ @+ L\YBcifbU`c Z FYifcgW]YbWY'
.650) 0) 415*43.+ N `kmj_p^d_j^ji\pojmdu\^dÇi+&
? B@ N K : , (- 2 LèXgj`j XofXoye`ZX
jeZ_Yei &ab ê” molsfbkb pr klj_ob', Jlp kbroljlariâl
H\ \ ^ odq d_ \ _ _ ` g\ o` mh di \ g i ` mq dj n \ = k p ` _ ` \ p h ` i o\ m j
obp plk pbòbqâlp bk j^vlo `^kqfaâ v afcrkabk bk
_ dn h di p dm g\ ^ \ i od_ \ _ _ ` i ` p mj om \ i n h dn j m gd] ` m \ _ j k j m g\
afpq^k`f^p j’p iôd^p* jlari^kal i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab jrè^p
o` mh di \ g >+
kbrolk^p bk rk^ mlo`f–k `lkòbq^ abi bk`“cîl, Nlo bgbj
mil* ilp kbroljlariâlobp fkcirvbk bk bpqâlp `lkar`+
mrbpq^p v rk bkdo^p^jfbkql mlpqpfk’mqf`l bk i^ jbj_o^ qrîbp dil_îbp* `ljl i^ sfdfi^k`f^* bi jfbal vi^ pbkpf_fifaâ
k^ ab i^ lqo^, Mqo^p pfk^mpfp plk [bdYjh_YWi5 i^p jbj_o^k^p î alilo, Ci A^m”qril 2 pb l`rm^ ab ilp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp
pb grkq^k v `^pf `lkq^`q^k* cloj^kal rk^ f_Zz_Z_eVcTVr v kbroljlariâlobp j’p fjmloq^kqbp,
]f]RcT`^f_ZTR_eV&J^p jbj_o^k^p pfqrâ^p ^ ^j_lp i^ J^p Y`c^`_Rdplk pbòbqâ^p mlo `“iri^p ab i^p X]v_r
alp ab rk^ rkf–k ab bpqb qfml `lkqfbkbk `^kîbp nrb Uf]Rd V_U`TcZ_Rd &abi dofbdl [dZe'& …abkqol ab่* v af'
mbojfqbk ^ ilp flkbp afcrkafo ab rk^ `“iri^ ^ i^ lqo^, ?p” d[_d& …pbòbqô่' l mlo `“iri^p pfqrâ^p bk afpqfkqlp
mrbp* i^p sôf^`flkbp bk bi mlqbk`fî ab j bj _o^k^ ab –od^klp* `ljl bi bpq–j^dl* bi fkqbpqfkl* bi of•–k v bi
rk^ kbrolk^ fkar`bk `^j_flp bk i^ jbj_o^k^ ab i^ bk`“cîl, J^p `“iri^p nrb pbòbq^k elojlk^p if_bo^k bp
lqo^ &s“^pb i^ >_]khW ,(-3#( ?rknrb i^ j^vlo”^ ab i^p q^p prpq^k`f^p nr”jf`^p î i”nrfal buqo^`biriô, Nlpqb
rkflkbp fkqbo`biriôbp `ljrkf`^kqbp bk i^p pfk^mpfp ab oflojbkqb* i^p elojlk^p pb afpqof_rvbk î obpql abi
sboqb_oâlp plk abkaolabkao”qf`^p* q^j_f“k i^p e^v ûl+ lod^kfpjl ^ qo^s“p abi qloobkqb p^kdr”kbl, J^p eloj l
plj’qf`^p v ûlabkao”qf`^p, J^p rkflkbp fkqbo`biriôbp k^p fkcirvbk bk i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab ^nrbii^p `“iri^p &kbrol+
`ljrkf`^kqbp plk cob`rbkqbp bk ilp fksboqb_oâlp9 abp
`lkl`bjlp pr crk`f–k bk bi pfpqbj^ kbosflpl ab ilp sbo
qb_oâlp, 7 le`ye èk\iZ\clcXiZfd le`ZXek\ P dk j `nk`^d\g _` pidÇi
ìom` ^~gpg\nlp` k ` mh do` np ^jh pid^\^dÇi _dm`ô\ k j mh ` _dj _`g
\^jk g\ h d` i oj `g~ômd^j +
e\lifd f[lcX[fi Opno\i^d\ n`^mò\_\ i\opm\gh ìo` lp`
AÆǺÇĄÄYWYÄĘĄ ĆÇĒǺÄYW ĄÆ ČÄĄĚǼĊÄYW api^dji\ ^jh j pi i`pmjom\inh dnjm`s^` k oj ì lp` ij`no}
Jlp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp plk if_boâlp mlo i^p qbojfkîbp m`nomdi bd_\ \ g\ cì_d_pm\ ndi}kod^\) ndij lp`_ dap i _ ` k j m`g gÄlpd_j
kbosflp^p ab i^p kbrolk^p v pb rkbk ^ ob`bmqlobp bk i^ `som\^`gpg\m+

g vg k`[ f ?\_ì\ _`\h dij}^d_jn pid_jnk j mìg\^`n
jbj_o^k^ ab lqo^ `“iri^ pfqrâ^ jrv `bo`^, J^ `ljrkf k`k oÄ_d^jn+ H\ h\tjmÄ\ _` gjn i`p mjh j_pg\_jm`nt\gbpi\n
`^`f–k bk `â^ pfk^mpfp bp mofsâ^, Jlp _Vfc`^Ùf]RU`cVd cjmh ji\nnji k~k od_ j n +
plk prpq^k`f^p nr”jf`^p if_boâ^p mlo i^p kbrolk^p nrb ` _fid feX Opno\i^d\ lpÄh d^\ gd]`m\_\ k j mg\n bg}i_pg\n
`r_obk j^vlobp afpq^k`f^p v ildo^k rk^ afpmbopf–k j’p ì_j^mdi\nlp`è`m^`npnà`ôj nnj]m` ^~gpg\n _d\i\ _` jomjn
^jmif^ nrb ilp kbrolqo^kpjfplobp, J^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp kbr Çmb\ijn+

+$ ^cue[lcX \e[fZièX C g}i_pg\ lp` gd]`m\ npnn`^m`^dji`n \g
oljlariâlobp plk awaeZU`d$ `âbk^p ab ^jfkl’`falp gÄlpd_j `som\ ^`gpg\mlp` mj_`\ gjn^\kdg\m`n)t_`\cÄ\g oj mm` i o`
ifdâlp bkqob p” mlo rkflkbp nr”jf`^p ii^jâ^p [dbWY[if[f' n\ibpÄi`j+
•^p fkìrfa^p' nrb qfbkbk ob`bmqlobp bpmb`fîfwâlp bk

i^ prmbocf`fb ab i^ jbj _o^k^ l abkqol abi k—ìbl, J^p
`“iri^p nrb mlpbbk ob`bmqlobp mô^ rk^ eloj lk^ abqbo
jfkâ^ pb abkljfk^k Tw]f]Rd UZR_R ab bp^ elojlk^9
plil bpq^p `“iri^p obpmlkabk ^ pr mobpbk`f^, Krè^p
kbrolk^p `lkqfbkbk ob`bmqlobp elojlkîbp* v i^p elo
jlk^p plk `^m^`bp ab fkcirfo bk i^ `lkar`q^ bpqfjri^k
al ilp ob`bmqlobp v `^j_f^kal i^ ^`qfsfaâ ab bpq^p
kbrolk^p, Nlo bgbjmil* rk^ eloj lk^ pburî* i^ qbpqlp+
qbolk^* ^rjbkq^ i^ ^dobpfsfaâ ab i^ j^vlo”^ ab ilp j^
j”cbolp abi pbul j^p`rifkl,
J^p elojlk^p mbmq”af`^p bgbo`bk prp bcb`qlp bk i^p
<YhU``YXYibUWrìÙ `“iri^p af^k^ bpqfjri^kal ob`bmqlobp jbq^_lqo–mf`lp
pfqrâlp bk i^ jbj_o^k^, Ci pbdrkal jbkp^gbol dbkb
Ijg~^pg\_`cjmhji\
`no`mjd_`\ oâl pb abpmi^w^ î k—ìbl ab i^ `“iri^* alkab mlkb bk
jôè^ `^j_flp bk ilp mol`bplp cfpfli–df`lp `biriôbp,
N`^`kojm J^p elojlk^p VdeVc`ZUVRd`lkpfpqbk bk jli“`ri^p ifml+
`no`mjd_`j plir_ibp jrv mbnrb•^p "[i\[he_Z[molsfbkb abi dofbdl ij[{
h[ei& …p–ifal่* v abi i^q”k eb[kc& …^`bfqb่, Qb pfkqbqfw^k ^
môqfo abi Yeb[ij[heb#( Cgbjmilp ab elojlk^p bpqbolfab^p
plk i^p elojlk^p pburîbp pbòbqâ^p mlo lsôflp v qbp
I`h]m\i\ q”`rilp v i^p molar`fa^p mlo i^ `loqbw^ prmoôobkî,
ip^g`\m Aljl i^p elojlk^p bpqbolfab^p plk plir_ibp bk ilp i”mf+
alp* ^qo^sfbp^k c’`fijbkqb i^ jbj_o^k^ `biriô, Jibd^k
I`h]m\i\ î k—ìbl* alkab pb rkbk ^ ob`bmqlobp îi” pfqrâlp, Jlp
^~gpg\ ob`bmqlobp* bpqfjriâlp mlo i^ elojlk^* afofdbk bkqlk
`bp i^ j^nrfkôf^ ab i^ `“iri^ mô^ sôfô pr molar``f–k
H\cjmhji\n`
pi`\g m`^`kojm
ab molqb”k^p &s“^pb i^ >_]khW,(.*#(
`no`mjd_`j) lp` + Ck ilp —iqfjlp ^•lp* ilp fksbpqfdâlobp e^k abp`r_fbo
_dmdb`\gjn ql nrb bufpqbk ob`bmqlobp bpqbolfablp bk i^p qbojfkîbp
^mjhjnjh\n
\did^d\mg\nÄio`ndn
kbosflp^p v îobabalo ab i^ jbj_o^k^ mlpqpfk’mqf`^ ab
kmjo`d^\ îdrk^p kbrolk^p, Cpqlp ob`bmqlobp bpqbolfablp fkcirvbk
q+ bk i^ qo^kpjfpf–k pfk’mqf`^* v il e^`bk o’mfa^jbkqb, ?—k
kl `lkl`bjlp bu^`q^jbkqb `–jl crk`flk^k,
BgC Q N = , (. * :ZZ`ye [\ cXj _fidfeXj \jk\if`[\Xj
H\n cjmhji\n`no`mjd_`\n diagptì ì npn ^~gpg\n_d\i\
T7ZvclcX [`XeX P dkj _` ^~gpg\ \a`ô\_\ _dm` ô\ h ` i o` k j mpi\
kj mh`_dj _` m`^`kojm`n `nk`^d\gdu\_jnndop\_jnì `g
cjmh ji\ j ]dì jom\ n`Å\g lpÄh d^\+
iÉ^g`j+ ?p\i_j `g m`^`kojmn` pi` \ pi\ hjg~^pg\ _` 7 \ jk\if `[ \ Opno\i^d\ lpÄh d^\ _` ]\ej k`nj h jg`^pg\m)
cjmhji\ `no`mjd_`\) kmjqj^\ lp` gjn h`^\idnhjn _ `mdq\ _\ _ `g ^j g` n o` mj g+ H\n cjmh ji\n `no`mjd_` \n di agptì ì npn
bì~od^jn did^dì g\ nÄio`ndn_` kmjo`Äi\n+ ^~gpg\n _d\i\ p id~i_jn` \ m` ^` k oj m` n ndop\_ jn _ ` i omj _`g iÉ^g`j+
PCQSKCL GLRCPKCBGM
8`^f_ZTRTZz_V_ecV]Rd_Vfc`_Rd
H\nndi\kndn^jindnoì ì pidji`n ìom` g\n o`mh di\g`n _`nkjg\mdu\^dji`n %LLOA& j cdk`mkjg\mdu\^dji`n %LLOE&
i`mqdjn\n_ ` pi\ i`pmji\ t g\ h `h ]m\i\ _` jom\ _` g\ h `h ]m\i\ kjnondi}kod^\+ H\ o\n\ _` \ôdq\^dÇi
i`pmji\) pi\ ^~gpg\ h pn^pg\mj pi\ ^~gpg\ bg\i_pg\m+ _`g \sÇi _` g\ i`pmji\ kj nondi}kod^\ `no}
? p\i_j n` kmjk\b \ pi kj oì^d\g _ ` \^^dÇi k j m pi _ ` o`mh di \_\ k j m g\ \ôdqd_\_ m`g\odq\ _ ` g\nndi\kndn
\sÇi) g\n o`mh di\g`n i`mqdjn\n_ ` np `som`h j gd]`m\i `s^do\_jm\n ` dicd] d_jm\ n ì g\ h `h ]m\i\ _` npn
pi i`pmjom\inh dnjm) npno\i^d\ lpÄh d^\ lp` kmj_p^` %^jiodiÉ\ ì k}bdi\ ndbpdìo`&
_ ` i_mdo\ ntnjh \)a` i Ç h ` i j ^ j i j ^ d_ j ^jh j \^òdg^jgdi`no`m\n\) t gjn k ~ k od_ j n nji _ ` nompd_j n k j m

]b hY [fUW]u b bYifcbU`) _dnodio\n ìudh\n+ Hjnom\inkj mo\_ jm` n ndop\_jn ì g\
H\no`mh di\g` n ndi}kod^\n ^ji odìì q`nÄ^pg\n h `h ]m\i\ km`ndi}kod^\ mòdm\i g\n h jg~^pg\n _` gjn
ndi}kod^\n+ H\ h \tjmÄ\ _` g\no`mh di\g` n ^ji odìì _`h }n i`pmjom\inh dnjm`n_ ` g\ cì_d_pm\ ndi}kod^\+
q`nÄ^pg\n _ ` _jno\h \Åjn8 g\n h}n k` lp`Å\n nji h}n Ano` kmj^`nj _` m`n^\o` n` _` ijh di \ m`^\ko\^dÇi+
\] pi_\ io` n ì g\ uji\ _ ` gd]`m\^dÇi _` g\ h `h ]m\i\ H\ h `h ]m\i\ km`ndi}kod^\) \g dbp\g lp` g\
km`ndi}kod^\+ ? p\i _j pi kj o` i ^d\ g _ ` \^^dÇi n` kjnondi}kod^\) ^ji odì` m`^`kojm`n lp` _ ` o`ô\i g\
om\ inh do` k j m`g \sÇi) g\ _`nkjg\mdu\^dÇi \]m` ^\i\g`n km`nì^d\ _` pi i`pmjom\inh dnjm+ Hjn m`^`kojm`n
_` ^\g^dj _ ` k ` i _ d` i o` n _`g qj go\ e` ) l p ` k ` mh do` i g\ km`ndi}kod^jn) o\h ]d~i gg\h \_jn \pojmm`^`kojm`n)
ìom\_\ _ ` ?\/(+ Hjn dji`n ^\g^dj n` piì \ gjn qdbdg\i g\ ^\i od_\_ _` i`pmjom\inh dnjmlp` gd]`m\ g\
bmpkjn _ ` h jg~^pg\n kmjo`d^\n ì g\n h `h ]m\i\n _` i`pmji\ t\k \mì o`h ` io` m`bpg\i g\ ^\iod_\_
q`nÄ^pg\n ndi}kod^\n \om\^\_\n ì g\ uji\ _` ndioòdu\_\ t gd]`m\_\+
gd]`m\^dÇi+ Hjn b mpkjn _` kmjo`Äi\n n` n`k\m\i) H\n ndi\kndn \sjnjh }od^\nt\sj_ì_mÄod^\n ij nji
c\^dì_j lp` g\n q`nÄ^pg\n n` mjh k\i t gd]`mì `g gjn Éid^jnodk j n km`nìo`n ì `g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj+ H\n
i`pmjom\inh dnjm+ H\n q`nÄ^pg\n ì `g aj i _ j _` ndi\kndn \sj\sÇid^\n m`_p^ì j ]dì \ph ìo\i g\
gd]`m\^dÇi m}kd_\ ë]`n\ií ]m`q`h ` io` `g di o` mdj m_ ` g\ ^\i od_\_ _`g i`pmjom\inh dnjm gd]`m\_j k j mg\ o`mh di\g
h `h ]m\i\ km`ndi}kod^\) gd]`m\i np ^ j i o` i d_ j t) \ i`mqdjn\ kjnondi}kod^\) k mj _ p ^d` i _ j dicd] d^dÇ i j
^ j i odip\^dÇ i) n` n`k\m\i k\m\ q j gq ` m\ m`ggì\mn`+ H\n a\^dgdo\^dÇ i km`ndi}kod^\n+ P\h ]d~i c\tndi\kndn
_`g aj i _ j _` m`^d^g\e` t _` m`n`mq\ n` apndji\i _` i_mj _ì _mÄod^\ n) k`mj _`n^jij^`h jnnp api ^dÇi ì
^ j h k g` o\ h ` i o` ^ji g\ h `h ]m\i\ km`ndi}kod^\ t g\ ^jh pid^\^dÇi i`pmji\g+
kd`m_ì np d_ ` i od_ \ _ + H\ h `h ]m\i\ `som\ ajmh \_ \ k j m H\ om\inh dndÇi lpÄh d^\ ij ndi}kod^\ `n ndh dg\m\ g\
`no\nq`nÄ^pg\n n` _` nk`b\ \g ^dojkg\nh \ t n` m`^d^g\ ndi}kod^\+ J `pmjh j _pg\_ jm` n k` k oÄ_ d^j nt cjmh ji\n
ì g\ k mj_p^^dÇ i _` ip`q\nq`nÄ^pg\n+ \ôdq\i m`^`kojm`n k` k oÄ_ d^j n h ` o\ ] j omÇ k d^j n ndop\_jn
H\ \ôdq\^dÇi _ ` gjn m`^`kojm`n kj nondi}kod^jn k j m ì g\ h `h ]m\i\8 è`m^ì npn à`ôjn h ` _d\io` g\
k\mo` _` g\n h jg~^pg\n _` pi i`pmjom\inh dnjmkmjqj^\ kmj_p^^dÇ i _ ` n`bpi_jn hìn\e`mjn+ H\n cjmh ji\n
g\ \k`mopm\ _` ^\i\g`n dÇid^jn _` k ` i _ d` i o` n _`g `no`mjd_`\nìom\i ì `g iÉ^g`j) _ j i _ ` n` piì \
i`pmjom\inh dnjm) m`npgo\i_j ì kjoì^d\g`n m`^`kojm`n ^\k\^`n_ ` \go` m\m g\ nÄio`ndn_ ` kmjo`Äi\n
kjnondi}kod^jn+ Hjn m`^`kojm`n dj i j omÇ k d^j n ^jiodìì lp` m`bpg\i gjn kmj^`njnadndj gÇ b d^j n _` g\ ^~gpg\+
^\i\g`n dÇid^jn) lp` n` \]mì _dm` ô\h ` io` ^p\i_j pi Ano\n cjmh ji\no\h ]d~i n` piì \ m`^`kojm`n
gdb \ i _ j n` \^jkg\ \g gpb\m_ ` pidÇi+ Hjn m`^`kojm`n gj^\gdu\_jn ì jomjn kpiojn _` g\ ^~gpg\) k`mj npn
h ` o\ ] j omÇ k d^ j n `no}i gdb\_ jn\ kmjo`Äi\n C) lp`) nd api^dji`n nji h ìjn ^jij^d_\n+
`no}i \ôdq\_\n) \]mì ^\i\g`n dÇid^jn) c \ ]dop\gh ìo`
h ` _d\io` g\ kmj_p^^dÇ i _` pi\ npno\i^d\ lpÄh d^\ ê <N>LMBHG>L I:K: K>?E>QBHG:K
_ìjh di \_\ n`b pi_j hìn\e`mj+ .+ èLjmlp~ g\ om\inh dndÇi ndi}kod^\ npkji` g\
H\ i\opm\gù\ _`g kj oì^d\g k j nondi}kod^j _ ` k ` i _ ` gd]`m\^dÇi _` npno\i^d\n lpÄhd^\n< Ag \ ^j kg\h d` ioj
_`g odk j _ ` ^\i\g dÇid^j \ ] d` moj k j m gjn m`^`kojm`n `g~ômd^j _ dm` ^ oj _` g\n cjmh ji\n `n h p^cj h}n
kjnondi}kod^jn ì pi\ ndi\kndn ^ji^mò\+ ? p\i_j ìom\ ndh kg`) \nÄlp` èkjmlp ~ ip`nom\n i`pmji\n ij gj
J $ ì g\ ^~gpg$ n` kmj_p^ì kjoì^d\g`n pn\i h}n `soìn\h ìo`< %Qi\ am\^^dÇi h diÉn^pg\
k j nondi}kod^jn `s^do\_jm`n+ Hjn kjoì^d\g`n _ ` g\n^ji`sdji`nndi}kod^\n _`g ì^~a\gj cph \ij
k j nondi}kod^jn di cd] d_jm` n m`npgo\i _ ` g\ n\gd_\ _` G( nÄ`h kg`\ `g \^j kg\h d` ioj `g~ômd^j+& D \]dop\gh ìo`)
j g\ ìom\_\ _` ? g[+ H\ ìom\_\ _` ?\/( kmj_p^` g\ i\opm\gù\ podgdu\ `g h ` _ dj h}n ndh kg` kj nd] g`
LLOA) k`mj) gj lp ` m`npgo\ \Éi h}n dh k j mo\ i o` ) \ôdq\ k\m\ gjbm\m pi adi _ ` o` mh di \ _ j ) _ ` h j _ j lp ` g\
ìudh\n `nk`^d\g`n lp` ^\pn\i ^\h ]djnadndjgÇb d^jn om\inh dndÇi lpÄh d^\ _ ` ] ` o` i ` m^d`mo\nqìo\e\n+
ì g\ ^~gpg\ kjnondi}kod^\ dh kgd^\ _jn ì `g è?p}g`n^m`` lp ` nji<
\kmì_du\e`+ /+ ? jind_`m`h jn `g ^jiomjg _`g màgèj _ ` mòdm\_\
Hjn kjoì^d\g`n kj nondi}kod^jnnp`gì n`mh pt dgpnom\ _j ì g\ Bdbpm\ /+.1+ èLj_mÄ\ _dn`Å\m pi
]m`q`n+ Op adi n` kmj _ p ^` _` _jn h\i`m\n+ H\ ^dm^pdoj ^ji ndi\kndn `g~ômd^\nlp` ^jindbpd`m\ gjn
\^òdg^jgdi\ `n di\ôdq\_\ k j mg\ ìudh\ hdnh jnadi`n<
EcVXf_eRdUVcVaRd` $ ) ~ àV > j kl [ `f Y i\ g X j f GO F pI j p Z _ E X Y
.+ J jh ] m`t_`n^md]\ g\n k\mo`n_ ` pi\ i`pmji\) t 3+ @`n^md]\ g\ `nompôpm\ _` g\ ndi\kndn) gd]`m\^dÇi _`g
` s k gdl p ` npnapi^dji`n+ i`pmjom\inh dnjmt\ôdq\^dÇi _` gjn m`^`kojm`n
/+ @`n^md]\ g\n ^~gpg\n _ ` njk jmo` _`g ndno`h \ i`mqdjnj kjnondi}kod^jn+
^ìom\g t _`g k` mda~md^j ) t` s k gdl p ` g\ ]\mm`m\ 4+ @`n^md]\ gjn kjoì^d\g`n kjnondi}kod^jn7 h j qdh dìoj n
c`h \ojì^à}gd^\+ dÇid^jn lp ` gjn kmj_p^` i) kmj^`njnlp ` kj iì adi \
0+ @`n^md]\ ]m`q`h ìo` g\ ^jh pid^\^dÇi i`mqdjn\ ì pi gjn h dnh jntnp dio` bm\^dÇ i+
màgèj ndh kg`tnp di cd] d^dÇ i k j mk\mo` _` 5+ @`n^md]\ g\ m`bpg\^dÇi _` gjn à`ôjn_ ` gjn
h `^\idnh jn ì^à}gd^jn+ i`pmjom\inh dnjm`n k j mk\mo` _ ` gjn \pojmm`^`kojm`n)
1+ @`n^md]\ g\ h ` _d^dÇi _`g kj oì^d\g _` \^^dÇi t g\ dicd] d^dÇ i ta\^dgdo\^dÇ i km`ndi}kod^\) t g\
` s k gdl p ` `g ` l p dgd] mdj _di} h d^j m`nkjin\]g` _`g ^jh pid^\^dÇi ij ndi}kod^\+
kj oì^d\g _` h `h ]m\i\+
2+ @`n^md]\ g\ api^dÇi _` gjn^\i\g`n dÇid^jn ì gjn
kjoì^d\g`n _` \^^dÇi t`sk gdl p ` g\ g`t _`g oj _ j j
i\_\ t g\ g`t _ò\n\+
:ia]`cVV]V_TwWR]`gZcefR]V_ KÉNČÉYÃJWX
ê > < H G = N < < Bå G G > N K H G : ER MK : G L F BL Bå G G>KOBHL:
L\m\ lp` `g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj api ^dji` ^ji ij mh \gd_ \_) npn k\mo`n _`]ì
^jh pid^\mn` ìom` nÄ+ Ag h Ç _ p gj <fe[lZZ`ye e\lifeXc pkiXejd`j`ye jèugk`ZX _`g
^`m`]mjqdmop\g h p`nom\ g\n _dnodio\n k\mo`n _`g ndno`h\ i`mqdjnj) lp` n` ^jh pid^\i
h ` _d\io` gjn h`^\idnh jn _`n^mdojn ì `no` ^\kÄopgj+

Cap 2 Estructura y Funciones de Las Células Del SN

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Cap 2 Estructura y Funciones de Las Células Del SN

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Cpqor`qro^ v crk`flkbp ab i^p

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P lal il nrb e^`bjlp* mbo`f_fo* mbkp^o* ^mobkabo*

mo–ufj^p v ^k^ifw^k mbnrb•lp co^djbkqlp ab fkcloj^ LÀÇĈÆĄWČ

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d^klp fkqboklp, \g njh\+

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bksrbisbk prp molar`qlp bk rk^ jbj_o^k^ molar`fa^ AËÅÇÅWČ ZÀ ČÆǼÆĈĊÀ

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bplp _olqbp bk`rbkqo^ rkl ab ilp `fifkaolp cloj^alp mlo

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lWY_gd pfdkfcf`^ molar``f–k ab mlqbk`f^ibp ab ^``f–k', \^odq\^dÇi _`g \sÇi+

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k^i kbosflp^* pb bkcobkq^ ^ i^ ^V^ScR_Ra`dedZ_vaeZTR$ ^qo^sfbp^ i^ ebkafaro^ pfk’mqf`^ v j ^kqfbkb ^ifkb^

qf`^ `lkqfbkb i”nrfal buqo^`biriô* ^ qo^s“p abi `rî m`^d]``g hìn\e`+

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bk bi i”nrfal buqo^`biri^o, ?p” mrbp* `r^kal ilp `^k^ibp

O g j we `cX j `e u e k`iX Bdbpm\n

?\i\g H\`iom\_\_` `in\i^c\) g\h`h]m\i\ H\nhjg~^pg\n I`h]m\i\'

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YĊÄĎWYÄĘĄ ZÀ ÅÆČ ĈÀYÀǼĊÆĈÀČ

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Rk' Gjci oqo RHR R์R Woo

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EcVXf_eRdUVcVaRd` $ ) ~ àV > j kl [ `f Y i\ g X j f GO F pI j p Z _ E X Y

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

J^p qbojfkîbp kbosflp^p qfbkbk rk^ crk`f–k jrv bpmb i`mqdjn\8*è`m^`**pià`ôjü`s^mo\_jmjdicd]Ä_jmnj]m`jom\i`pmji\+