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QSM 554 – BUILDING SERVICES II
TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM
2.0 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
2.1 Introduction
Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of
energy. It is a secondary energy source that we get it from the conversion of other sources
of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are
called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary
source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work.
Electricity consists of the presence of electric charges, as well as the flow of those
charges. There are three forms of electricity. One form is static electricity, which is the
presence of either positive (+) or negative (−) electric charges in or on an object, usually a
non-conducting material. The second form of electricity is the flow or movement of free
electrons through a conducting material, such as a metal wire, toward an area of positive
electric charges
Electricity appears in two forms: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).
Direct current does not change directions-- the electron flow is always from the negative pole
to the positive pole-- although as we mentioned before, the electrons themselves don't really
"move," it's the holes that are created that "move." Direct current is almost always what is
used inside of electronic devices to power the various internal components, but it is a
harmful thing in audio signals, which are alternating current.
Alternating current (AC) electricity is the type of electricity commonly used in homes
and businesses throughout the world. While direct current (DC) electricity flows in one
direction through a wire, AC electricity alternates its direction in a back-and-forth motion. The
direction alternates between 50 and 60 times per second, depending on the electrical
system of the country.
AC electricity is created by an AC electric generator, which determines the
frequency. What is special about AC electricity is that the voltage can be readily changed,
thus making it more suitable for long-distance transmission than DC electricity. But also, AC
can employ capacitors and inductors in electronic circuitry, allowing for a wide range of
applications.
Direct current or DC electricity is the continuous movement of electrons from an area
of negative (−) charges to an area of positive (+) charges through a conducting material
such as a metal wire. Whereas static electricity sparks consist of the sudden movement of
electrons from a negative to positive surface, DC electricity is the continuous movement of
the electrons through a wire.
A DC circuit is necessary to allow the current or steam of electrons to flow. Such a
circuit consists of a source of electrical energy (such as a battery) and a conducting wire
running from the positive end of the source to the negative terminal. Electrical devices may
be included in the circuit. DC electricity in a circuit consists of voltage, current and
resistance. The flow of DC electricity is similar to the flow of water through a hose.
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2.1.1 Electrical Wiring
Electrical wiring system is a network of electrical conductors for carrying electrical

current to the electrical equipment involved. This method is related to the wiring system for
buildings in Malaysia. In Malaysia, the electric wiring system is subject to the rules
established by the Energy Commission as provided under the Electricity Supply Act 1990,
Electricity Regulations 1994, the MS IEC 60364:2003 Standard 'Electrical Installations of
Building', MS 1936:2006 ' Electrical Installations of Building - Guide To MS IEC 60364 'and
the MS 1979:2007 "Electrical Installation of Building - Code of Practice'. Wiring systems
used in Malaysia is very similar to the electrical wiring standards used by the United
Kingdom but by the standards of the wire conductor already changed.
2.1.2 The high-rise building electrical system

For The New Town Development Sdn Bhd project, this building was a high-rise
commercial building. The building comprises of 4 storey basement parking and 7 storey
shopping complex and the rest are offices lot. So, for the electrical installation should at
every floor there were a number of electrical panels to serve all the lighting and power
requirements on that floor including the lighting, switched socket outlets, toilet exhaust fans
and anything else.
Some areas of the office used an open floor office systems so under floor trunking
was also used here. Besides, a few of the panel were located inside the riser room of each
floor. However, since each was a large area some panels needed to be located at the office
area. Wiring directly from the electrical riser would be unnecessarily too long.
Therefore, the electrical consultant locates these electrical panels along the corridors
throughout the building. The design architect was requested to provide small rooms to house
the panel. Alternatively, small electrical cabinets with lockable doors and sufficient work
access and ventilation would be acceptable.
If the planned building is very high example like 40 storey office building or in cases
where heavy loads are located at higher levels of the building, it may be necessary to
provide substations at the higher levels of the building.
For the 40-storey office building, an 11/415 kV substation may be necessary at one
of the upper floor. It may be located at twentieth floor, for example. All the electrical
substation room spaces as explained earlier will then need to be provided except the
authority’s electrical rooms. The floors of this substation would then need to be specifically
designed by the appointed structural consultants to handle the loads of all the substation
equipment.
Based on the structures and other factors was related. We propose the installation of
electricity for this building using the radial system and ring main system. Because it’s easier
to maintain and simple system for the design and construction. In addition, using the rising
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main distribution system is important because the building is more than 5 levels. So, to
distribute electric power at every level is appropriate to use the 'rising main' for the building.
2.2 Basement section
A basement is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially
below the ground floor. Basements are typically used as a utility space for a building where
such items as the furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, car park, and air-
conditioning system are located; so also are amenities such as the electrical distribution
system, and cable television distribution point.
In British English the word "basement" is used for underground floors of, for example,
department stores but is used for a space below the ground floor of a house only when it is
habitable, with windows and (usually) its own access. The word cellar is used to apply to any
such large underground room. Subcellar is a cellar that lies further underneath.
Based on the planned building project, the level of 1st to 4th is the basement. In part
this is a car park. Therefore, we recommend the installation of electricity in the area using
ring system. Ring system is ideal because in this part do not use electrical appliances and
many others.
Basement
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Basement
2.2.1 Ring Main System
A ring main wiring circuit is the alternative to a radial wiring circuit. In a radial wiring
circuit, the wiring starts at the circuit breaker and connects to each device on the circuit
(fans, outlets, lamps, etc) in turn. When it reaches the last device, the wiring simply ends.
Ring main wiring goes one step further instead of ending the wiring at the last device;
it pulls more wiring back from the last device to the circuit breaker, completing a loop. Ring
main wiring is required in some places, and illegal in others.
The main advantage to a ring main system is smaller wiring. Since each device on
the ring has two hot wires connecting it to the circuit breaker (one on each side of the loop),
smaller wiring can be used to safely carry the electric current. Smaller wire is both cheaper
and easier to work with. It bends more easily, can be pulled around corners with less effort,
and is easier to fit into the screws and connectors you need to attach it to.
One other advantage is wiring distance. Wire has some small amount of resistance,
and the longer the wire goes to reach the device it is powering, the more resistance it has.
This results in a voltage drop over the length of the wire run (by Ohm's Law), which could
affect the operation of your electrical devices if it drops too low. The maximum distance from
the circuit breaker around the ring is the midpoint of the ring, while the maximum distance in
a radial circuit is the end of the chain. In this manner, the ring setup effectively cuts the
distance to the farthest device in half.
The radial system does have one advantage over ring main. If a break were to occur
somewhere in the wiring loop of a ring main system, you wouldn't know it. Everything would
still function normally because it is still powered from one end. However, this means that if
you took advantage of the ability to run smaller wiring (and everyone does), your wire is now
undersized for the current it is expected to handle because the system is no longer powered
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from two wires, only one. This can result in overheating of the wires, which in turn breaks
down the insulation and can start a fire.
In electricity supply, a ring final circuit or ring circuit (informally also ring main or just ring) is
an electrical wiring technique developed and primarily used in the United Kingdom that
provides two independent conductors for live, neutral and protective earth (ground) within a
building for each connected load or socket. Size of cable used to ring system is 2.5 mm2.
Ring Main Distribution
2.2.2 Installation Rules of Ring System
Rules for ring circuits say that the cable rating must be no less than two thirds of the
rating of the protective device. This means that the risk of sustained overloading of the cable
can be considered minimal. In practice, however, it is extremely uncommon to encounter a
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ring with a protective device other than a 30 A fuse, 30 A breaker, or 32 A breaker, and a
cable size other than those mentioned above.
The IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) permit an unlimited number of socket outlets
to be installed on a ring circuit, provided that the floor area served does not exceed 100 m2.
In practice, most small and medium houses have one ring circuit per storey, but for this
building should having more.
An installation designer may determine by experience and calculation whether
additional circuits are required for areas of high demand; for example, it is common practice
to put kitchens on their own ring circuit or sometimes a ring circuit shared with a utility room
to avoid putting a heavy load at one point on the main downstairs ring circuit. A heavy
concentration of load close together on a ring circuit can cause minor overloading of one of
the cables if near the end of the ring, so kitchens should not be wired at one end of a ring
circuit.
Unfused spurs from a ring wired in the same cable as the ring are allowed to run one
single or double socket (the use of two singles was previously allowed but was banned
because of people replacing them with doubles) or one fused connection unit (FCU). Spurs
may either start from a socket or be joined to the ring cable with a junction box or other
approved method of joining cables. Triple and larger sockets are generally fused and
therefore can also be placed on a spur.
It is not permitted to have more spurs than sockets on the ring, and it is considered
bad practice by most electricians to have spurs in a new installation (some think they are
bad practice in all cases).Where loads other than BS 1363 sockets are connected to a ring
circuit or it is desired to place more than one socket for low power equipment on a spur, a
BS 1363 fused connection unit (FCU) is used.
In the case of fixed appliances this will be a switched fused connection unit (SFCU)
to provide a point of isolation for the appliance, but in other cases such as feeding multiple
lighting points (putting lighting on a ring through is generally considered bad practice in new
installation but is often done when adding lights to an existing property) or multiple sockets,
an unswitched one is often preferable.
2.3 Commercial section
Based on commercial building a project was planned by the New Town Development
Sdn Bhd. A 40 storey high building will put the shopping complex of seven stories are
starting at level 5th to 11th. Thus, the electrical installation for this we propose to use a radial
system.
We feel the radial system is suitable for shopping complex. Because there are a lot
of use of electrical appliances such as lights, air conditioners and so on. In addition, the
radial system is easy to designed, built and maintained.
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Shopping Complex at level 5th
Shopping Complex at level 5th – 8th
2.4 Offices section
In this building project, a total of 29 levels will be provided for offices start from level
12th to 40th. Based on this, we agreed to use the same method of electrical installations
such as shopping complexes, namely the radial system. This method is ideal because it is
easy to maintain. In addition, if there is damage to the wire. It is easily known and easily
repaired than the ring system.
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Office
2.4.1 Radial System in commercial and office section
The radial system is widely used, economical systems often found in low-load
density areas. To reduce the duration of interruption, overhead feeders can be protected by
automatic reclosing devices located at the substation or at various locations on the feeder.
This device reenergizes the feeder if the fault is temporary. To further reduce the duration
and extent of customer interruptions, sectionalizing fuses are installed on branches of radial
feeders allowing unaffected portions of a feeder to remain in service.
Radial distribution systems are the simplest systems to plan, construct, and maintain,
but are also the least reliable because of the radial nature of the design being served from a
single source at a time. If any part of the system experiences a failure, some or all of the
customers served by the radial feeder will be without power until a repair is completed.
Straightforward design, lower cost, and decent reliability are the distinguishing
characteristics of the RDS.
An auto-loop distribution system is a special type of radial distribution system and is
differentiated by having two feeders that tie to a customer load. The auto-loop system
automatically senses the loss of one source of voltage and quickly and automatically
switches the load to the second feeder. This type of system adds reliability benefits by
keeping outages to a few seconds (or less) but the added cost of having two sets of utility
equipment at one location, could be as high as hundreds of thousands of dollars for each
installation. Size of cable commonly used for circuit radius is 4 mm2
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Radial System
Radial system distribution

2.4.2 Rising Main Distribution for commercial section
For multi-storey buildings such as this are ideal to use the rising system. This is
because, to ensure that each level of the building is fully supplied with electricity from
renewable sources of electricity.
A “riser” is a feeding cable or pipe giving supply to upper floors of a multi-storey
building (high rise building). The above picture shows a typical installation of bus duct rising
mains in the riser room at individual floor of a high rise building (The Bus duct was taken in
the riser room at one of the upper floors of a high rise building). Most of the major
components of a bus duct riser system.
In electrical works, a riser is a set of cables the supply the upper floors. The feeding
cables “rise” up straight to the top floor. Then at each floor a tap-off unit is connected so
electricity can be supplied to that floor (for this project, we propose the radial distribution
system). An alternative is to run one individual set of cables to each floor. Then there would
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be many cables that need to be installed the number of which is directly proportional to the
number of upper floors.
There are actually three risers, first one is the “normal” main electricity supply. This
supply is just the normal authority supply like the one you have in your house. The 100A tap
off unit is for this riser. The second tap off, which is one of the 60A units, is what is called
“essential supply”, or “emergency supply”. It is a normal authority supply like the one you
have from the 100A tap off unit above.
However, it is also backed by a standby diesel generator. This means that if the
electricity supply from the authority distribution network fails due to problem with their
underground distribution cables or whatever, the standby electric generator would kick in
and switch in the locally generated electricity to this electrical riser. Large capacity electric
generators are expensive.
Therefore, it is not economical to supply all electricity needs in the building from this
generator. That is why separate electrical risers are used, and the “normal” riser is not
backed by the generator supply. The third tap off unit (the second 60A unit) is for the air
conditioning system. It is quite common (and is considered a better design) to have a
separate feeder cable for the air conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system in
a large building. That is the reason for the third electrical riser here.
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Rising Main Distribution
Rising main distribution is use to distribute 415v 3-phase electricity from main
distribution board to all floors. The copper vertical bus bars which run up in electricity cable
riser. The vertical duct or trunking to the height of the building. To prevent the spread of fire
and smoke, fire barriers are incorporated with the bus bar chamber at each compartment
floor level.
One more point to note here is that some office buildings use the generator-backed
supply example like essential supply to feed the electrical riser for the air-conditioning
system. With this arrangement, ACMV equipment that need to continue operating even
during the mains failure do not need to be connected to “ESSENTIAL” supply riser, which is
why it is given a separate riser in the first place.
Observe the large flexible conduits coming out from the bottom of the tap off units
and connect to the orange-colored electrical trunking. Some installations use rigid metal
trunking for this purpose. Cables are run from a tap off unit into the flexible conduit to go to
the orange metal trunking. They run inside the trunking to connect to the respective sub-
switchboard.
The switchboard for the air conditioning system is normally located inside the AHU
room of that particular floor. From the sub-switchboards, separate outgoing cables are run
inside the trunking to connect to separate distribution boards (DB) on that particular floor.
Even though electrical installations at hospitals are relatively much more complex than the
office building above, the installation at their hostel and staff quarters buildings are usually
very simple.
Typical bus duct rising main at individual building floors
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The electrical riser room
Basically, there only two new components at each riser, which is the Termination Box
(Feed In Box) and the incoming cables that terminate into the termination box. The
generator-backed “Essential” supply cables need to have red colored insulation. It is
because this supply is part of the fire emergency system of the building.
A fire-rated cable must be able to continue operating for a certain number of hours
during fire before it fails. This is the requirement. It used to be MICC (mineral insulated
copper cables) cables that play this role, but now people use mostly the “fire-rated cables”
for this purpose except in very special installation condition. The fire-rated cables are
cheaper, easy to install and maintain.
The black-colored cables are from the “Normal” supply. That means the other ends
of the cables are connected to the “Normal Supply” main switchboard. While the red cables
are connected to the “Essential Supply” main switchboard. Which means the “Essential
Supply” main switchboard is the one that is backed by the standby electric generator.
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The bus duct risers at riser room
The front view of one of the 60A TPN tap off units
A closer view of the vertical bus duct showing the arrangement of the conductors inside
2.4.3 Cables and busways
A busbar trunking system comprises a set of conductors protected by an enclosure.

Used for the transmission and distribution of electrical power, busbar trunking systems have
all the necessary features for fitting: connectors, straights, angles, fixings, etc. The tap-off
points placed at regular intervals make power available at every point in the installation. A
busbar trunking is placed at the offices.
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Busbar trunking system design for distribution of currents from 25 to 4000A.
2.4.4 The various types of busbar trunking
Busbar trunking systems are present at every level in electrical distribution: from the
link between the transformer and the low voltage switch switchboard (MLVS) to the
distribution of power sockets and lighting to offices, or power distribution to workshops.
Radial distribution using busways at the offices

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There are essentially three categories of busways that we proposed for the commercial
building, that is;
2.4.4.1 Transformer to MLVS busbar trunking
Installation of the busway may be considered as permanent and will most likely never
be modified. There are no tap-off points. Frequently used for short runs, it is almost always
used for ratings above 1,600 /2,000 A, i.e. when the use of parallel cables makes installation
impossible. Busways are also used between the MLVS and downstream distribution
switchboards.
The characteristics of main-distribution busways authorize operational currents
from1,000 to 5,000 A and short-circuit withstands up to 150 kA.
2.4.4.2 Sub-distribution busbar trunking with low or high tap-off densities
Downstream of main-distribution busbar trunking, two types of applications must be

supplied:
1. Mid-sized premises (industrial workshops with injection presses and metalwork

machines or large supermarkets with heavy loads). The short-circuit and current
levels can be fairly high (respectively 20 to 70 kA and 100 to 1,000 A).
2. Small sites (workshops with machine-tools, textile factories with small

machines,supermarkets with small loads). The short-circuit and current levels are
lower (respectively 10 to 40 kA and 40 to 400 A). Sub-distribution using busbar
trunking meets user needs in terms of:
1. Modifications and upgrades given the high number of tap-off points
2. Dependability and continuity of service because tap-off units can be
connected under energized conditions in complete safety
The sub-distribution concept is also valid for vertical distribution in the form of 100 to
5,000 A risers in tall buildings.
2.4.4.3 Lighting distribution busbar trunking
Lighting circuits can be distributed using two types of busbar trunking according to
whether the lighting fixtures are suspended from the busbar trunking or not.
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1. Busbar trunking designed for the suspension of lighting fixtures

These busways supply and support light fixtures (industrial reflectors, discharge
lamps, etc.). They are used in supermarkets, department stores and warehouses.
The busbar trunkings are very rigid and are designed for one or two 25 A or 40 A
circuits. They have tap-off outlets every 0.5 to 1 m.
2. Busbar trunking not designed for the suspension of lighting fixtures

Similar to prefabricated cable systems, these busways are used to supply all types of
lighting fixtures secured to the building structure. They are used in commercial
buildings (offices, shops, restaurants and etc.), especially in false ceilings. The
busbar trunking is flexible and designed for one 20 A circuit. It has tap-off outlets
every 1.2 m to 3 m. Busbar trunking systems are suited to the requirements of a
large number of buildings.
1. Industrial buildings: garages, workshops, farm buildings, logistic centers, etc.
2. Commercial areas: stores, shopping malls, supermarkets, hotels, etc.
3. Tertiary buildings: offices, schools, hospitals, sports rooms, cruise liners, etc.
2.4.4.4 Examples of Canalis busbar trunking systems
Flexible busbar trunking not capable of supporting light fittings : Canalis KDP (20 A)
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Rigid busbar trunking able to support light fittings : Canalis KBA or KBB (25 and 40 A)
Lighting duct : Canalis KBX (25 A)
A busway for medium power distribution: Canalis KN (40 up to 160 A)
A busway for medium power distribution: Canalis KS (100 up to 1000A)
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A busway for high power distribution: Canalis KT (800 up to 1000 A)
2.4.5 Trunking and Conduit System in Commercial Building
Conduit and trunking
This picture shows how the electrical conduit and trunking installation should be
coordinated with water pipes on the building. Trade subcontractors (water piping sub-
contractors, electrical sub-contractors, telephone cabling contractor, computer network
contractor and others) must not be allowed to proceed with the installation of their individual
services and equipment on the “first come, first served basis”.
Prior to the commencement of the installation works by trade sub-contractors, a set
of proper coordinated drawings, endorsed by all relevant parties, should be made available
to all the sub-contractors involved in a particular area.
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Electric trunking running below soffit of a concrete floor slab
There is no electrical installation work of a significant size can be done properly

without the use of an electric trunking. A trunking is a larger size of a conduit. When you
need to run a number of electric conduits along each other for a significant distance, then
consider using a trunking in place of the conduits. There are so many sizes you can choose
from.
The above picture is an example of a trunking installation above ceiling level, under
the soffit of the concrete floor slab. we also labeled some of the other services there for the
benefit of those non-electrical readers who need pictures like this for reference, to know
what is what among the myriads of pipes, conduits and trunking running above the ceiling
level.
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Electrical trunking in and out of the electric panels
There are electrical trunking connecting the panels at above and below the panels.
But the box-up walls have hid them. This picture is metal trunking. In future, the
maintenance electrician would need to access and open the cover of the trunking in the
repair and upgrading works. Therefore, a means of access is required, which was not
provided at all at the mock-up unit.
Under floor trunking installation
The under floor trunking system has been around for a long time. An under floor
trunking system is an alternative way of providing the dedicated routes to run electrical
cables, telephone cables or any other wiring cables. An 11KV cable is not a wiring cable. A
25 sq.mm electrical feeder cable to supply an 11 KW fire pump panel is not a wiring cable.
The 1.5 sq.mm cables that are used for wiring the office lights are categorized wiring cables.
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Surface conduits
The conduits are used to protect the wiring cables that carry the electrical current.
Electricity is dangerous. Even though the electric conductors that carry the current is
insulated by some PVC covering materials or whatever, the covering material is not strong
enough to protect the cable from damage.
When the covering is damaged, the electrical conductor inside may be exposed to
touch or it can also unintentionally come into contact with things that can carry electric
current. This scenario would present a high risk of electric shocks.
Therefore, we protect the electric cables so that they do not present the dangers of electric
shocks to people (or animals). A second reason to protect the cables is to make sure the
electrical system stays reliable. When the cable PVC covering is damaged, the conducting
metal can come into contact with other metals that are in contact with earth.
A motorized overhead projector
The electrical contractor produced a mock-up unit of the installation bracket for
motorized overhead projector. The overhead projector was for meeting rooms (offices level).
There were about thirty units to be installed through the building.
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Compound lighting feeder pillar
A building construction of significant size is usually not complete without at least one
small outdoor weatherproof feeder pillar.
2.4.6 High rise building electric closets
Electric closet
The electric closet in the following pictures has been done for a multi storey building,
this is should be install for this project. These panels were three-phase panels with 415V of
voltage between the phases. Accidentally touching the live parts at this voltage would lead to
very serious injuries. Electrocutions and immediate deaths are common results of electric
shocks at this voltage.
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The second most important reason for having a box-up around the panels is to
protect them from damages whether accidental or otherwise. These electrical panels have
not been designed for exposed installation to the general public.
The measuring instruments and indicating lamps accessible and visible at the front door of
the panels are very fragile. Then can get easily damaged by accidental impact throughout
the operation of the building. When these measuring instruments and the indicating lamps
are damaged, the live parts and wiring inside them would likely be exposed sooner or later.
Then you would have a very serious risk of electric shocks from the 415 volt supply.
Ventilation through the ceiling opening
There is ventilation to the air surrounding the electrical panels. During operation, the
electrical panels generate heats which must be removed continuously to prevent
overheating of the parts inside.
The panels were designed without ventilation opening. These are no air movement in
and out of the panels. The panel design is a fully field-tested design. The heat generated
inside the panel are transferred to the air outside the panel because the panel cubicle is
made of metal (i.e. sheets of mild steel materials). So the electrical panel is naturally cooled
without the need for ventilation opening.
However, the electric closet in this case is not constructed of metals. So without
sufficient ventilation opening, the air inside the closet would gradually get warmer. Then
slowly the dissipation of heat through steel material of the panel cubicle would gradually
decrease until it finally stops when there is no more temperature gradient between the inside
and outside of the electric panel.
Then you can imagine what will ultimately happen to the temperature inside the
electrical panel and the electrical parts and components. We would not think that the huge
ceiling space would get overheated by the heat front a few electrical panels of this type.
In conclusion, we try to proposed electric closet for offices and shopping complex
with cheap construction, but it will work. Even though we wonder how many years the wall of
the closets would last, or the sliding doors.
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The lower groove for the closet sliding door
There the 3 lines of groove to the sliding that would be installed later. Three groove
means that the door would be split into 3 parts. The sliding door was chosen to reduce the
space taken along the corridor area (example like at office room). With the width of access
required to the two electrical panels and the telephone DP box, a normal swing door would
need to open outside to reduce the space taken by the closet. This would block a large area
of the office main corridor even when double leaf swing doors are used.
First of all, the closet walls were not actually a building construction; it was not even
a dry wall type as were the rest of the internal walls of the multi storey commercial building.
The closet walls you see in picture were just built-in furniture constructed cheaply at site.
The left and right walls were merely 1 layer of cheap plywood materials. If normal swing
doors are used, this type of construction of the wall would not be able to support the doors
as they swing open. So, we proposed using sliding doors. The closet walls are cheap and
the sliding doors can be even cheaper.
Upper groove for the sliding door
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Access to the wiring trunking
2.4.7 Sources of electrical supply
Two or sometimes three sources of electricity are normally required in high-rise

buildings:
1. The normal mains supply from the electric supply authority or the local electricity
supply company in some countries.
2. The standby or emergency supply for the standby electric generators. In most
situations, this supply is not an option, but a mandatory requirement for buildings that
exceed a certain size.
3. The uninterruptible power supplies, or commonly called UPS. This is only needed in
certain types of office buildings and in some hospital buildings.
2.5 Electrical Rooms in Offices, Commercial and Basement
2.5.1 Authority’s HV room
When the incoming supply is HV, the authority usually only require a HV switch room
to be built and handed over to them. This is where they house their high voltage switchgears
and other equipment.
The location of this room must allow for easy access by the authority’s maintenance
people and it should not present an inconvenience to the occupants of the buildings or
disrupts the building’s normal functions and operations. At times, the local office of the
electricity supply authority requires that a small meter room be provided and handed over to
them. This is where they house the meter panel.
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Electrical distribution cables from the authority’s distribution network in the area will
be tapped and looped to the HV switchgear panels in this room. They usually install a series
of HV panels here. Then from one of the HV panels, a supply feeder cable will be laid and
connected to the consumer HV room.
2.5.2 Consumer HV room
A consumer HV room is generally a repeat of the authority’s HV room. The

equipment and switchgears located in them are also similar. The purpose of the consumer
HV room is to house the equipment that are essential to the safe and proper handling of the
electrical high voltage supply received from the authority’s HV room.
2.5.3 Metering CT
Buildings taking supply exceeding a certain amperes require the use of a set of CT’s
(current transformers) in order to measure the energy consumption. The contractor of the
new building will have to provide these CT’s. However, the new CT does also need to be
sent for calibration and certification by the electric supply company before installation. After
the calibration, the CT’s are installed inside the consumer HV panels. A set of wiring are
then installed to connect these measuring current transformers to the authority meter panel
inside the meter room.
2.5.4 Consumer’s transformer room, LV room, standby generator room and UPS room
Other than the HV room, the consumer also needs a transformer room, the LV room
and the standby generator room. When a large UPS supply is used, then a UPS room may
also be needed.
2.5.5 Standby diesel generator room
We propose for this project use generator. No building exceeding a certain size or a
certain height is allowed to be operated or occupied without some form of a standby
emergency power. The “emergency” here means when the public electrical supply is
suddenly not available.
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It also means a fire situation because a normal electric cable would fail under fire and
the firefighting equipment would need “emergency” power so the firemen could use them.
Now, this standby diesel generator and all its ancillary equipment need a room to house
them in.
However, the electric generator is a bulky and noisy machine. It also produces very
strong vibrations that can be transferred to the building walls and structure. Therefore, a
room for this electrical generator need to be specially designed and the room location need
to be purposely located.
1000 KVA standby diesel generator
2.5.6 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
In commercial building projects as well, we also propose to use the UPS system. It is
intended for emergencies when the main power supply disconnected or damaged. Same
function as generator.
An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or
battery/flywheel backup is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load
when the input power source, typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary
or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or
near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more
attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means
of diesel generators and flywheels for high power users. The on-battery runtime of most
uninterruptible power sources is relatively short—5–15 minutes being typical for smaller
units, but sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly
shut down the protected equipment.
While not limited to protecting any particular type of equipment, a UPS is typically
used to protect computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical
equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious
business disruption and/or data loss. UPS units range in size from units designed to protect
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a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 VA rating) to large units powering
entire data centers, buildings, or even cities (Plant Engineering, 2007).
A small free-standing UPS. The unit in the photo has IEC

connector inputs and outputs
A large datacenter-scale UPS being installed by electricians
2.5.7 Electrical service ducts
Electrical service ducts or electrical riser rooms are used to house the sub main
cables that carry electricity supply to the upper floors of a building, which include the plants
and machines at the roof top such as the chiller plants, cooling towers or the lift motor
rooms.
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The rising mains that supply the lateral distributions on individual floors are also
located in these vertical ducts. Often these concrete vertical ducts are as large as a small
room. That is why it is often called electrical riser rooms. The electrical riser rooms do not
have to be stacked vertically like the toilet risers or wet stacks. However, it is better to do so
as it would minimize turns and sharp bends that can damage the cables.
Riser rooms stacked straight up from the lowest floor to the highest building floor
would also minimize the length of the electrical cables required. Minimum cable length not
only reduces the cost directly. Longer route of an electrical cable run may cause too much
voltage drop along its length that may require it to be changed to one or two size larger.
Larger cables cost more money.
2.5.8 Individual floor electrical rooms
For this building there is have 40 storeys. So, each individual floors of significant size
will usually need at least one dedicated electrical room to house the electrical distribution
equipment for that floor.
However, sometimes the vertical service ducts may be able to fulfill this function in
which case a separate electrical room may not be necessary. The electrical rooms at each
floor house the electrical panels that serve the final circuit wiring.
2.5.9 Grounding
Method of protection with a connection made between the metal and earth. The
Earth is a conductor of the largest in size and amount of coverage provides a path for the
current low damage or leakage current. Any objects that are connected will have a capacity
of zero. Earth is located in the difference between zero-order (contrast-order reference) to-
order expelling huge difference quickly. This is the basic purpose of grounding a device or
substance which flows or as a path back to safety. Therefore, grounding provides safety
from electric shock and fire hazards.
What should be grounded (Connected to the Earth)
1. All metal structure in the wiring system (which is not brought current) such as metal
lines, the shield tubes, ducts, mains, wires, etc.
2. Metal structures exposed to electrical equipment which is not related to electricity,
such as tap water, the house and etc. Way and Grounding (Figure Linked)
Grounding is done by connecting what is necessary.
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Grounded to the earth wire or root user:

0 - Wire binding.
1 - Earth, an effective connection to earth.
2 - Electrode Earth. Rods (rods) of the metal, the metal plate and a metal pipe system in the
ground or any object flows for obtaining an effective ground connection.
3 - Circuit protective conductor.
4 – Earthing wire.
5 - Wire binding the same effort.
10 - Source Earth users
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Electrical grounding electrode and chamber
2.6 Conclusion
Electrical installation for the proposed building is done with the latest technologies,
but still in a considerable rate. The systems involved in this building are ring system, radial
system and rising main system.
3.0 FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATION
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3.1 Introduction
Fire is the process of combustion characterized by the emission of heat

accompanied by smoke or flame. Fire is often unwanted, unexpected, disastrous and costly,
in terms of human life and business cost. Fire has the potential to cause physical damage
through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological systems; this is one of
the positive effects of fire.
Fire has been used by humans for cooking, generating heat, and signalling. The
negative effects of fire include decreased water purity, increased soil erosion, increased in
atmospheric pollutants, and an increased hazard to human life
There are three important elements that would cause a fire which are heat, fuel and
oxygen. These three elements have relationship and to remove the fire, we must remove
one of the elements first. These three also can be seen on the fire triangle.
Oxygen Heat
FIR
Fuel
The Classification of fire can be divided in:
3.1.1 Ordinary Combustibles
This fires are the most common type of fire, and are designated Class A under both
systems. These occur when a solid, organic material such as wood, cloth, rubber, or some
plastics become heated and ignite. At this point the material undergoes combustion and will
continue burning as long as the four components of the fire (heat, fuel, oxygen, and
chemical reaction) are available. This class of fire is not dangerous, because the fire is
contained to the wood alone and is usually isolated from other flammable materials, for
example by rocks.
3.1.2 Flammable Liquids
Fires in oils, gasoline, some paints, grease and other flammable liquids require and
extinguish labelled B. The most effective way to extinguish a liquid or gas fuelled fire is by
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inhibiting the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done by dry chemical extinguishing
agents, although smothering with CO2 or, for liquids, foam is also effective.
3.1.3 Electrical Equipment
This sort of fire may be caused by short-circuiting machinery or overloaded electrical

cables. These fires can be a severe hazard to firefighters using water or other conductive
agents. Electricity may be conducted from the fire, through water, the firefighter's body, and
then earth.
3.2 Types of fire protection system
3.2.1 Active Fire Protection System
Active fire protection systems such as water sprinkler and spray systems are widely
used in the process industries for protection of storage vessels, process plant, loading
installations and warehouses. The duty of the fire protection system may be to extinguish the
fire, control the fire, or provide exposure protection to prevent the smoke. For some
applications foam pourers or fixed water monitors may be a more appropriate method of
delivery than sprays or sprinklers. Other more specialized systems using inert gases and
halogen based gases are used for flooding enclosed spaces.
3.2.2 Passive Fire Protection System
Passive fire protection can provide an effective alternative to active systems for
protecting against vessel failure. This generally consists of a coating of fire resistant
insulating media applied to a vessel or steel surface. It is often used where water or other
active protection media supplies are inadequate, such as in remote locations, or where there
are difficulties with handling fire water run-off. Fire walls are another form of passive fire
protection that is used to prevent the spread of fire and the exposure of adjacent equipment
to thermal radiation. An important measure in deciding which system is most appropriate for
fire exposure protection is the likely duration of the exposure to fire as passive fire protection
is only effective for short duration exposure.
Factor to be considered when choosing type of fire protection for a building, whether
active or passive fire protection:
1. Fire hazard posed by substance
2. Toxicity of substances and the smoke produced
3. Inventory size
4. Frequency of hazardous operations
5. Distance to other hazardous installations
6. Available access to fight fire
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7. Fire fighting capability of on site emergency response team

8. Response time of nearest fire brigade
9. Resources available to fire brigade
10. Design of system
3.2.3 Building characteristic
New Town Development Sdn Bhd is planned to build a 40 storey including 4 storey
basement, commercial building. The building comprises of 4 storey basement parking and 7
storey shopping complex, the rest are offices lot.
Figure 1: Building part

3.3.1 Factors important for fire sprinkler the proposed building.
Fire sprinklers have been so successful at reducing fire causalities and property
damage around the world, that many regions have passed local laws making it mandatory to
fit them in shopping complex and commercial building. Some regions are even making it
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mandatory to retro fit fire sprinkler systems into selected existing buildings, because of that
reason that why we chose sprinkler system for this 40 storey building.
Sprinkler systems provide an additional degree of protection for both life and property
above smoke and/or other fire detection systems. A correctly designed and installed
sprinkler system can detect and control a fire at an early stage of development and activate
an alarm. Correct operation of the system will rapidly reduce the production rate of heat and
smoke, allowing more time for the occupants to escape safely or be rescued.
There are many factors that have an influence on the level of fire fighting installation
offered by this building. Some of the more significant factors are listed below:
1. Numbers and types of fire starts
2. Likelihood of fire suppression by occupants
3. Reliability and effectiveness of the detection and alarm system
4. Communication system
5. Emergency procedure and staff training
6. Reliability and effectives of the sprinkler system
7. Fire characteristics(flames and smoke)
8. The action of the fire brigade
9. Reliability and effectiveness of the smoke control system.
3.3.2 Mall sprinklers
Sprinklers in shops are an essential part of the smoke ventilation design in order to
prevent a fire growing beyond the design fire size. Sprinkler operation in the malls will lead
to increased heat loss reducing the buoyancy of smoke, which in turn can contribute to a
progressive loss of visibility under the smoky layer. However, gases sufficiently hot enough
to set off sprinklers will remain initially as a thermally buoyant layer under the ceiling.
When the fire occurs in a shop, operation of sprinklers in the mall will not assist in controlling
it. If too many sprinklers operated in the malls sprinklers in the shops could become less
effective as the available water supply approaches its limits.
Malls should be sprinklered if they contain sufficient combustibles to support a fire
larger than the design fire size of 5 MW, 12 m perimeter, during their operational lifetime.
Note however that sprinklers installed at high level in a multi-storey mall are unlikely to
operate unless the fire size reached is much larger than this.
Sprinkler cooling can be used in the malls to reduce the smoke layer temperature to
below 200°C, above which heat radiation from the layer is likely to impede escape beneath.
A natural ventilation system relies on the buoyancy of the smoke for extraction, therefore if
sprinkler cooling is underestimated, the use of unrealistically high smoke temperatures could
lead to the system being under designed. Conversely a powered extract system, to a
reasonable approximation, removes a fixed volume of smoke irrespective of temperature.
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Therefore if the extent of sprinkler cooling is overestimated the system could be

under designed. The heat lost from smoky gases to sprinklers in the mall is currently the
subject of research although data suitable for design application is not yet available.
3.3.3 Operation of wet pipe sprinkler systems and fire detection systems
3.3.3.1 Wet pipe sprinkler system operation.
The city potable water serves as the source for fire water. A shutoff valve is provided
in the fire riser just inside and above the building floor. Above the shutoff valve is a double
check valve installed to prevent back flow into the city water system. This valve is followed
by a shutoff valve with outside access having an indicator to indicate whether it is open or
closed. The valve is normally open with a chain and padlock applied to prevent tampering. A
tamper switch is also installed to sound an alarm should the valve be tampered with by
unauthorized personnel. Above this valve is an alarm check valve which permits flow to the
sprinkler system and has connections for a drain, pressure gages and the retard chamber
which operates the water flow motor driven alarm placed outside of the building. Test
connections, shutoff valves, check valves, vents and drains are located as required to flush
and test various components of the system.
.
Figure 2 :Typically wet pipe sprinkler system.
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One leg of the tee allows fire water to be provided by a set of fire department
connections located outside of the building. A check valve is incorporated to prevent
backflow through the fire department connection. The fire department connections are
redundant to the city water supply and provide another source of water for the wet pipe
sprinkler system. The riser then connects to branch lines which serve sprinkler lines. In the
sprinkler lines are fusible link sprinkler heads located as required by the Local Authority,
local codes and the insurance company. The fuse is usually chosen to melt at 135oF,
however other temperatures are available. The number, type and location of sprinkler heads
is determined by the fire occupancy rating. This rating considers the type of structure, the
materials present in the area, the number of personnel and the liability resulting from a fire.
In the wet pipe system, heat from a fire will melt the fuse in the sprinkler allowing water to
flow from that head. The purpose of the water is to slow the fire until professional fire fighting
assistance can arrive. Also provided in the sprinkler lines are a high point vent and a drain at
the far end of the system. The vent allows the system to relieve air to assist with draining the
sloped sprinkler and branch lines and to assist in filling the system with water. The drain at
the far end of the system permits verification of water flow and flushing of the system.
3.3.4 Factors that influence in Sprinkler system and alarm detection system
3.3.4.1 Sprinkler Effectiveness
For this building our team proposed sprinkler system that suitable for these building
characteristics because sprinklers are an essential part of good fire-safety design and their
effectiveness is very important. The effectiveness of a component or system can be defined
as:
Effectiveness= reliability x efficacy
Sprinkler efficacy is defined here as the ability of the sprinkler system to function.
Sprinkler reliability, on the other hand, is concerned with whether the system will activate
(deliver waste) and takes into account such matters as isolation of the system and failure of
the water supply. These terms can each be represented numerically by a number between 0
and 1.
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Figure 3:Part of the sprinkler system
3.3.4.2 Sprinkler Efficacy
The efficacy of a sprinkler system in controlling a fire is a function of:

1. The type and arrangement of fuel
2. The geometry of the room and the arrangement and type of sprinkler heads
3. Whether the area in which the fire occurs is fully sprinkler.
3.3.4.3 Sprinkler Reliability
The chosen of the sprinkler system because factor of the reliability of sprinkler
system in Malaysia is generally accepted as being high. It is vitally important to consider this
issue for modern shopping centre buildings and to understand what factors have most
influence. It is found that the factor that has most influence .it is found that greatest influence
on reliability is isolation of the system to allow tenancy upgrades and modifications.
The reliability of sprinkler system depends very much on how it is managed with
respect to modifications taking place within the building.
If the sprinkler system is soundly managed, the following average values of reliability can be
adopted:
1. Sprinkler zones associated with 98.5% specialty shops

2. Sprinkler zones associated with 99.50% major stores
3.
Sprinkler system associated with shopping centres and commercial area on this 40
storey building should be designed and managed to achieve the above levels of
effectiveness.
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3.3.4.4 Other considerations
Other consideration using sprinkler system for this building especially at shopping
complex area and commercial on this 40 storey building:
1. The bigger the fire, the greater the uncertainty in performance of fire safety system.
Figure 4: Fire sprinkler system testing
1. Components of a Fire Sprinkler System Installation
1. Water Source
1. City Tap
2. Tank
1. Backflow Preventer
1. Underground Supply Main
2. 4” minimum
3. 8” recommended
1. Control Valve
1. Exterior post indicator valve
2. Inside OS & Y or butterfly
1. Alarm Device
1. Alarm valve with mechanical water motor alarm
1. Water flow switch wired to electric bell or base building.
1. Booster Pump (If required)
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1. Pressure not volume
1. Fire Department Connection

1. BOMBA Connection
1. Pipe fittings & hangers
2. Sprinkler Heads Sprinkler Heads must be replaced or sample test if over 50 years old or are
painted over or corroded. They must be installed and serviced with the proper head
wrench. Improper head wrenches will void warranty.
1. Standard response vs. Quick response
2. Extended Coverage vs. Standard Coverage
3. Upright
4. Pendant (semi-recessed, concealed)
5. On/Off Pendant
6. Horizontal Sidewall
7. Attic Heads
8. ESFR
9. Vertical Sidewall
10. Dry Pendant
11. Special hazard head
1. Recommendation product:
Brand: Sri
The alarm valve is an alarm device designed for installation in a sprinkler system.It is
used to actuate a fire alarm when flow of water from the sprinkler system exceeds that of a
single sprinkler. When a sprinkler is in operation, the resulting water flow lowers the
pressure in the sprinkler system. The greater water supply pressure then causes the alarm
valve clapper to open. The seat ring opening of the alarm valve allows the water to flow into
the alarm line connection which will then operate the alarm gong.
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The by-pass connection in the check valve allows pressure surges from the supply to
by-pass the alarm valve clapper. An excess system pressure is thus created which steadies
the clapper. A Retard Chamber is used when the water supply pressure fluctuates, such as
public main water supply. It is used to prevent false alarms caused by surges or fluctuations
in pressure.
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3.3.6 Smoke control systems
Other than that we are also proposed smoke control system where mechanical
exhaust and/or natural venting are critical to the achievement of the design principles given
in the following sections, the reliability of the systems should be demonstrated to be greater
than 0.90 and the impact of external environmental conditions (temperature and wind) and
smoke temperature, on the efficacy of the system taken into account. Simple systems are
more likely to achieve high levels of reliability than more complex systems. In some centres,
parts of the smoke extraction system are used for normal operations. This is good practice
and should be encouraged.
Natural venting systems are more likely to be effected by environmental conditions,
whereas mechanical extraction systems may be significantly affected by the temperature of
the smoke in several ways. As the temperature of the smoke increases, the volume of
smoke expands and the efficacy of an extraction fan will be less than at lower temperatures.
Should the temperature become too high, the fan will stop due to failure of wiring or the
components.
For 40 storey building we proposed Photoelectric Detectors as a smoke control system
because of the characteristic of the smoke detector and effectiveness of the smoke control
system.
3.3.6.1 Factor that influence in smoke detection system
Photoelectric smoke detector ,as a class ,provide response to low energy

(smouldering) fires , since they respond to the optical density of the smoke ,and such fires
produce a preponderance of visible size range smoke particles.
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3.3.6.2 Photoelectric Detectors characteristic
Photoelectric detectors are as effective as ionization detectors in sensing smoke.

Ionization unit responds to flaming fires with smaller particles; photoelectric detectors
respond more quickly to all fires. Photoelectric detectors are more expensive than ionization
units but the latter provides a level of built-in security not found in photoelectric detectors.
The difference between these detectors is also apparent during the change of batteries. The
alarm of ionization detectors sounds to hint that the battery should be changed. The sound is
caused by the drop in the ion current. In contrast, photoelectric detectors can be provided
with back-up batteries, but don't provide this added benefit.
In one type of photoelectric device, smoke can block a light beam. In this case, the
reduction in light reaching a photocell sets off the alarm. In the most common type of
photoelectric unit, however, light is scattered by smoke particles onto a photocell, initiating
an alarm. In this type of detector there is a T-shaped chamber with a light-emitting diode
(LED) that shoots a beam of light across the horizontal bar of the T. A photocell, positioned
at the bottom of the vertical base of the T, generates a current when it is exposed to light.
Under smoke-free conditions, the light beam crosses the top of the T in an uninterrupted
straight line, not striking the photocell positioned at a right angle below the beam.
Figure 6: Response sensitivity of the detectors
3.3.6.3 Sensitivities of the photoelectric smoke detector
A chart which graphically displays the changing sentivities of photoelectric and

ionization detectors over the ranges of particle sizes for contant mass concertration.the fact
of the total mass of particulates stays contant for the given volume of air cause the number
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of the particles to decrease in the number of particles per unit volume rather than the
increase.
All photoelectric smoke detectors contain an LED that projects a light throughout the area it
is installed in. When a fire breaks out, it produces smoke and this smoke blocks the LED,
tripping the smoke alarm off. These are a more effective and reliable device for building
because most fires within the building produce a lot of smoke.
3.3.6.4 Recommendation product:
Applications
The Gentex 8000/8003 Series of photoelectric detectors is designed for commercial,

industrial, residential and institutional applications. The 8000/8003 is engineered to provide
outstanding performance wherever reliable fire protection is required.
The Gentex 8000/8003 Series provides an exclusive patented three position test
feature that simulates a 0.85% and a 3.5% actual smoke condition, in full compliance with
NFPA 72 and UL 268 Standards. The test feature has the capability to let you know when
maintenance is required.
A standard Form A dry relay contact for connection to the system initiating circuit and
an auxiliary Form C dry relay contact is provided on all models for use for remote
annunciation as a releasing device services. Other options include reverse/local 90dBA
solid-state piezo horns and 135°F fixed temperature self-restoring integral or isolated
thermals to meet your specific requirements.
The 8003 Series provides the temporal 3 evacuation tone as a standard feature. When
testing the 8003 Series it may take up to 16 seconds longer to go in or out of alarm.
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Standard Features
• Available in 120VAC and 24VDC

• Horn Frequency 3100 Hz (Nominal)
• Nominal 2.5% Sensitivity
• Functional Test Switch — Patented Three Position Test
• On Site Maintenance Washing Program
• Form A/Form C Dry Relay Contacts
• Quick-Disconnect Wiring Harness
• 2 Year Warranty from Date of Purchase
• 5-to-1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
• Pulsing LED Sensing Chamber
• Fully Insect Screened
• Solid-State LED Condition Indicator
• Mounting Hardware Adapts to Standard Junction Boxes
• Dust Cover to Prevent Contamination During Installation
• Protective High Air Velocity Gasket
• Suitable for release device service
• Temporal 3 Evacuation Sounding Device (8003 Series)
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3.3.7 Wiring system
3.3.7.1 Wiring for Releasing Device Service
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Detector Wiring Diagram For “H” — Isolated Thermal
3.3.7.2 Benefits of recommenced product
1. Faster and easier installation.

2. Secure protection of alarms prior to commissioning.
3. Faster and easier installation in any scenario.
4. Faster and easier installation.
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5. Fewer mistakes in sizing and positioning of cable hole.

6. Faster and easier termination.
7. Less scope for termination errors.
8. A simpler and more cost effective surface mounts option.
9. Minimises visual impact and enhances householder satisfaction.
10. Early warning can save lives.
11. Maximises protection through matching alarm types with the environment.
12. Easy diagnosis of alarm status.
13. Maximises safety by encouraging owner to test regularly (and safely).
14. Prevent dust contamination.
15. Convenience during nuisance alarming.
16. Encourages replacement and therefore safety.
17. Peace of mind for installers
A basement is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially
below the ground floor. Basements are typically used as a utility space for a building where
such items as the furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, car park, and cable
television distribution point.
To propose a complete building services for the fire fighting installation which the
building comprises of 4 storey basement parking. The suitable for the fire figthing installation
can be use in basement parking are:
1. Co2 fire extinguishing installation

2. Hose reel (swinging manual and recessed manual)
3. Dry Risers main.
4. Dry pipe or alternate wet and dry automatic sprinkler system.
3.4.1 Fire extinguishing installation system
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Portable fire extinguisher is manually operated first aid appliances to stop or limit the
growth of small fire. Choosing the proper type of fire extinguisher is an important issue. It is
because using the wrong type of fire extinguisher can be dangerous. Fire extinguishers are
divided into four categories based on different types of fires.
Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different types of fire. The
most common types of extinguishers are:
Dry Powder Extinguishers
(Blue with a white band or label)
Dry powder extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel with a thin
layer of fire retardant powder, separating the fuel from the oxygen.
The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction, which
makes these extinguishers extremely effective.
Dry powder extinguishers are usually rated for class B and C fires
and may be marked multiple purpose for use in A, B, and C fires.
They contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-
flammable gas as a propellant.
Dry Chemical extinguishers will have a label indicating they may be
used on class A, B, and/or C fires.
Locations:
These extinguishers will be found in a variety of locations including:
public hallways, laboratories, mechanical rooms, break rooms,
chemical storage areas, offices, commercial vehicles, and other
areas with flammable liquids.
Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 )

(Black with a white band or label)
This type of extinguisher is filled with Carbon Dioxide (CO2), a non-
flammable gas under extreme pressure. These extinguishers put out
fires by displacing oxygen, or taking away the oxygen element of the
fire triangle. Because of its high pressure, when use this
extinguisher pieces of dry ice shoot from the horn, which also has a
cooling effect on the fire.
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CO2 extinguishers are designed for Class B and C (flammable liquid

and electrical) fires only.
Important:
CO2 is not recommended for Class A fires because they may
continue to smolder and re-ignite after the CO2 dissipates.
Never use CO2 extinguishers in a confined space while people are
present without proper respiratory protection.
Locations:
Carbon dioxide extinguishers will frequently be found in industrial
vehicles, mechanical rooms, offices, computer labs, and flammable
liquid storage areas
3.4.2 Uniform building by – laws (1984)
The requirement in UNIFORM BUILDING BY – LAWS (1984) (UBBL) Part VIII and in
clause 225 about the fire extinguishing are:
1. Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and
the fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the
requirements as specified in the tenth schedule to these By Law.
2. Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5
meters from nearest point of fire brigade access.
3. Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire
appliance, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as many by required by the Fire
Authority.
The requirement in UNIFORM BUILDING BY – LAWS (1984) (UBBL) Part VIII and in
clause 227 about the fire extinguishing are portable extinguisher shall be provided in
accordance with the relevent codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent position on
exits routes to be visible from all direction and similar extinguishers in building shall be of the
same method of operation.
3.4.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers
In the 4 storey basement parking, the suitable for types fire extinguishing use is a
Co2 fire extinguishing installation. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are used on the
small fires involving for class B and C fires. Class B are involving flammable or combustible
liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil. For the Class C are involve electrical
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equipment, such as appliances, wiring, circuit breakers and outlets. CO2 extinguishers
contain carbon dioxide, a non-flammable gas, and are highly pressurized. The pressure is so
great that it is not uncommon for bits of dry ice to shoot out. CO2 is heavier than oxygen so
these extinguishers work by displacing or taking away oxygen from the surrounding area.
CO2 is also very cold so it also works by cooling the fuel. Extinguishers with carbon dioxide
are usually used in contamination-sensitive places such as computer rooms, labs, food
storage areas, processing
plants, etc.
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The Properties of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are:

1. A known agent for fires involving Electrical, Flammable Liquids, Gas Fires.
2. Effective as it reduces oxygen content by dilution of atmosphere
3. A minimum concentration is needed for extinguishments
The Advantages of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are:

1. Non combustible
2. Non conductive of electricity
3. Does not react with most substances
4. Non toxic (within tolerable limits)
5. No residue
6. It is gaseous and can penetrate to all parts of fire area
7. Easily liquefied and bottled under pressure
The Disadvantages of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are:

1. Use is generally limited by low cooling capacity and enclosure incapable of retaining
extinguishing atmosphere
2. A high concentration and longer holding time for deep seated fire
3. Gas not visible - Leaking causes suffocating atmosphere
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In this building, we provide the 5kg CO2 Fire Extinguisher for the portable fire
extinguisher. It is because the 5kg CO2 extinguisher is best suited for premises with a higher
risk of large fires involving live electrical equipment or flammable liquid fires. Unlike the
swivel horn of the 2kg, the 5kg horn is on the end of a hose for easy use. Whilst a 5kg
carbon dioxide fire extinguisher is great for large electrical items, do not try to use on Class
A (paper, wood, cloth, etc) fires. They require factory refilling and testing or service-
exchange. Also suitable for factories, machinery, garage workshops, plant rooms, motor
rooms.
3.4.4 Hose reel installation system
Hose reel system is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire
and comprises hose reel pumps, fire water tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves. The hose
reel system generally serves as an initial fire fighting aid. When the hose reel is brought into
use the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream of the pump check valves will drops
below the field adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggering the pump
to come into operation automatically to feed a steady supply of water to discharge through
the hose.
Fire fighting hose reel is the part which can be easily accessible. The fire hose reel
outlets should be properly housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key.
The positioning should be sited in positions of accessibility without exposing the user to
danger from the fire. It should be sited along escape routes or close to fire exits to keep
open the means of escape. In multi-storey buildings, hose reel need to be fitted inside
building, the next to the fire exit doors. Allow use without opening smoke stop doors and
prevents lobbies from being filled with smoke. In industrial buildings hose reels may need to
be situated in the centre of the building.
The Components of hose reel are:

1. Drum: The hose reel drum is a universal swing type, where the hose drum rotates
around a horizontal shaft and the hose can be withdrawn from any direction.
2. Hose: The fire hose reel is made of non-kinking, braided rubber type and the length
of the hose is 30 meter.
3. Nozzle: The shut –off nozzle assembly which is fitted at the end of the hose is
constructed of corrosion resistant material. There are markings to indicate the
open/shut positions of the nozzle.
4. Stop valve: A 25mm diameter stop valve is provided for the connection of the hose
reel to the water supply.
The Principle of Operation hose reel system efficiently, the following instructions
should be followed in:
a) Turn open the stop valve.
b) Run out the hose.
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c) Turn open the water at the nozzle.
3.4.4.1 Design Consideration
They are located in recess along corridors and provided with up to 45m of reinforced
rubber hose. All parts of a floor area not exceeding 800m² are covered by one installation.
The installation should be designed so that no part of the floor area is more than 6m from a
nozzle when the hose is fully extended. A minimum delivery of 24 litre/min is recommended
at the reel most distant from the source of water, when the 2 remote reels operating
simultaneously. Water pressure of 200kPa is required at the nozzle this will have a
horizontal distance of 8m and a height of about 5m. A range of hose reels is available
including manual and automatics, fixed, swinging and recessed and come with detachable
mounting plate for fast installation by one person.
3.4.4.2 Water Supply
Water can be supplied directly from the mains if the supply to the highest reel is up to
200 kPa and also supply sufficient discharge. If the supply cannot be supplied from the main
automatic pumping equipment will have to be installed. There will be required a break tank
with a minimum capacity of 1.6m³ and duplicate pumps providing a minimum discharge of
2.3 litre/second. In large buildings a stand-by diesel pump may be required.
There are 3 types of hose reel:
1. Fixed manual hose reel
2. Recessed manual hose reel
3. Swinging manual hose reel
In the 4 storey basement parking, used swinging manual and recessed manual for
the hose reel.
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Swinging Manual Hose Reel
A hose reel is a fire-fighting appliance for use in the basement building. Hose reels
should be sited in positions where they can be used without exposing the users to danger
from fire. The hose reels should be able discharge 0.4 litre per second at a distance of 6m
from the end of the nozzles. Three reels should be capable of being used simultaneously. A
pressure of 200 kPa is required at the highest reel and if the town water main will not provide
this pumping will be required. If a suction tank is required it should hold a minimum volume
of water of 1.6m3. A 50mm bore pipe is required for buildings up to 15m in height and a
64mm pipe is required for buildings above 15m.
3.4.5 Hydrant installation system
Hydrant system consist the two systems in the fire fighting. The systems are:
1. Wet riser
Wet riser is the system of valves and pipework which are kept permanently charged
with water, generally utilising pumps and tanks
2. Dry riser
Dry riser is the system of valves and pipework which enables the Fire Service to
pump water on to upper floors of a building.
Dry and wet risers are intended for the use of the Fire Service to provide a readily
available means of delivering considerable quantities of water to extinguish or to prevent the
spread of fire.
They are typically installed during construction of the building as a requirement of
Building Regulations. Before installation of dry or wet rising mains, the local Authority and
Fire Officer must be consulted to ascertain their exact requirements.
In the 4 storey basement parking, the suitable for hydrant system are using dry riser.
3.4.5.1 Dry Risers
Dry riser is the system of valves and pipework which enables the Fire Service to
pump water on to upper floors of a building. Dry riser is normally only charged with water
when required by the fire and rescue service. An inlet valve is provided at street level
allowing a fire service pump or engine to be connected. Each floor of the building is fitted
with an outlet valve on to which a fire fighting hose can be attached. Water is then pumped
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through the riser for delivery at the relevant area of the building. For the service, It is
imperative that a maintenance regime is adhered to on a six monthly basis. Visual and
functional testing of all pipe work, brackets, valves and cabinets. In addition to the six month
inspection, the system is pressurised with water to a pressure of 10bar and checked for
leaks. Dry risers will be found in buildings over 18 metres above ground level and in low
level buildings where there are excessive distances from entrances (60m). The location of
rising main must not exceed 930 m² for the floor area coverage per rising main.
Dry Rising main in basements
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Location of Dry Rising main in basements
3.4.6 Sprinkler installation system
Sprinkler systems are usually activated when a sprinkler head is exposed to extreme
heat. Sprinkler heads have links or fuses that are designed to open at a pre-determined
temperature. Once this temperature is reached, the link or fuse will break and water will
begin to flow. Each sprinkler head has its own fuse or link, and only those exposed to the
pre-determined temperature will flow water. In other words, if a fire starts in a corner of the
room, only the sprinkler heads affected by the fire will activate. The heads in the opposite
corner may not be exposed to enough heat to activate them.
3.4.6.1 The Basic Types of Sprinkler Systems are:
1) Wet-pipe System
Wet-pipe sprinkler systems are the most common in use today. These systems
contain water under pressure to each individual sprinkler head. When a head
is exposed to a pre-determined temperature, the fuse or link will break and
water will begin to flow.
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2) Dry-pipe System
Dry-pipe systems are usually installed in occupancies where there is a chance
of the water freezing in the lines. Dry-pipe systems have air or nitrogen under
pressure to each sprinkler head. The pressure in these lines is slightly above
the water pressure, and this pressure difference is what keeps the water out of
the sprinkler lines. When a sprinkler head is activated, the air will begin to
expel, and the air pressure will drop. As the air pressure drops, water will
begin to advance throughout the lines and flow through the activated heads.
3) Preaction System
Pre-action systems are usually installed in areas or occupancies that are
concerned about water damage from broken or faulty sprinkler lines or heads.
Water is stopped at the feeders (in the walls before the pipes supplying the
sprinkler heads) by a valve. This valve is electronically activated by a heat-
detecting device within the area. Once the heat-detecting device detects heat, a
signal is sent to the valve and the valve opens. Water will then flow to all heads,
but will only discharge through the activated heads. If a forklift or some other
type of equipment breaks a sprinkler line, water will not immediately discharge
because the valve is holding back the water flow and not the sprinkler heads
(unlike the wet-pipe or dry-pipe systems).
4) Deluge System
Deluge systems are generally installed in hazardous areas requiring the
immediate application of water. This system is very similar to the preaction
system, except all sprinkler heads are open (no activating device). Once the
heat-detecting device activates the valve, water will flow from all heads within the
area.
In the 4 storey basement parking, the suitable for sprinkler installation are use Dry pipe or
alternate wet and dry sprinkler automatic sprinkler installation.
3.4.6.2 Dry pipe or alternate wet and dry automatic sprinkler system.
Dry pipe or alternate wet and dry sprinkler are usually installed in building that are
without a heating system. The dry system pipework above the differential valve. Is always
filled with compressed air. When a fire occurs the compresse air escapes and the differential
valve open allowing water to flow to the open sprinkler. The alternate wet and dry riser
system works as a wet system during the summer and as a dry system during winter. It is
usual practice to charge the system with air at a gauge pressure of about 138kPa. A small
compressor is used to restore any loss of pressure. The compressor will start automatically
when the pressure in the pipework fall but will have little effect on the flow of water to the
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sprinklers. A pump switches on automatically when the sprinkler open and will improve the
flow of water to the sprinkler.
An automatic fire sprinkler system is one of the most effective methods of controlling
or suppressing a fire. Sprinkler systems are made up of a network of pipes in the walls and
ceilings that have sprinkler heads providing protection to hallways, rooms, stairways and
other areas of a building. In most systems, the pipes are always filled with water, under
pressure and the system is ready to do its job of putting out a fire quickly. Sometimes
sprinklers are concealed behind small metal plates in the walls and ceiling.
The component of Automatic sprinkler installation system consist are main water
tank, main water pump, main pilot valve (dry),pilot valve (wet), sprinkler head - standing
configuration, sprinkler head - hanging configuration, pressure tank, testing piping, testing
piping, filling piping, compressor, alarm bell, fire central, alarm bell, pressure gauge and
switchboard
The advantages of automatic sprinkler system are:

1. The automatic sprinkler system consists of riser mains, roughens, water pumps,
sprinkler, check valves, pressure valves, water alarm gong, water flow switches
breeching inlet.
2. Sprinkler systems able to detect the heat of fire instantly.
3. Sprinkler system immediately distributes the correct amount of water over the
protected area.
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4. Sprinkler in sprinkler system operate independently of each other because that this
system widely used in building
5. Alarm gong will activated when activation of sprinkler take place.
6. Cover a large area in protecting fire in the building.
7. Efficient in the operation, because when the set point temperature has been reached
(68ºC) the activation mode is start.
The disadvantages of automatic sprinkler system are:

1. Sprinkler systems operated depending through electricity connected
2. High cost in maintenance and installation
3. The activation mode is depending upon the heat temperature.
3.5 Conclusions
Detecting fires early in building provides the benefit of time for investigation, manual
intervention and, if necessary, suppression. In the event of a fast growth fire, the advance
notice provides a critical opportunity to call for fire brigade attendance while the fire can still
be managed to avoid total loss of the facility. This is especially important in complex building
like high rise building since the risks to the environment and the loss of assets, premises and
business continuity are quite significant.
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4.0 BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction
Security system design depends on the building type and location, and on what
needs to be secured. Systems must also be responsive to codes and regulations,
appropriately interactive with other building systems, cost effective in both the short and long
term, and adaptable enough for foreseeable needs. Besides that, security needs should be
addressed early in the design process.
Obviously, a security system is important to provide safety for all the employees, the
staff, and the visitors who use a building. But security considerations go far beyond this.
Access control very often extends beyond merely controlling who may enter a building and
monitoring when and where they do so, including to control and monitoring of the specific
people permitted access to particular areas within a larger facility.
Security considerations are hardly limited to protecting people. All of a building's
contents need protection from damage or loss. In technically sophisticated facilities, it's not
just protection for material property but information and the systems that carry it, that must
be protected from harm.
Waiting until the last stages of the design process to begin thinking about security
system requirements can spell trouble for budgets and construction schedules, and is a sure
way to guarantee that the system installed will be less than optimal. This necessitated a
good deal of redesign, stalling construction and inflating costs unnecessarily.
Without attempting to make a complete list of the security-related issues architects
should be aware of at the outset of a design. Effective security is always interplay of three
elements: natural and architectural barriers, including anything from landscaping strategies
that discourage access, to the number, location, size, and type of doors and windows;
human security, including the protection provided by guards and other personnel; and
electronic security, provided by any one of the array of systems now available.
Two other purposes of security is first, security systems and devices (e.g., closed-
circuit TV cameras) play an increasingly large role in reducing facility owners' liability to
lawsuits. Second, security components not only protect against harm but can provide crucial
documentation in the investigation of crimes that have occurred.
4.2 Building security installation
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For the situation of the New Town Development Sdn Bhd is planned to build a 40
storey including 4 storey basement commercial building. The building comprises of 4 storey
basement parking and 7 storey shopping complex. The rest are offices lot. So, the building
security systems that are suitable for this situation are:
1. Electronic surveillance - closed circuit tv (cctv)
2. Intrusion alarm system – point protection, area protection, perimeter protection,
personal threat protection
3. Access control system – lock & keys, card access, biometric access, door/ alarm
monitoring
1. Electronic Surveillance - Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
4.2.1.1 The Applications for CCTV

Probably the most widely known use of CCTV is in security systems and such applications
as commercial building, shopping complex, basement, office etc. It is therefore essential
that:
1. To reduce or prevent crime if it is part of a broader crime prevention and community
safety strategy.
2. The recording and retention of images should be undertaken fairly and lawfully;
3. The purpose for which the information is being obtained is known;
4. The information not be used for any other purpose than that proclaimed;
5. People be aware that they may be subject to CCTV surveillance;
6. The CCTV surveillance should only be used to identify crimes occurring within the
CCTV area;
7. The CCTV surveillance should never be used to monitor or track individuals who
have not obviously been involved in a crime;
8. The CCTV surveillance should not be used for general intelligence gathering; and
9. The owners of the scheme are known and accountable for its operation.
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a system in which the circuit is closed and all the
elements are directly connected. This is unlike broadcast television where any receiver that
is correctly tuned can pick up the signal from the airwaves. Directly connected in this context
includes systems linked by microwave, infrared beams, etc.
It is used to monitor and record images of what takes place in specific locations in
real time. The images collected are sent to a monitor and recorded on video tape or as
digital information. The cameras can be fixed or set to scan an area or they can be operated
by controllers. Monitors can be watched by controllers or left unmonitored. The recorded
information can be stored and/or reviewed by those who have access to the recordings at
their convenience.
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The main components that can go to make up CCTV systems of varying complexity are:
4.2.1.2 The Camera
The starting point for any CCTV system must be the camera. The camera creates
the picture that will be transmitted to the control position. Apart from special designs CCTV
cameras are not fitted with a lens. The lens must be provided separately and screwed onto
the front of the camera. There is a standard screw thread for CCTV cameras, although there
are different types of lens mounts. Not all lenses have focus and iris adjustment. Most have
iris adjustment. Some very wide angle lenses do not have a focus ring. The 'BNC' plug is for
connecting the coaxial video cable. Line powered cameras do not have the mains cable.
Power is provided via the coaxial cable.
Camera and Lens
4.2.1.3 The Monitor
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The picture created by the camera needs to be reproduced at the control position as
shown in figure below. A CCTV monitor is virtually the same as a television receiver except
that it does not have the tuning circuits.
CCTV Monitor 12
4.2.1.4 Simple CCTV Systems
The simplest system is a camera connected directly to a monitor by a coaxial cable

with the power for the camera being provided from the monitor. This is known as a line
powered camera. Diagram below shows such a system. Probably the earliest well-known
version of this was the Pye Observation System that popularized the concept of CCTV,
mainly in retail establishments. It was an affordable, do-it-yourself, self-contained system.
A Basic Line Powered CCTV System
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The next development was to incorporate the outputs from four cameras into the
monitor. These could be set to sequence automatically through the cameras or any camera
could be held selectively. Diagram below shows a typical arrangement of such a system.
There was even a microphone built into the camera to carry sound and a speaker in the
monitor.
The speaker, of course, only put out the sound of the selected camera. There were
however a few disadvantages with the system, although this is not to disparage it. The
microphone, being in the camera, tended to pick up sound close to it and not at the area at
which it was aimed. There was a noticeable, and sometimes annoying, pause between
pictures when switching. This was because the camera was powered down when not
selected and it took time for the tube to heat up again.
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A Four-Camera Line Powered CCTV System
1. CCTV System and Security Concept
CCTV is a valuable management and security tool. The installation of a CCTV

system as part of a series of security recommendations generally intended to prevent or
detect crime. Video evidence can help with security enquiries or investigations and assist in
securing criminal convictions. The visual recording of incidents, for evidential or investigative
purposes, has many benefits and with a competitive customer driven market is no longer
cost prohibitive. CCTV systems will vary in size and complexity depending on their purpose
and the defined security operational requirements.
So the CCTV is very important and effective in maintaining security for the situation
in this topic. It is suitable to use in all spaces like basement, lift, office, open or enclosed
area and so on. By using the CCTV, so the security at this place is in high level.
4.2.1.6 Intrusion alarm system
The Intrusion Alarm System designed to alert the user to a specific danger or
intruder’s presence. Sensors are connected to a control unit via low-voltage wiring which is
used to interact with a response device. The most common security sensors are used to
indicate the opening of a door or window or detect motion via passive infrared (PIR).
Sensors are divided into 2 categories: switches of various types and space protectors.
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Based on the situation that had been given in this task, the usage of intrusion alarm
system is very suitable. For the example, it can be use in office, shop lot, shopping complex
and so on.
As provides to deter an intruder or provides an alert by setting off a siren on
detecting intrusion. In addition to intrusion detection, this device also includes systems like:
1. LPG Gas Leak Detector

2. Smoke Detector
3. Emergency Panic Button
4. Communicator (Auto Dialer)
An Intrusion Alarm System (IAS) typically consists of an Intruder Panel, PIR(Passive

Infra Red) Movement Detectors, Vibration Detectors, Glass Break Detectors, Magnetic Door
Contact, LPG Gas Detector, Smoke Detector, Hooters, an Panic Button, Communicator,
Battery Back Up and an optional Central Monitoring System (CMS) facility.
Intrusion alarm system divided into 3 categories:
1. Point protection
2. Area protection
3. Perimeter protection
1. Point Protection
It provides for detecting and alerting the occupants, of any attempted entry through
all entry or exit points, windows and also provides for detecting the movement of an intruder
within the protected premises.
For the example, the sensors reported the point's identity, location, and operating
status to the control panel and, hence, to human monitors, when the thief struck again, he
was easily apprehended. The intrusion detectors that can be used for point protection
include:
1. Magnetic door contacts- identify intruders by using a magnet and reed switch
mechanism. The reed switches are electrical contacts held open by the presence of
a magnet. When a magnet attached to an opening door moves away from the reed
switches in the alarmed sensor, the switches make contact with each other and
trigger a radio frequency (RF) transmission to the system control panel. Information
in the RF transmission identifies the type and location of the sensor.
1. Vibration detectors-These are solid state detectors with no moving parts and
therefore non-gravity dependent. It offers a flashing LED indication that can be
remotely reset or left illuminated to act as a deterrent. Sensitivity is controlled by a
variable potentiometer coupled with a dual sensitivity link thus offering fine
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adjustment possibilities. In sites that offer high probability of single unintentional

impacts, a patent double knock feature is provided
2. Thermostatic switches
3. Audio accumulators
4. Proximity alarms
1. Area Protection
Installed either at enclosed or open area of space in a building or a room. The aim is
to detect the presence of an intruder in the protected area. Motion detectors emit waves
constantly or at regular intervals. The most common application:
1. Single-technology motion detecting sensor uses passive infrared (PIR) - (PIR) is one
of the most common detectors that offers affordable and reliable functionality. It is
able to function without the need to generate and radiate its own energy.
1. Dual-technology motion detecting sensors employ PIR and microwave technologies
– most effective in detecting when the heat mass moves.
1. Perimeter Protection
It protects an area by detecting any intrusion past the perimeter into the protected
area, for the example, wall and fence. The perimeter line is installed with sensors that detect
intrusion into the building or grounds. The devices for building perimeter protection include
magnetic contacts to doors or windows, foil wires or tapes to glass.
So in this situation, when glass of wall breaks, it cuts the tape and switch off the
electrical circuit in it, thus sets off the alarm. Fence detection systems are usually used with
CCTV. When intrusion is detected, the CCTV is used to provide verification.
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4.2.1.7 Access Control System
Access control is a system which enables an authority to control access to areas and
resources in a given physical facility or computer-based information system.
Access control systems are physical or electronic systems which are designed to
control that has access to a room or location both an identification number & a password can
be set up in Security and Access Control unit utilizes identification techniques of Bar-code
and Magnetic Stripe Card with optional password key-in. This system is suitable to use in
office.
The term access control is also refers to the practice of restricting entrance to a
property, a building, or a room to authorized persons. Physical access control can be
achieved by a human (a guard), through mechanical means such as locks and keys, or
through technological means such as access control systems like the card access and
biometric access.
The access control systems are divided into several types:
1. Lock and keys-.
It is the simplest access control system. When a door is locked, only someone with a
key can enter through the door depending on how the lock is configured. Mechanical locks
and keys do not allow restriction of the key holder to specific times or dates. Mechanical
locks and keys do not provide records of the key used on any specific door and the keys can
be easily copied or transferred to an unauthorized person. When a mechanical key is lost or
the key holder is no longer authorized to use the protected area, the locks must be re-keyed.
This access control system can be use for the entire door.
2. Card access, Biometric access and door/alarm monitoring
The methods of card reading are insertion type (require the card to be inserted) and
proximity card (require the card be brought close to a concealed reader). The types of card
access are magnetic stripe card, barium ferrite card, electronic circuit card, metal embedded
card and infrared card. Card access systems can range from a stand-alone system to
integrated systems.
The stand-alone system is a separate system and not connected to other building
services equipment and plant system.
1. In a stand-alone system, the card readers control only one door. In this system, the
card reader control connected to the remote management computer.
2. In integrated systems, the access system is part of the BAS or connected to other
security systems. It is integrated with other building services plant and equipment
systems.
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Typical access control door wiring Access control door wiring by using intelligent
readers
Typically the access point is a door. An electronic access control door can contain
several elements. At its most basic there is a stand-alone electric lock. The lock is unlocked
by an operator with a switch. To automate this, operator intervention is replaced by a reader.
The reader could be a keypad, card reader and biometric reader.
Readers do not usually make an access decision but send a card number to an
access control panel that verifies the number against an access list. To monitor the door
position a magnetic door switch is used. In concept the door switch is not unlike those on
refrigerators or car doors. Generally only entry is controlled and exit is uncontrolled. In cases
where exit is also controlled a second reader is used on the opposite side of the door. In
cases where exit is not controlled, free exit, a device called a request-to-exit (REX) is used.
Request-to-exit devices can be a pushbutton or a motion detector.
When the button is pushed or the motion detector detects motion at the door, the
door alarm is temporarily ignored while the door is opened. Exiting a door without having to
electrically unlock the door is called mechanical free egress. This is an important safety
feature. In cases where the lock must be electrically unlocked on exit, the request-to-exit
device also unlocks the door.
Access control readers may be classified by functions they are able to perform:
1. Basic (non-intelligent) readers: simply read card number or PIN and forward it to a
control panel. In case of biometric identification, such readers output ID number of a
user.
2. Basic (non-intelligent) readers: simply read card number or PIN and forward it to a
control panel. In case of biometric identification, such readers output ID number of a
user.
3. Intelligent readers: have all inputs and outputs necessary to control door hardware,
they also have memory and processing power necessary to make access decisions
independently.
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1. Conclusion
It is very important to ensure that a security system will be sufficient and suitable for
a facility's needs involve the balancing of many variables. By taking security considerations
into account from the very start and maintaining that awareness at each stage of the project,
architects can help ensure that a building will be adequately protected, free of the kind of
security overkill that often results when equipment is added at the last moment.
5.0 BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM
5.1 Introduction
A Building Automation System, or “BAS,” is an extension of various building control

systems such as HVAC, Lighting, Fire and Security. One of the most common applications
is to control HVAC units, change their set points, and view their current conditions. It can
even be used to schedule interior and exterior lighting to conserve energy.
In the past a dedicated computer for Building Automation was required. Today, most
of the software resides at the controller level and the individual controllers share data via a
network. The information may then be accessed by the building operator through a web
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page. This means that Building Operators may connect to their BAS from wherever there is
access to the internet.
Building automation describes the functionality provided by the control system of a
building. A building automation system (BAS) is an example of a distributed control system.
The control system is a computerized, intelligent network of electronic devices, designed to
monitor and control the mechanical and lighting systems in a building
BAS core functionality keeps the building climate within a specified range, provides
lighting based on an occupancy schedule, and monitors system performance and device
failures and provides email and or text notifications to building engineering staff. The BAS
functionality reduces building energy and maintenance costs when compared to a non-
controlled building. A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent
building system.
Most building automation networks consist of a primary and secondary bus which
connect high-level controllers (generally specialized for building automation, but may be
generic programmable logic controllers) with lower-level controllers, input or output devices
and a user interface (also known as a human interface device). The primary and secondary
bus can be BACnet, optical fiber, Ethernet, ARCNET, RS-232, RS-485 or a wireless
network.
Most controllers are proprietary. Some are designed with limited controls: for
example, a simple Packaged Roof Top Unit. Others are designed to be flexible. Most have
proprietary software that will work with ASHRAE's open protocol BACnet or the open
protocol Lon Talk.
Some newer building automation and lighting control solutions use wireless mesh open
standards (such as ZigBee. These systems can provide interoperability, allowing users to
mix-and-match devices from different manufacturers, and to provide integration with other
compatible building control systems. Inputs and outputs are either analog or digital (some
companies say binary).
Analog inputs are used to read a variable measurement. Examples are temperature,
humidity and pressure sensor which could be thermostat, 4-20 mA, 0-10 volt or platinum
resistance thermometer (resistance temperature detector), or wireless sensors. A digital
input indicates if a device is turned on or not. Some examples of a digital input would be a
24VDC/AC signal, an air flow switch, or a Volta-free relay contact. Analog outputs control the
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speed of light or position of a device, such as a variable frequency drive, a I-P (current to
pneumatics) transducer, or a valve or damper actuator. An example is a hot water valve
opening up 25% to maintain a set point. Digital outputs are used to open and close relays
and switches. An example would be to turn on the parking lot lights when a photocell
indicates it is dark outside.
Figure 1: Sample of Building Automation System Diagram
5.2 BAS Concepts
The goal of a BAS is to empower building equipment to operate more efficiently and
automatically, based on external considerations. Most often, this means building equipment
operations that reflect the time of day, outside temperatures, or customer needs. Heating
and cooling systems, lighting, security, and fire alarm systems are common building
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components that usually benefit from automation. In years past, these systems might have
consistently been placed in either “on” or “off” mode, and where building system efficiencies
could be pursued, manual adjustments based on years of assumed best practices were
considered, but not often consistently.
In today’s facilities management realm, BASs are increasingly common because of the clear
advantages offered by automation. In addition to energy savings, these systems reduce the
amount of maintenance staff time and therefore also reduce overhead costs. An upgrade
from a manually operated mechanical/electrical equipment plant to a BAS at a minimum
must include new sensors, new controllable equipment devices (valves, on/off switches,
etc.), and a control station (computer) with software specifically designed to monitor and
automatically adjust building equipment operations.
(1) (2)
Photo (1) & (2): Components inside the BAS
For the building which is commercial building with 40 storey include 4 storey basement,
there are several type of building automation system proposed for the building which is for 4
storey basement parking, 7 storey shopping complex and the rest 29 storey office lot. The
building automation system proposed as below:
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1. Basement section
1. Vehicle access control reader & parking gate
5.3.1.1 Parking gate equipment, Security & Automatic Gate Openers
Parking gate proposed for the building are using Parking or Access Control
Barrier Gate. The descriptions for the parking gate are as follows:
1. Operates 14’ through 20’ gate arms

2. Weatherproof and corrosion-resistant all steel cabinet
3. Polished stainless steel mounting base
4. It proximity sensor prevents gate from striking pedestrians and vehicles
5. 1/2 HP instant reversing motor
6. Remotely programmable microprocessor controller
7. Multiple operation modes
8. Barrier Gate operation counter built into software
9. Resettable thermal overload motor protection
10. Thermostatically controlled cabinet heater
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Photo 3: Parking gate
The specifications for the access control gate are as follows:
1. Cabinet: 14” x 15” x 12 gauge steel with a 13” x 14” x 6.25” polished
stainless steel base
2. Door: Flush mounted with chrome lock assembly and a single
internal gasket
3. Paint: Textured powder coat with silicone base. Yellow or white are
the standard colours. Additional color options are available.
4. Motor: 1/2 HP, single phase, instant reversing, 115/220V AC, 50/60
Hz
5. Limit Switch: Controls gate travel so no brake device is required
6. Heater: 500 W thermostat controlled strip device
7. Drive: Heavy duty, high cycle speed reducer with 60:1 output to the
main Shaft raises or lowers gate arm in five seconds.
1. Shear/Spring Pin: Connection from main gate shaft to gate arm bracket shear off
to prevent damage to internal mechanism in case of sudden

gate stoppage.
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5.3.1.2 Gate Controller
1. Controller: Self-contained universal gate control device. Lane

mode selection via RS-232 port on main CPU from
laptop or desktop computer. 8 opto-isolated inputs, 4
opto-isolated outputs, 5 – 30V DC range wet or dry.
1. Environment: -15°~149° F (-26°~65° C) with heater
1. Input Power: 115V AC, 50/60 Hz 220V AC optional feature
2. Output Signal: 12V DC, 1.5 Amps and 5V DC, 1 Amp
3. Convenience Outlet: 110V AC, 60 Hz, 15 Amps
4. Service Switches: Three position switch to raise gate, lower gate, and
normal operation mode, Power On/Off switch,
Heater/Fan control switch
5. Microprocessor: 20 MHz PIC processor
6. Vehicle Detection: PC board with one 11 pin Amphenol connector for
single or dual channel detectors
Photo 4: Gate controller

The Gate Controller is housed inside the gate
cabinet for protection. This controller unit may
also be used to replace other
manufacturers’ barrier gate controls.
5.3.1.3 Stand Alone Card Reader
The descriptions for stand alone card reader are as follows:
1. Using 26SA stand alone card reader
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2. 3500 Card Capacity, Timed Antipassback, no Control Panels or Secondary

Electronics.
3. Non-Volatile Memory.
4. Intercoms flush mounted substation, Vandal Proof and weather resistant.
5. Weatherproof Key Pad Reliable access up to 200 users, Four- to Eight-Digit PIN
codes can be selected, with 10 million possible codes at the keypad in seconds.
6. Using Radio Key 600 Stand Alone Card Reader
7. Fully-programmable, stand alone access control system that provides proximity
entry up to 600 users.
8. Optional Auxiliary Reader for High-Security/Extreme Weather Conditions.
9. Weatherproof Key Pad Reliable access up to 200 users.
Photo 5: Stand Alone card

reader
The specifications for stand alone card reader are as follows:
1. Cabinet: 15-3/8”W x 7”H x 5”D 18 Gage Steel Optional Stainless

Steel.
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2. Finish: Powder Coated with silicon base White or Yellow.

3. Pedestal: 2" x 3" Aluminum Tubing 1/8" wall x 42-1/2" tall
pedestal with a 1/4" cabinet bracket and 1/4" base
mounting bracket
4. Power Requirements: 12VDC
Figure 2: Stand
alone card reader
and parking gate layout
1. Ventilation system – propeller fan
5.3.2.1 Types of Propeller Fan
There are several types of propeller fan in the market. For this proposed
commercial building that have been use for 4 storey basement, the most suitable
propeller fan is “X.STREAM Series” - Steel Propeller
“X.STREAM Series” - Steel Propeller
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1. Designed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element

Analysis (FEA) to provide optimum air flow, efficiency, quality and durability.
2. Available in both low pressure (XLW/XLP) and medium pressure (XMW/XMP)

models providing a wide performance range, high pressure capabilities, and low
noise levels.
1. Constructed of fabricated steel blades securely attached to a minimum 7 gauge

steel hub.
1. Available in both exhaust and supply.
Photo 6: “X.STREAM
Series” - Steel Propeller
5.3.2.2 Specifications and Dimension Data
The most suitable propeller fan for the building is “Wall Fan Heavy Duty Low
and Medium Pressure Steel Propeller Belt Drive”
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Photo 7: Wall Fan Heavy Duty Low and Medium Pressure Steel Propeller Belt Drive
Figure 3: Supply fan
Figure 4: Exhaust fan
Description - Fan shall be a wall mounted, belt driven, steel propeller

exhaust or supply fan.
Certifications - Fan shall be manufactured at an ISO 9001 certified facility.

Fan shall be listed by Underwriters Laboratories (UL 705) and
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UL listed for Canada (CUL 705). Fan shall bear the AMCA
Certified Ratings Seal for Sound and Air Performance.
Construction - The fan shall be of bolted and welded construction utilizing

corrosion resistant fasteners. The motor, bearings and drives
shall be mounted on a tubular steel power assembly. The
power assembly shall be bolted to a minimum 14 gauge wall
panel with continuously welded corners and an integral venturi.
Unit shall bear an engraved aluminum nameplate. Nameplate
shall indicate design CFM, static pressure and maximum fan
RPM. Unit shall be shipped in ISTA Certified Transit Tested
Packaging.
Coating - All steel fan components shall be Lorenized® with an

electrostatically applied, baked polyester powder coating. Each
component shall be subject to a five stage environmentally
friendly wash system, followed by a 1.5 to 2.5 mil thick baked
powder finish. Paint must exceed 1,000 hour salt spray under
ASTM B117 test method.
Propeller - Propeller shall be a high-efficiency fabricated steel design with

blades securely fastened to a minimum 7 gauge hub. The hub
shall be keyed and locked to the fan shaft utilizing two
setscrews. Propeller shall be balanced in accordance with
AMCA Standard 204-96, Balance Quality and Vibration Levels
for Fans
Motor - Motor shall be heavy duty type with permanently lubricated

sealed ball bearings and furnished at the specified voltage,
phase and enclosure.
Bearings - Bearings shall be designed and individually tested specifically

for use in air handling applications. Construction shall be
heavy duty regreasable ball type in a cast iron pillow block
housing selected for a minimum L50 life in excess of 200,000
hours at maximum cataloged operating speed.
Belts and Drives - Belts shall be oil and heat resistant, non-static type. Drives
shall be precision machined cast iron type, keyed and securely
attached to the wheel and motor shafts. Drives shall be sized
for 150 percent of the installed motor horsepower. The variable
pitch motor drive must be factory set to the specified fan RPM.
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Product - Fan shall be the X.STREAM series as manufactured by Loren

Cook Company of Springfield, Missouri.
SHIPPING
WALL WEIGHT
SIZE A B C D E
XLWH / XLWH-S /
OPENING*
XMWH XMWH-S
20 24-3/16 19-1/16 5-1/4 24 2 24-7/16 133 136
24 30-3/16 19-1/16 6-3/4 30 3 30-7/16 143 146
30 36-3/16 19-1/16 6-3/4 36 3 36-7/16 168 171
36 42-3/16 19-1/16 7-3/8 42 3 42-7/16 203 208
42 48-3/16 20-11/16 7-9/16 48 3 48-7/16 267 272
48 54-3/16 26-5/16 7-7/8 54 3 54-7/16 338 344
54 60-3/16 26-5/16 7-3/4 60 3 60-7/16 412 419
60 60-3/16 26-5/16 7-7/8 66 3 66-7/16 454 462

All dimensions in inches. Weight in pounds, less motor.
Table 1: Dimension data for the propeller fan
5.3.2.3 Typical Wall Fan Components with accessories
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Photo 8:
Typical
Wall
Fan
Component
1. Disconnect Switches
Photo 9: Disconnect switches
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2. Weather Hood
Photo 10: Weather Hood
3. Wall Collar
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Photo 11: Wall collar
4. Shutter Guard
Photo 12: Shutter guard
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5. Heavy Duty Galvanized Shutter
Photo 13: Heavy Duty Galvanized Shutter
6. Filter Housing
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Figure 5: Filter housing
7. Fan Speed Control
Photo 14: Fan speed control
1. Commercial section
5.4.1 Escalator
An escalator is a power-driven, continuous moving stairway designed to transport

passengers up and down in short vertical distances. Escalators are used around the world to
move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be impractical. Most escalators are
installed in shopping centers will work for about 13 hours a day, based on business hours
starting at 9.00 am to 10.00 pm. Escalator movements can be controlled by a switch
controlled by the traffic capacity and demand on services.
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Escalators always provide the services directly and there is no time to wait as there were in
the elevator. It does not require specific items such as a hole and it is easy to install
elevators in existing buildings are prefabricated.
To ascertain a suitable location for the escalator, the initial review should be made to ensure
that users can
1. Know the location of escalators

2. Know the direction of movement of an escalator.
3. Easy and comfortable to move towards escalator.
Good location is the area that is open and spacious, the main entrance or the void. It will
provide an efficient service.
For the building which is commercial building with 40 storey include 4 storey basement
parking, 7 storey shopping complex and the rest 29 storey office lot, the most suitable
escalator system are as follows criteria:
5.4.2 Layout
5.4.2.1 Parallel Arrangement
Parallel arrangement defines usage by physical arrangement of stairs. The

advantage of a single location for the entrance to the bank of escalators eliminates
confusion and safety hazards. It is much more tidy and beautiful. Open view on the platform
provides an opportunity for traders to displays various advertisements around the area. It
can be installed side by side or separated. In parallel arrangement, the layout contain group
of 3 or 4 units of escalators. If there are four units of escalators in a group, the two units will
serve to pick up passenger to the upper floor and the two units will be served to bring people
to the lower floor.
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Figure 6: Parallel arrangement escalator
(a)
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(b)
(c)
Figure 7: Elevations and plan views of elevators in spiral parallel and stacked parallel
arrangements
Figure 8: Parallel arrangement escalator in 3D view
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Photo 14: Parallel arrangement escalator
1. Escalator capacity
There are several factors that control the ability of an escalator. These factors are:
1. speed of escalators
2. wide of escalators
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3. tilt assembly
Two most common inclinations are 30o and 35o. The most common used is the 30 o
escalator inclination types. The width of escalator is 32 inches or 48 inches and the
speed is between 90 ft / min or 120 ft / min. As a safety measure the speed of
escalators are limited to 125 feet / minute. There are also types of escalator which is
equipped with two types of speed at which the speed of 90 feet / minute is used in
normal conditions. When there is high demand for the service, then use the speed of
120 ft / min.
Escalator capacity means the number of passengers can be transported by it in a specified

time period and usually given in hours. Ability to escalators can be seen in the table below.
Width Speed Maximum capacity Common capabilities
(Ft / min) (75%)
5 minutes 1 jam 5 minutes 1 jam

(Person) (Person)
(Person) (Person)
32” (1.25 person)
Step 90 425 5000 319 3750
800 mm 120 566 6700 425 5025
48” (2 person)
Step 90 680 8000 510 6000
1200 mm 120 891 10000 668 8025
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Table 2: Escalator capacity
5.4.2.3 Installation
Installation of escalators in the form of a standard modular and it is divided

into three parts.
1. Top
With the head of the stairs, the platform above the motor and controller for stairs and
handrails
2. Middle
The inclined part where the length depends on the distance increases. Contains
stairs, packing and other equipment.
3. Bottom
Including the head of the bottom stairs where the railings change the direction.
5.4.2.4 Components of escalator
There are several components of escalator
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Figure 8: Components of escalator
1. Top and bottom landing platforms
These two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the
gears and motors that drive the stairs. The top platform contains the motor
assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler
sprockets. These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. In
addition, the platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate
provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the
moving stairs. This plate is flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or
removable to allow easy access to the machinery below. The comb plate is
the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. It is so
named because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a
comb. These teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edges of the steps. This
design is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and the landing,
which helps prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.
2. The truss
The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper
landings. It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross
braces across the bottom and just below the top. The ends of the truss are
attached to the top and bottom landing platforms via steel or concrete
supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper
and lower sections.
3. The tracks
The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which
continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in
an endless loop. There are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the
steps (called the step-wheel track) and one for the back wheels of the steps
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(called the trailer-wheel track). The relative positions of these tracks cause
the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate.
Along the straight section of the truss the tracks are at their maximum
distance apart. This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-
degree angle relative to the step behind it. This right angle bends the steps
into a stair shape. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks
converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a
straight line. This causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet-like arrangement, one
after another, so they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section
of track. The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until
they reach the bottom landing, where they pass through another curved
section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point the tracks
separate and the steps once again assume a stair case configuration. This
cycle is repeated continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and
back to the bottom again.
4. The steps
The steps themselves are solid, one-piece, die-cast aluminum. Rubber mats
may be affixed to their surface to reduce slippage, and yellow demarcation
lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges. The leading and trailing
edges of each step are cleated with comb-like protrusions that mesh with the
comb plates on the top and bottom platforms. The steps are linked by a
continuous metal chain so they form a closed loop with each step able to
bend in relation to its neighbors. The front and back edges of the steps are
each connected to two wheels. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into
the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower
front track. As described above, the position of the tracks controls the
orientation of the steps.
5. The railing
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The railing provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are
riding the escalator. It is constructed of four distinct sections. At the center of
the railing is a "slider," also known as a "glider ply," which is a layer of a
cotton or synthetic textile. The purpose of the slider layer is to allow the railing
to move smoothly along its track. The next layer, known as the tension
member, consists of either steel cable or flat steel tape. It provides the
handrail with the necessary tensile strength and flexibility. On top of tension
member are the inner construction components, which are made of
chemically treated rubber designed to prevent the layers from separating.
Finally, the outer layer, the only part that passengers actually see, is the
rubber cover, which is a blend of synthetic polymers and rubber. This cover is
designed to resist degradation from environmental conditions, mechanical
wear and tear, and human vandalism. The railing is constructed by feeding
rubber through a computer controlled extrusion machine to produce layers of
the required size and type in order to match specific orders. The component
layers of fabric, rubber, and steel are shaped by skilled workers before being
fed into the presses, where they are fused together. When installed, the
finished railing is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the
main drive gear by a series of pulleys.
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Figure 9: Principal escalator components
1. Ventilation and air-conditioning system
For the building which is commercial building with 40 storey include 4 storey
basement, the energy management for the building use the air-conditioning and
supply reset system. The building automation system proposed as below:
1. Supply Air Temperature Reset
Supply air temperature reset technique reduces energy consumption by

raising the air temperature of the centrally conditioned air supplying multiple terminal
reheat coils until the point is reached where the control valve on the terminal reheat
serving the room or area with the greatest cooling demand is just open. All other
terminal reheat valves on the same system are open by some greater amount
depending on the load. Any further increase in the central supply air temperature
causes overheating in the space with the greatest cooling demand. Of course the
central plant must be designed to provide either mechanical cooling from the
increased use of outdoor air, for this technique to work. If the system does have
mechanical cooling as part of the central plant then the energy saving can be two-
fold. There is the saving resulting from using less cooling energy when the supply air
temperature is raised and there is also the reduction in heating energy used by the
terminal reheat coils since they have less work to do.
In the EMS application the computer resets the central system supply air
temperature and continuously monitors the position of the reheat coils valves until the
one with the smallest heating load is just open. It holds the supply air at this
temperature until the position of the reheat coil valve changes. If it opens further the
computer raises the supply air temperature; if it closes and the space starts to get too
hot the computer lowers the supply air temperature. In other words it operates to
constantly optimize the combined use of heating and cooling energy, so that the
situation where cooling energy, so that the situation where cooling energy is being
added at the central plant causing additional heating loads at the terminal reheat
units is avoided.
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Figure 10: Supply air reset. Supply air temperature Ts increased to save overcooling which
would result in additional heating at zones.
5.5.2 Supply Water Temperature Reset
Supply water temperature reset is a similar technique to that described above but the
areas of energy saving are different. In this case the objective is to lower the temperature of
centrally distributed heating water until the point is reached where the heating zone valve
serving the space where the heating load is smallest is just open and/or the one serving the
space where the heating load is greatest is almost fully open. At this point the centrally
distributed heating water temperature is as low as it can be and the distribution losses are as
low as possible. The distribution losses are the heating energy which is lost from the
distribution pipe work to the surrounding air in areas where it is of no benefit to the building
occupant, in ceiling spaces or vertical risers within a building.
The same technique may be used if chilled water is generated centrally and
distributed around a site or building. The only difference is that the chilled water
temperature is reset upwards where the heating water temperature is reset
downwards.
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Figure 11: Supply water reset (SWR). In heating systems supply water temperature Ts is
reduced to minimize distribution losses. In cooling systems as well as reducing distribution
losses it also increased chiller efficiency.
1. Supply Air Pressure Reset
With a variable air volume system the central air plant normally supplies cool
air to the VAV terminal boxes. The local control thermostat then maintains the
required space temperature by throttling the amount of cooling air passing through
the VAV box into the air conditioned space. When there is maximum cooling load on
the system the pressure of the air in the distribution ductwork has to be great enough
to move the required volume of cold air through the VAV boxes, which are likely to be
in a fully open position, otherwise the space temperature would rise. As the cooling
load decrease the boxes start to reduce the amount of air being supplied into the
conditioned spaces and it is therefore not necessary to retain the high pressure in the
supply ductwork. The EMS computer will under these circumstances start to reduce
the supply air pressure, reducing the load on the central fan, thus saving electric
energy. It will continue to reset this pressure downwards until one of the VAV boxes
has taken up a fully open position and is just maintaining the upper limit of
temperature in the space it is serving.
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Figure 12: Supply pressure reset. As VAV regulators reduce air volume to the space supply,
pressure Ps is reduced via fan speed regulator SR.
2. Mixing Damper Economy Switchover
Mixing damper economy switchover is used on air conditioning systems

which have both mechanical cooling and air mixing dampers.
On a normal heating cycle the temperature of air recirculated from the condition
space is higher than the outdoor or fresh air temperature. Therefore before any heat
is added it is normal to use as much recirculated air as possible. Full recirculation
(100%) is not normally used in an occupied building except for warm up periods
before the main workforce starts to arrive.
As the heating load falls the heating coil valve closes and the mixing dampers start to
introduce more fresh air and less recirculated air. If, after the dampers have reached
the 100% fresh air position the space temperature continues to rise, mechanical
cooling is used. This may be a chilled water coil with a modulating control valve or a
direct expansion (DX) coil which is introduced in stages.
Eventually a point may be reached where the temperature of the outside air is higher
than that of the return air from the conditioned space. Obviously, once this happens,
it is going to be more energy efficient to use return air rather than outside air. The
EMS computers compares the return air temperature with the outside air temperature
and, if it is lower and the system is in a cooling mode, send the mixing dampers to
their minimum fresh air position thereby reducing the mechanical cooling load and
saving energy.
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Figure 12: Mixing damper economy switchover. If return air temperature Tr is lower
than outside temperature to, and plant is on cooling cycle, the action of dampers is
reserved.
3. Mixing Damper Economy, Enthalpy Switchover
Where air conditioning plants are being used to provide temperature control
and prevent the relative humidity (rh) from becoming too high, mechanical cooling is
used to lower the dry bulb temperature and also remove moisture from the
conditioned air. In some circumstances the removal of moisture from the air imposes
a greater load on the mechanical cooling equipment than lowering the (dry bulb)
temperature does. This situation usually when the outside temperature has a higher
enthalpy than the required space condition.
The EMS computer compares the enthalpy, or total heat, of the outdoor air with the
enthalpy of the return air from the space, and if it is higher and mechanical cooling is
being used, it runs the mixing dampers to the maximum return air position as with the
temperature based economy switchover routine discussed previously.
Since it is difficult to measure enthalpy directly the computer calculates it from the
measurement of dry bulb temperature and relative humidity. Enthalpy could also be
determined from the measurement of wet bulb temperature, but wet bulb
temperature sensors require constant maintenance and are therefore rarely used.
The savings achieved by enthalpy comparison switchover of dampers takes the form
of reduced mechanical cooling load and may be justified if the air conditioning
system to which it is applied is in a climate where outdoor temperature and humidity
may both be high for certain periods of the year, or where the space is to be
maintained at a low relative humidity. The latter may be the case in buildings used
for the production of certain pharmaceutical products.
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Figure 13: Mixing damper Enthalpy switchover. If returning air enthalpy as measured
by Tr and RHr is less than outdoor enthalpy measured by To and Rho and the plant
is dehumidifying, the action of the dampers is reserved.
4. Zero Energy Use Band
Zero energy use band is also applied to air conditioning systems which have
heating, mechanical cooling and mixing dumpers and is based on the premise that
there is a temperature band within which building occupants feel comfortable. By
inhibiting the use of heating or mechanical cooling within this band, quite obviously,
energy may be saved. Ironically today’s improved control techniques using
proportional plus integral (PI) or proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID)
algorithms are able to maintain close temperature control such that advantage is not
taken of this comfort band.
It attempting to maintain a precise temperature, heating or mechanical cooling are

used as soon as there is a deviation from the temperature set point even though it is
unnecessary in providing comfort conditions. With zero energy use band it is
possible to define its upper and lower values and, providing the measured
temperature is within that range, the EMS computer controls only the mixing
dampers. In other word it attempts to control the temperature as close to the set
point as possible but only operates the mixing dampers. Once the lower limit of the
band is reached the computer controls the heating coil valve as closely as it is able to
that level. Similarly, if when in the comfort band the temperature rises to the upper
limit of the band the EMS computer initiates the mechanical cooling.
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Figure 14: Zero energy band (ZEB). On heating/cooling systems with mixing
dampers a temperature band may be set where control is by dampers only. Once
the temperature is beyond the band, heating/cooling is brought in.
5. Summer Reset
Summer reset technique have been used for many years even before the
arrival of EMS systems. The advent of EMS has made it easier to apply because of
the relative ease with which the EMS computer is able to communicate with, and
reset, multiple control devices. Again it is based on maintaining conditions which are
comfortable to the occupant as opposed to keeping a constant temperature at all
times.
As the outside temperature increase say from 22°C to 30°C the space temperature, if
maintained at 22°C feel quite cool to any person coming into that space from outside.
It is probably quite acceptable to gradually reset the room temperature in proportion
to that outside, possibly going from 22°C to 26°C as the outside rises from 22°C to
30°C. in other words a ‘summer reset’ of 0.5°C inside for every 1°C outside. This
would make significant savings in cooling energy use.
Figure 15: Summer

reset. Once outdoor air
temperature reaches point Ts, ‘summer reset’ is switched on and room air
temperature Tr is increased in proportion to the increase in outdoor temperature.
6. Quality Control Of Fresh Air Content
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In air conditioned building where the number of occupants may vary over a
very wide range, for example in retail stores, bingo halls, night club etc., the minimum
amount of fresh air regulated by the mixing dampers is usually set for the highest
anticipated occupancy numbers. During periods where the number of people in the
building is small the same amount of fresh air is still brought in by the air conditioning
system. As was stated previously any fresh air brought into a building has to have
heating and cooling energy added to it to maintain the required temperature. This is
over and above the heating/cooling energy required to offset heat losses and gains
to outside or due to lighting, machinery etc. by sensing the percentage of carbon
dioxide in the air within the space, i.e. measuring the air quality, it is possible to
determine whether or not the amount of fresh air may be reduced and return air
increased. The EMS monitors air quality and modifies the dampers minimum fresh
air position continuously, always attempting to reduce the amount of fresh air, unless
of course it is being used to provide ‘free cooling’. It should be noted that at present
some countries have codes of practice which still require a minimum fresh air
quantity.
2. Office section
5.6.1 Elevator system
For the building which is commercial building with 40 storey include 4 storey
basement, the most suitable elevator system proposed is commercial elevator.
Elevator are categorized based on their uses depends on the function, types of
building and also the type of installation. The elevator that most suitable for 40 storey
including 4 storey basement, commercial building is a commercial elevator. Elevator
service and efficiency of this type are crucial to the good performance to clients of the
building. Transportation expenses from 6 to 23 people. The speed of the elevator can
be 200 feet/minute to 2000 feet/minute. It is used in offices, shopping malls, hotels
and others.
5.6.1.1 Selection of the elevator system
In the early stages of design, some basic information to be obtained for the
design of the elevator. The information obtained before a determination is made as
follows:
i. The maximum number of users that need to be transported
ii. Number of levels requires elevator service
iii. Distance
iv. Acceptable intermediate time between the time the car stopped
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v. Date and time of loading and transport to an acceptable

vi. The period of high consumer movement
Building type Waiting time (seconds)
Office building
Town 25-30
Trade 30-45
Residential area
Luxury accommodation 50-70
Dwelling middle 60-80

Low-income group residence
80-120
Hostel
60-80
Hotel
Hotel – first class 40-60
Hotel – second class 50-70
Table 3: Waiting times by type of building
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Use elevator capacity Minimum speed Building height
(pound) (feet/minutes) (feet)
Office building
Small building 2500 350-400 0-125
500-600 126-225
Medium building 3000 700 226-275
800 276-375
Large building 3500 1000 Exceed 375
Hotel 2500 As above
3000
Hospital 150 0-60
200 61-100
3500 250-300 101-125
350-400 126-175
4000 500-600 176-250
700 Exceed 250
Residential 100 0-75
2000 200 76-125
2500 250-300 126-200
350-400 Exceed 200
Store/business 3500 200 0-100
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250-300 101-150
4000 350-400 151-200
5000 500 Exceed 200
Table 4: High speed elevator guide according to the building
5.6.1.2 Elevator layout
Elevator in the building layout is also a factor that determines the efficiency of
the elevator. Elevator layout should be made to ensure that there is no interference
between passengers who wish to get into the elevator. Elevator layout is dependent
on the number of elevator cars that are used. The elevator is used for building the
two-zone system. Then the separation should be made to avoid confusion happened
to the passengers.
Figure 16: Layout of

the four elevator cars
5.6.1.3 Elevator type
Elevator used for the proposed building is called high-rise building elevator.
Service requirements for high rise elevators are critical. For the balance of services
at all levels above and below, the concept of the zone system can be used.
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This system is usually divided into express zone and low zone. Express zone used
for the service level for high-level where the elevator car will not stop or pick up
passengers at the lower levels. Low zone is used for a car ride takes passengers
down the lower-level operating profit as 5 or 10 levels down.
Figure 17: Layout for four

elevator cars for zone
system; (T): higher zone, (R):
lower zone
Photo 15: Sign show the elevator can go

until level 12 only
5.6.1.4 Elevator installation
Each elevator installation has the following sub-systems
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1. Motion control - contains motor, engine, brake and power supply
2. System control - for a variety of patterns of movement control system Elevator
3. Gate control - contains motor door, connecting, car doors, platform gates
and doors safety devices.
4. Security - contains security gear, speed controller for the first balance,
door keys, the first detection of electricity, heat, lack of
power
and others.
Installation of elevators in the building must contain the following:
1. Elevator car
Elevator car is a closed platform where passengers or goods are transported.

Constructed with steel or iron frame while closing, the rig and other packaging
(fire resistant) attached to the steel frame. This cable is tied to the frame. Edge
of both sides of the frame is tied to the wheels that would slide on rails.
Equipment to be supplied is security doors, floor panel indicators, button panel

request, phone, emergency button, lighting and air enough and emergency
supplies (10 seconds after the break).
Things that must be considered when choosing the elevator car are:
1. 2.1m high enough
2. Load indicator should be shown in the elevator car
3. Alarm system, telephone, power supply for emergency
4. Ventilation and lighting
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Figure 18: Elevator car
1. Lifts shaft
Built with reinforced concrete is commonly known as lifts shaft. The function is
in order to accommodate the load and fire resistance. Size of lifts shaft is
dependent on the number of elevator cars that are used.
Photo 15: Lift shaft
2. Catalyst
Catalyst is usually placed on lifts shaft to lift a car using a cable. Placed in a
room that is equipped with a lifting beam for maintenance purposes.
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Catalyst has an electric motor, brake, shaft, controller, drum and gear drive.
The movement of the string controlled by the drive shaft and this depends on
the friction between the ropes with the shaft moves.
Machinery pulls (traction) - Attraction without gear = high speed
- Attractions with gear = Low speed
1. Elevator door
Cars will be equipped with its own door (sliding type) as a security measure
that resists the movement as long as the door is still open. Doors will be closed
at a specified time period and re-open after the ban, or continue to open any
excess weight.
3|Page
Photo 17: Elevator door show the sensor probe where the door can open
automatically when the sensor detect any object between the closing door
2. Guard rail
Guard rail are made of steel. Its function is to keep the car and weights. It was
mounted on both sides of the hole where the wheel on the car elevator will be
tied. Another pair mounted on the wall of the elevator as ballast. It is a rescue
device that holds the elevator from crashing down when the rope holding the
elevator failure using brake.
Figure 19: Guard rail
3. Buffer
To absorb the impact of the elevator car when it fell off or dropped more quickly
than usual, and avoid crashing to the floor. Buffer installed in the
circumstances, the weight and speed of the elevator. Sample buffer used was
made of wood or things act as ejector spring. Space in this buffer is called the
elevator pit. Its size is determined by the size and number of elevator cars.
2|Page
Figure 20: Car buffer &

counterweight buffer
4. Ballast
Load incurred on the catalyst is offset by the ballast. It is a solid block of steel
that are prepared on the iron frame. Ballast connected by a wire rope on the
elevator car. Movement of the elevator car and the weight is the opposite.
Ballast used to obtain the grip of the car and to reduce power consumption in
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the catalyst and the brake to stop the elevator car. Heavy weights typically 1.4
times the weight of the elevator car.
5.6.1.5 Movement control system
Electronic control system
This system has been planned as a whole in which the speed and
movement of the elevator can be controlled by a programmable electronic circuit
system according to traffic conditions in a building at any given time. Examples of
traffic patterns can be cause in the building shown in the table below.
time Programme
Peak hour
Morning Traveling upward. Pick up passengers at the

main entrance lobby, as well as to stop at
certain level to pick up passengers. After
achieve the optimum passenger, it will go to
the main lobby. It might stop to answer a call
drop if demand decreases in the main lobby.
Balance
Working hour Elevator will stop and wait at certain levels are
assigned to pick up passenger according to
the control zone.
Most of the decline and rise
Lunch hour Elevator moves down from the upper lobby or

up from the main lobby by the requests
received.
Peak hour
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Evening The elevator is moved from one another to

pick up passengers and moves down to main
lobby when it is full. Occasionally lift zoned at
a particular level. Elevator will moves upwards
after removing the passengers at the main
lobby. Control system will act to control the lift
capacity is equivalent.
Intermittent service
Weekend / evening (after working hour) This condition stops the elevator at the main
lobby or lobbies that are determined by a
closed door and the motor is turned off. It will
respond to the nearest call. Sometimes only
one elevator car that moves only to meet
demand.
Table 5: Example program of electronic control system
In addition, lifts are used also use a special control system consisting of fire and
emergency telephone switches.
Switch Fire
The control buttons for fire prevention requirements placed on a control panel in the
main lobby. It can be controlled by firefighters during a fire.
Emergency telephone
In certain circumstances, telephone equipment should be installed in the elevator
instead of alarm. This phone is only connected to certain places, such as building
control unit; the phone panel may be connected to the building or outside sources.
5.6.1.6 Elevator system design concepts
The use of elevators in high-rise buildings are usually using zoning system
in accordance with the requirements and building height. Elevator movement is
divided into zoning system so as to obtain a balance the services between the
levels.
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Two-zone system
For the building comprises of 40 storey including 4 storey basement,

commercial building the most suitable system is using two zones elevator system.
This two-zone system is suitable used by the building above the 15 level and under
40 levels. This system separates the group of elevator into top and bottom part. The
elevators which work for top part of the building can run non-stop at any zone at the
bottom parts. But it is not effective in the event of off-peak and inter-floor service.
1. Energy Management - Lighting control
5.6.2.1 Lighting Control
Lighting costs in terms of electrical energy consumption account for a high

percentage of operating costs particularly in modern office buildings. Even in
industrial buildings where lighting represents a smaller percentage of overall energy
costs the opportunity for savings is substantial. Also if a company does have a
commitment to making energy savings, the control of lighting or lack of it is probably
the most visible energy saving area. If a building is heated a degree or so higher
than it need be, or if the heating is on for an hour longer than it should be, few people
will notice. This is not the case with lighting. If you walk around a large town or city
at night it is painfully obvious which buildings are wasting energy due to bad lighting
control.
1. High Cost Control
The difficulty with lighting control results from the relatively high cost of both
equipment and installation if the lighting of each office or work station is controlled
independently. This is because of the high number of such office/work station in a
building and the correspondingly low energy usage per work station. It is only when
they are treated in total that the magnitude of the energy cost is realized. However,
there are ways of dealing with the situation, via the EMS, which do achieve high
savings at a relatively low capital cost. Lighting control also can be an attractive
investment opportunity offering a better payback than some other energy saving
schemes.
To achieve good results it is necessary to be able to match the lighting levels and
times within a building to the occupancy patterns and activities. Since the system
has to be able to accommodate the needs of the smallest work station, if the person
occupying it is allowed to work outside the normal occupancy times, ways have to be
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found to allow user override on an ‘as needed’ basis, to bring on the zone of which
the person’s work station is part.
Figure 21: Dedicated

lighting control unit. This
controller by ECS Ltd is
dedicated to lighting control. It employs time scheduling and has facilities for reducing
lighting as natural daylight level increased.
2. Time Scheduling
The first category of lighting control is almost certainly time scheduling of all
the lighting zones within a building in accordance with the daily and weekly
occupancy patterns. Intermittently occupied areas such as conference rooms,
training rooms, rest areas etc. should have their lighting suitable for normal daytime
operation but not switched on until needed. Other permanently occupied areas
serving internal zones should be switched on and off to match the normal
occupancy pattern. During cleaning a discipline should be imposed via the EMS
which brings on lighting in zones as the cleaners work through a building. As they
move from one zone to another one set of lights is switched off and the other on.
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Also if the zone wiring allows is the lighting level for cleaning should be significantly
lower than for normal office work.
During normal daytime occupancy lights which serve areas in which serve areas in
which natural daylight might be adequate can be controlled in two ways. First it is
possible to use a sensor which automatically switches the lights off when daylight
provides sufficient lighting in itself.
Alternatively reset switcher may be employed which are electromagnetically latched

when operated. This means that when there is an electrical supply present at a
switch, that switch can be operated and it will stay on. By momentarily interrupting
the supply to the switch, say for one second, the latch is released and the light goes
off. By having a contractor or relay controlled from the EMS the supply to a whole
zone can be interrupted and then restored after a second. All the lights with reset
switches go off but the lights with conventional switches stay on, although there is a
short interruption. Should the occupants of the areas served by the lights with reset
switches require the additional illumination they simply have to operate the reset
switch. This system overcomes the tendency for people to forget to switch lights off
when not needed or even not realize they are still on. It is an inexpensive technique
which has been successfully used in many office buildings.
3. Sensing Occupancy
Another method used is to automatically switch lights off whenever a room is

not occupied and conversely to bring them back on when occupied. Such systems
rely on sensing occupancy and several methods are used including infra-red and
ultrasonic detection. If the same rooms are served by an air conditioning system with
terminal units, i.e. a fan coil or VAV box in each room, the detection of non-
occupancy can also be used to change the room temperature to a standby condition,
thereby saving energy as well as lighting. The shift in temperature from occupied to
standby is usually of the order of 2°C or 3°C, down if the terminal units is in a heating
mode and up by a similar amount if it is in a cooling mode. Any shift greater than this
would take too long for the room to recover to the normal temperature after re-
occupation.
3|Page
Figure 22: Terminal unit controller.
Control of terminal units can be linked in with room lighting control. When
standby mode, lights are off and heating is at reduced level. This intelligent terminal
unit controller by Johnson can communicate with the BAS over a two-wire bus.
With lighting, overall energy savings are built up little by little and although the
control strategies may be global it is these small savings multiplied many times which
matter. Consequently the capital cost of providing the means of switching such small
units must be low enough for it to make economic sense.
5.7 Conclusion
BAS is a solution for managing multi process at a time. Cost of managing those
processes by manually is multiple times more expensive than using this system. Building
intelligence is also increase due to the use of the system.
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6.0 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
6.1 Introduction
Telecommunication is a must in as one of the building accommodation. In this

proposed building, the telecommunication system will be architecture including the audio
and the video. This chapter will also explain on the system involved between parts and
components of the system. All system involved will be classified into three (3) groups which
are telecommunication in basement, commercial section and the office section. This chapter
also provides more detailed information will be explained further through this section
analogically.
Figure 6.1.1: Telecommunication system architecture
4|Page
Systems that are installed in this section are surveillance camera and speakers for
announcement. Surveillance camera installation is already explained in the previous
chapters (Building Automated System and Building Security System). Installation of speaker
must be done in suitable position in order to reduce the echo of sound produced and to
enhance the spreading of the sound itself.
Commercial section for this building will be installed with telephone, local access
network (LAN), surveillance camera, and speaker. Installation made to the section regarding
main purpose of creating a safe and intelligence environment to the user (section’s
respondent).
6.4 Office section
This section is also installed with same items as above, which are telephone, local
access network (LAN), surveillance camera, and speaker. Telephone is use for
communicating with other, with optional additional such as fax. LAN is installed to enable its
respondent to communicate with others via internet access. Surveillance camera provided
to ensure the safety of the respondent can be supervised and control. Speaker is used to
make announcement.
Figure 6.4.1: Example network

3|Page
6.5 Telephone
Devices that transmit and receive sound of user (multi user per time) and its main
function are to carry voice signal and computer data signal. The installation of telephone
consist of telephone lines, main telephone exchange, distribution frame and telephone
cabinet, distribution points or overhead pole, manhole, and cable.
Figure 6.5.1: Wire schematic of mounting cords
The following three cords are used to connect ISDN premises equipment: D6AP-87,
D8W-87 and D8AC. Figure above shows the wiring schematics of these cords. (also
includes schematics of two older cords, the DW4A-SE and the D4BU, although, for the most
part, these cords are no longer used.)
3|Page
The D6AP-87 cord consists of six conductors terminated in a 6-position plug on each
end. It is used to connect:
1. The stand-alone AMI NT1 to the stand-alone power supply (353A)
2. The 6504A and T-interface key telephone
3. The 6508A key telephone to the stand-alone power supply and to the wall jack
4. The stand-alone power supply to the wall jack
5. The 400B2 adapter to the wall jack
In a bulk power arrangement, it is used to connect the bulk power unit to the NT1
module. The D8W-87 cord consists of eight conductors terminated in an 8-position plug on
each end. It is used to connect ISDN terminals to the stand-alone power supply or stand-
alone ANSI NT1. A standard 7-foot (210 cm) cord is typically provided with the terminal. The
D8AC cord is used to attach adjunct equipment to the terminals.
Figure 6.5.2: 8-pin Terminating Resistor Adaptor (8-TRA)
The terminating resistor reduces transmission reflections on the T-interface. Figure

above shows the ISDN 440A4 8-pin terminating resistor adapter for the terminal end of the
4-wire line. The terminating resistor adapter does not provide lightning or power-cross
protection, and plugs into the line jack of the T-interface terminal.
3|Page
6.5.1 Stand alone power supply
This type of power supply is a stand-alone unit (Figure 6.5.1.1 shows a 353A Power
Supply) located near the equipment being served. Attached to the unit is a 6-foot (180 cm)
AC power cord with a convenience outlet on the plug end. Connections are made via one 8-
pin and two 6-pin jacks located in the front of the 353A unit or on the 400B2 adapter used
with the KS-22911. Figure 6.5.1.2 shows the connections between these jacks on the 353A
Power Supply as well as the power wiring. The 353A power supply can supply 100
milliseconds (ms) holdover for up to 12 watts of load. If additional holdover time is required,
the bulk power supplies and reserve battery unit must be used.
Figure 6.5.1.1: 353A Power Supply
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Figure 6.5.1.2: Stand alone power supply wiring
Figure 6.5.1.3: 103A/104A Connecting Block — Internal Wiring
Figure 6.5.1.3 shows the internal wiring of the 103A and 104A connecting block and
its integral 641A jack. The figure also shows the correlation between the modular jack pin
assignments and the PDS wiring.
2|Page
Figure 6.5.1.4: Telephone installation using a power supply
6.5.2 Speakerphone
Speakerphone is use in the meeting room or conference hall.
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Figure 6.5.2.1: Connection of speakerphone to voice terminal
6.5.3 Adapter
Adapter is used to connect standard telephone equipment such as an answering

machine, modem, facsimile machine, cordless telephone, or external alerting device to ISDN
telephone.
Figure 6.5.3.1: Connection of adapter to telephone equipment
6.5.4 Networking
Local Access Network (LAN) is performed by using gigabit ethernet server that have
more than 300 lines capacity.
2|Page
Figure 6.5.4.1: LAN call centre diagram
Figure 6.5.4.2: Fiber optic modem with remote management (FOMi – 40)
By using FOMi – 40, the transmission range can be extended up to 100 kM (62
miles) which using 1550 nM laser diode option. It also provide a secure data link between
computers, router, multiplexers, and other data communication devices.
6.6 Conclusion
2|Page
Telecommunication systems for this building are done using two main
communications which are linkage connectivity and wireless connectivity. For
communication purposes, suitable telecommunication system is selected due to the
environment of the selected area.
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QSM 554 – BUILDING SERVICES II

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

2.0 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

2.1.1 Electrical Wiring

Electrical wiring system is a network of electrical conductors for carrying electrical

2.1.2 The high-rise building electrical system

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

2.2 Basement section

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

2.2.1 Ring Main System

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

Ring Main Distribution

2.2.2 Installation Rules of Ring System

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

2.3 Commercial section

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

Shopping Complex at level 5th

Shopping Complex at level 5th – 8th

2.4 Offices section

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

2.4.1 Radial System in commercial and office section

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

Radial system distribution

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

Rising Main Distribution

Typical bus duct rising main at individual building floors

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

The electrical riser room

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

The bus duct risers at riser room

2.4.3 Cables and busways

A busbar trunking system comprises a set of conductors protected by an enclosure.

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

Busbar trunking system design for distribution of currents from 25 to 4000A.

2.4.4 The various types of busbar trunking

Radial distribution using busways at the offices

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

2.4.4.1 Transformer to MLVS busbar trunking

2.4.4.2 Sub-distribution busbar trunking with low or high tap-off densities

Downstream of main-distribution busbar trunking, two types of applications must be

1. Mid-sized premises (industrial workshops with injection presses and metalwork

2. Small sites (workshops with machine-tools, textile factories with small

2.4.4.3 Lighting distribution busbar trunking

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

1. Busbar trunking designed for the suspension of lighting fixtures

2. Busbar trunking not designed for the suspension of lighting fixtures

2.4.4.4 Examples of Canalis busbar trunking systems

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

Lighting duct : Canalis KBX (25 A)

A busway for medium power distribution: Canalis KN (40 up to 160 A)

A busway for medium power distribution: Canalis KS (100 up to 1000A)

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

A busway for high power distribution: Canalis KT (800 up to 1000 A)

2.4.5 Trunking and Conduit System in Commercial Building

Conduit and trunking

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

Electric trunking running below soffit of a concrete floor slab

There is no electrical installation work of a significant size can be done properly

TASK 1 – PROPOSED BUILDING SYSTEM

Electrical trunking in and out of the electric panels