Staff Battle Book

is
Staff Planning Battle Book
“Good looking Operation Orders are immaterial. What counts are clearly stated
intentions which can be executed with all of one’s heart and determination.”
Guderian
Principles of War
Maneuver
Objective
Offensive
Surprise
Economy of Force
Mass
Unity of Command
Security
Simplicity
Army Tenets
Agility
Initiative
Depth
Synchronization
Versatility
Tactical Logistical Functions

Manning
Arming
Fueling
Fixing
Moving
Sustaining Soldiers & Systems
Logistics Characteristics
Anticipation
Integration
Continuity
Responsiveness & Versatility
Improvisation
Staff Planning Book

Table of Contents
Decision Making Process (time constrained) 5
2
Planning Timeline 6
Troop Leading Procedures 6
Mission Analysis Steps 7
Analyze Higher’s Intent 7
Conduct Nesting Analysis 7-9
Staff Preparation of the Battlefield 10
See the Terrain & Weather 10-12
See the Enemy 12-14
See Yourself 14
Identify Specified/Implied Tasks 14
Identify Combat Potential 14
Identify Limitations 15
C2W 15
Risk Analysis 15
Facts and Assumptions 15-17
Identify Time Available 17
Identify Essential Task/Purpose 17
Restated Mission Statement 17
Task and Purpose 18
Staff Checklists 19-21
Mission Analysis Products 21
Mission Analysis Brief Format 22
Nesting Diagrams 23-24
Mission Analysis Briefing Charts 25-32
Master Timeline 33-34
Planning Timeline 35
Commander’s Guidance 36-38
CCIR 38
Decisive Point 38
Specific Questions 39
Example Format 39
Course of Action Development 39
COA Development Steps 39-40
Analyze Relative Combat Power 40-41
Array the Forces 41
Develop a Scheme of Maneuver 42
Task Organize 43
Determine C2 Means 44
Assign Headquarters 45
Prepare Sketch(es) and Statement(s) 46
Briefing Format 46
Course of Action Analysis 47-48
Rules of Engagement 48
Gather the Tools 48
List Friendly Forces 48
List Assumptions 48
List Decisive Area(s)/Point(s) 48
List Significant Factors 49
Select Wargame Method 49-50
Select a Technique to Record Results 50
Wargame and Assess 50
Staff Roles and Duties 50-51
Lessons Learned 52
Guidelines 52
Products 52
Comparison 52-53
Briefing Format 53
Rehearsal 54
Rehearsal Types 54-55
Rehearsal Techniques 55
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Principles of Rehearsals 55
Scheduling of Rehearsals 55
Conduct of a Rehearsal 55-58
Enemy Planning Factors 59
Soviet Type Organizations 60-63
Iraqi Organizations 64
Threat Planning Ranges 65
Threat Vehicle Characteristics 66
US Maneuver Planning Factors 67
Vehicle Characteristics 67
Organization 67
Planning Ranges 68
Area of combat control 69
Rates of March 69
Field Artillery Planning Factors 70
Fire Support Planning Methodology 70-71
Tactical Missions 72
Basic Loads 72
FA/Mortar Characteristics 73-74
Planning Data for Smoke 74
Planning Data for Illum 74
Timing of DP’s and Triggers 75
CAS Reference Data 75-76
Engineering Planning Factors 77
Survivability Planning Factors 77
Countermobility Planning Factors 78
Synchronizing Engineer Efforts 78-79
Synchronizing a Breach 79
ADA Planning Factors 79
Tactical Roadmarch Planning 79-82
Recon and Surveillance Plan 83
CSS Planning 84-85
Warning Order Format 85
OPORD Briefing Agenda 86
Matrix Order Format 87-88
BUB Format 88
Operation Order Format 89-92
LNO Operations 93
Operational Terms 94-105
Army Operations 106
4
Time Constrained Decision Making Process
Receive Mission
Issue WARNO #1
Mission Analysis
Proposed Restated
Mission
Issue WARNO #2
Mission Analysis Brief
Receive COA Development

Cdr’s Guidance Hasty Wargame (Decision if Required)
COA Analysis, Comparison, and Recommendation

(Decision if Required)
Receive
Cdr’s Decision COA Decision Brief (if Required)
Issue WARNO #3
OPORD prep,
approval, reproduction Issue OPORD
Backbrief Rehearse Execute
5
Planning Timeline
Critical Timeline 7 Hour Timeline (18-72 16 hour Timeline (72+

Events hours) hours)
Time Start Complet Time Start Complet
Time e Time e Time
Time
Receive Order Z hour Z hour
Issue WARNO #1 30 min Z hour Z+0:30 30 Z hour Z+0:30
min
Mission Analysis 1 hr Z+0:3 Z+1:30 2.5 Z+0:3 Z+3:00
0 hrs 0
Mission Analysis 30 min Z+1:3 Z+2:00 30 Z+3:0 Z+3:30
Brief 0 min 0
Break 10 min Z+2:0 Z+2:10 20 Z+3:3 Z+3:50
0 min 0
Commander’s 10 min Z+2:1 Z+2:20 20 Z+3:5 Z+4:10
Guidance 0 min 0
Leaders’ Recon N/A N/A
Issue WARNO #2 30 min Z+2:2 Z+2:50 45 Z+4:1 Z+4:55
0 min 0
Develop/Analyze N/A 1 hr Z+4:5 Z+5:55
COAs 5
Hasty Wargame N/A 2 hr Z+5:5 Z+7:55
COAs 5
COA Brief N/A 30 Z+7:5 Z+8:25
min 5
Refine COA/Prep 15 min Z+2:5 Z+3:05 30 Z+8:2 Z+8:55
Wargame 0 min 5
Wargame selected 1 hr Z+3:0 Z+4:05 2 hrs Z+8:5 Z+10:5
COA (Prep Sync 5 5 5
Matrix)
Issue WARNO #3 30 min Z+4:0 Z+4:35 30 Z+10: Z+11:2
5 min 55 5
OPORD Preparation 1 hr Z+4:3 Z+5:35 2 hrs Z+11: Z+13:2
5 25 5
Reproduction 1.5 hrs Z+5:3 Z+7:05 2.5 Z+13: Z+15:5
5 hrs 25 5
Total Planning Time 7.5 hours 16 hours
Issue OPORD 1 hr 1 hr
Backbriefs to Cdr 30 min 30
min
Troop Planning/Prep 15 hours 32 hours
Time
Troop Leading Procedures

Use for FRAGOs/Continuous Ops
Receive the mission
Issue a warning order
Make a tentative plan
Estimate of the situation
Mission Analysis
Develop Situation and COAs
Enemy Situation/COAs
OCOKA
Friendly Situation (troops and time)
Wargame/Compare COAs
Decision
6
Make a tentative plan
Start movement
Conduct reconnaissance
Complete the plan
Issue the order
Supervise and refine the plan
Mission Analysis Steps
1. Intent of higher command two levels above.

2. Initial Staff Preparation of the Battlefield:
See the Terrain

Define the battlefield environment
Describe the battlefield effects
See the Enemy

Evaluate the threat
Determine threat COAs/nesting
See Yourself
3. Specified and implied tasks
4. Analyze available assets
5. Identify limitations (constraints/restrictions)
6. Command and control warfare considerations
7. Conduct risk analysis
8. Determine facts and assumptions relevant to the mission (current/ projected combat power, logistics status,
personnel status, etc.)
9. Assess time available
10. Determine essential task(s) and purpose
11. Prepare the restated mission statement
Mission Analysis
Step 1: Analyze the intent of higher command two levels above:

first step in nesting your unit
found in the higher’s order:
paragraph 1b contains HQ two levels up mission, intent and concept of operation
paragraph 2 contains unit’s higher mission essential task and purpose
paragraph 3a(1) contains higher commander’s intent and concept of operation
staff should analyze the order and determine task and purpose of the higher two echelons
Step 1a. Conduct Nesting Analysis
Requires both a horizontal and vertical understanding of the unit’s around you.
Horizontal linkage between main and supporting efforts at each level of command.
Vertical linkage among main efforts (i.e.. Div through Bn)
• Current doctrine focuses on vertical (two levels up), while the majority of a unit’s nesting is more horizontal
(i.e.. supporting a supported effort).
Key to situational awareness and mission attainability.
7
drives decisions on use of LNOs and communication monitoring
updates on adjacent unit(s) location/activities
Information on nesting should be in para.s 1,2, or 3 of OPORD depending on your unit’s mission as a main or supporting
effort.
Mission Analysis
Nesting
XX
Horizontal Nesting
Main Effort (Supporting Effort of a Supporting Effort)
X X X
3
Supporting Effort Main Effort Supporting Effort
ll ll ll
1 Z 3 2 Y 3 3 3
Main Effort Supporting Effort Supporting Effort
Directly Support
Indirectly Support
The Y Bn Commander must :

-understand his unique contribution to Bn Z’s (the main effort) success
(directly or indirectly) then...
-understand other supporting effort’s support of either his unit or the
main effort. (horizontal)
-The Bn’s linkage is more horizontal. His requirement to understand
higher’s higher is limited.
8
Mission Analysis
Nesting
XX
Vertical Nesting
Main Effort (Main Effort of a Main Effort)
X X X
3
ll ll ll
1 Z 3 2 Y 3 3 3
Directly Support
Indirectly Support
The Y Bn Commander must :

-understand how other forces within the Bde support his
success (horizontal) then...
-understand the other Bde’s missions within the Bde (vertical)
particularly those directly supporting his Bde.
-the Bn mission is directly linked to the higher’s higher
(vertical to division)
9
Staff Preparation of the Battlefield
(Situational Analysis)
SPB is the entire staff’s responsibility, not the S2’s, to ensure a clear understanding of the entire situation to
ensure mission accomplishment.

(Step 2)
See the Terrain & Weather
Develop MCOO within the AO & AI

Time distance analysis must be done given enemy capabilities
Analyze Ground/Air potential
Analyze Sustainment Potential
Weather considerations
Temp, Humidity, Precipitation, Winds, Clouds, Visibility
Current and projected
Commander and Staff should evaluate terrain in terms of potential usages of combat power.
Terrain & weather are neutral--don’t focus entirely on the enemy.
• Staff must remain unbiased, recognizing the potential of terrain and weather to maximize our forces
ability to generate effects of maneuver, firepower and protection; while simultaneously minimizing
vulnerabilities.
Terrain Analysis
O -- Observation and fields of fire
C -- Concealment and Cover
O -- Obstacles
K -- Key Terrain
A -- Avenues of Approach (Air and Ground)
Terrain Factor Overlays
Overlays can be prepared with info not found on military maps.

Tree spacing and tree trunk diameter that impede movement of wheeled and tracked vehicles.
Stream width, depth, current speed, bank height, and river bed composition for determining crossing points and
fording sites.
Soil characteristics that limit mobility.
The height of vegetation or buildings in urban areas that limit or interfere with horizontal or vertical LOS.
Synthetic or natural changes to the terrain that have occurred since the available maps were printed (urban sprawl,
new highways, rail lines, or forest growth and cutback).
Slope and other surface conditions that impede cross-country movement.
Vegetation and surface roughness (micro relief).
Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay

Identify Severely Restricted Terrain Black Outline/Green Crosshatch
10
- Built up areas 500 meters or larger or difficult to bypass
- Water features that can not be forded or spanned by an AVLB
- Slopes of 45% or greater uphill, Terrain with elevation changes of 200 to 400 meters per km
-Trees of 6 - 8 inches in diameter and less that 20 feet apart
- In woods, one trail per km and no hard surface roads.
- man made obstacles
Identify Restricted Terrain Black Outline/Green Hatch

- Water features that can be forded in several areas
- Slopes of 30-45%
- Trees of 2 inches in diameter less that 20 feet apart
- In woods, one hard surface road or two trails per km, or one hard surface road and one trail per km
Identify Mobility Corridors Blue or Red arrows w/Unit size

Size Unit Width
Company 500m
Battalion 1.5 km
Brigade/Regiment 3 km
Division 6 km
Identify Avenues of Approach Blue or Red w/Unit Size

Size Unit Maximum Distance Apart
Battalion 2 km
Brigade/Regiment 6 km
Division 10 km
Identify Key and Decisive Terrain Circle K # in Purple or black
Identify Inter-visibility Lines Highlight highlighter
Weather Analysis
Weather and visibility conditions create advantages and disadvantages for opposing forces. Commanders and their staffs
must acquire weather information about the entire battlefield area and know how to exploit the opportunities the weather
offers while minimizing its adverse effects. Because weather is a major factor affecting both personnel and all battlefield
systems, its influence must be recognized.
- Visibility
- Low visibility hinders the defense.
- C2 is more difficult.
- Recon, surveillance, and target acquisition are degraded.
- Generally favors the offense.
- Wind speed and direction.

- Both usually favor the force upwind.
- Affects employment of smoke and chemicals.
- As wind speed increases, wind chill becomes a consideration.
- Precipitation.
- Decreases cross-country mobility.
- Decreases visibility.
- Extensive cloud cover reduces the effectiveness of CAS and aerial resupply.
- Temperature. Temperature affects personnel and equipment.
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Terrain & Weather
Key Questions:
How does the terrain/weather effect enemy/friendly movement? Why?
What terrain is important to the enemy/ friendly forces? Why?
What are enemy/friendly forces approaches to the important terrain? Why?
How does the terrain/weather effect enemy/ friendly direct/indirect fires? Why?
Products:
Facts and Assumptions
Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay
Weather/light data chart
Proposed CCIR chart with respect to key terrain, obstacles, weather, etc.

See the Enemy
(considerations)
• In seeing the enemy you are attempting to identify indicators of the enemy main efforts vs. potential indicators
of economy of force.
Recent and ongoing significant activities must be considered: recon, direct and indirect fire activities, etc.
Known locations are FACTS, the remainder on a SITTEMP and/or event template are ASSUMPTIONS.
Main Effort indicators:
tank/airborne heavy formations (#/model/dtg)
FA units (MRL/BM21/BM27)
ADA assets
Supporting Effort indicators:
Engineer assets (bridging/digging/CM)
AT assets
Threat Evaluation
Doctrinal Template
Uses the enemy’s doctrine without considering the effects of terrain and weather on operations for the current situation.
Concerned mainly with the Order of Battle, tactical doctrine, weapons and equipment, and supporting battlefield
functional systems.
- Information sources.
- Higher headquarters' intel overlays, INTSUMs, PERINTREPs.
- Order of battle handbooks.
- Doctrine, training, and equipment publications.
- Enemy information the staff should maintain is the following:

- Composition (Order of Battle)
- Strength
- Committed forces. Units currently in contact.
- Reinforcements. Enemy units not committed in or out of the friendly sector, but which can react to the friendly
course of action.
- Artillery, air, NBC. Other forces, such as EW, air defense, AT, unconventional warfare, combat surveillance.
Threat Integration
- Combines the enemy doctrine with the terrain and weather.
Situation Template
- Three analysts using the same doctrinal template will develop three different situations for the same area.
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- Each situation must be analyzed, with the possibility that several templates depicting alternative dispositions may
be developed for a single area.
Event Template
- Identifies and analyzes significant battlefield events and activities which provide indicators of enemy courses of
action.
- By recognizing what the enemy can do, and by comparing it with what the enemy is doing, we can predict what the
enemy probably will do next.
- Offensive
- Depicts how the enemy commander perceives the friendly attack and how the enemy might potentially counter
attack.
- Help predict where the enemy can be expected to employ enemy intelligence collection assets, and were and when
any potential counterattack may originate.
NAI - (named area of interest) activity here will confirm or deny a particular course of action. (Points, routes or areas)
TPL - (time phased line) help keep track of enemy movements and assist the collection manager in directing collection
assets.
Enemy Rates of March

Security Area .........................................6 km/hr
Main Battle Area...................................2 km/hr
Rear Area .........................................5 km/hr
Decision Support Template

- Combines the intelligence estimate and operations estimate in graphic form.
- Does not require the commander to make a decision, only indicates when one might be required in order to best affect
the battle.
- Is a combined effort of the S2, S3, FSO, S4, and briefed by the S3.
TAI - areas where we can delay, disrupt, destroy, or manipulate the enemy force.
- normally already NAIs.
- Terrain dependent (Bridges, road junctions, choke points, DZs, LZs, fording sites, FARPs, Rear Area refueling
and arming points.
Decision Points - Tactical decisions are required. Not what decision only where a decision must be made to have an
affect on the battlefield.
- Dependent on the availability of fire support, maneuver, combat support, and CSS systems.
- Equate time to specific points on the battlefield and are determined by comparing times required to implement
decisions, enemy movement rates, and distances.
Average Speeds of Vehicles (KM/MIN)

Type Surface Undamaged 10% Damage >10% Damage
Concrete, asphalt .66 to .83 .33 to .58 .17 to .33
Gravel and rubble .66 to .75 .33 to .5 .17 to .33
Dirt .25 to .42 .13 to .25 .08 to .17
Average March Rates for Mixed Columns

Day, on roads.......................33 to .5 KM/MIN
Night, on roads.....................25 to .33 KM/MIN
Cross Country......................08 to .25 KM/MIN
See the Enemy
13
Key Questions:
What is the enemy’s location/disposition? Known? Suspected?
What is the enemy’s strength? Composition?
Does the commander have any assumptions about the enemy? What are they?
What are the enemy’s capabilities? Possible COAs?
Where and when do you perceive enemy vulnerabilities? Why?
What is the enemy deception plan/objective?
Products:
Facts and Assumptions
Enemy Nesting Diagram (T/P)
SITEMPs/Event Templates
Possible enemy COAs sketches
Enemy Order of Battle Chart
Proposed PIR Chart
Mission Analysis
Steps 3-11: See Yourself
Step 3. Identify specified and implied tasks
Step 4. Identify combat potential
Step 5. Identify limits on possible COAs
Step 7. Conduct risk analysis
Step 8. Determine facts and assumptions
Step 9. Identify Time Available
Step 10. Identify your essential Task and Purpose
Step 11. Restated Mission
Step 3. Identify Specified and Implied Tasks

Specified tasks are dictated by the higher HQ in the order
Implied tasks are tasks the unit must perform in order to accomplish specified tasks.
Step 4. Identify Combat Potential

Confirm Task Organization
Analyze and collect two levels down.
• Provide the CO with an initial assessment of capabilities based on assumptions of time available and projected
operational readiness.
Advise the CO of higher’s priorities and where the unit fits into those priorities.
Key questions:
What assets have been added to my task organization?
What assets must I give up?
What time do I receive or give up these assets?
What do I need that I currently will not receive?
Step 5. Identify Limits on Possible COAs

Constraints: things we must do.
Restrictions: things we can not do or limit things we can do.
What constraints and restrictions have been place on our freedom of action?
Why has higher limited our possible solutions?
Step 6. Command and Control Warfare
14
Analyze to make the most effective use of all lethal and nonlethal weapon systems
Step 7. Conduct Risk Analysis

Identify hazards or factors that may adversely affect mission accomplishment
Assess extent of hazard detrimental to mission
Make risk recommendation to reduce risk
Implement controls
Supervise
Step 8. Determine Facts and Assumptions

Facts are statements of known data
Assumptions replace necessary but missing or unknown facts
FACTS (examples)
- S1
- Personnel status of organization, subordinate units, and attached and supporting units.
- S2
- Battlefield Area Evaluation (BAE)
- Terrain analysis
- Current weather
- Known enemy information
- S3
- Mission and commander's intent (one and two levels up)
- Current task organization (two levels down)
- Current unit status (assigned, attached, or supporting)
- Unit locations
- Unit combat capabilities
- Unit activities
- Combat support
- Other unit information (flank units, supporting units, higher's uncommitted units)
- Radiation exposure status (before operation)
- Time
- S4
- Provide current assessment of the logistic situation of the organization, subordinate units, and attached and
supporting units
ASSUMPTIONS (examples)
Replace necessary but missing facts. Assumptions may also be required for facts that change due to the time difference
between receipt of the mission and the time of execution.
An assumption is considered valid if:

- The situation will exist when the plan becomes an order. (For OPLANs)
- It is essential to the solution of the problem.
- The results of your plan would change if the assumptions were not made.
- S1
- Percent fill of force
- Status of critical MOSs
- Replacement flow
- Medical evacuation capability
- Hospital support capability
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- Human factors
- S2
- Terrain
- Best avenues
- Best defensible ground
- Proposed FEBA/LD
- Effects of terrain on both enemy and friendly
- Complete MCOO
- Effects of weather
- Enemy forces
- Develop possible enemy COA
- Determine enemy capabilities (EW, CI, FA, ADA, Air, NBC)
- Anticipate enemy objectives, missions and intentions
- Enemy vulnerabilities
- Personnel strength
- Combat effectiveness
- Logistical capabilities
- Own capabilities
- Status of intelligence support
- Organic & supporting collection assets
- Effects of AO on enemy COA
- S3
- Status of maneuver forces
- Status of combat support units
- Fire support (include Tac Air)
- Air defense support
- Chemical (include Decon, and offensive support)
- Engineer support
- Electronic warfare support
- General aviation support
- Military police capabilities
- Battlefield circulation control and security of MSRs
- Prisoners of war
- Rear area operations center
- Command posts
- Signal capabilities (MSE, TACSAT)
- Time
- S4
- Discuss differences between the current logistic status in the functional areas identified above and the anticipated
status of the organization at the time it begins the operation.
Step 9. Identify Time Available

Your unit vs. the enemy/problem
The enemy has a vote.
12/36/72 hrs -- 1/3x2/3 : 1/5x4/5
CTC/peacetime may be a fact.
In combat it is always a shifting assumption
Subordinate timeline
Understand how the planning will limit their time
Informal contract with commanders on how or what (rehearsals, etc....) will limit their time.
Key questions:
-Are there any subordinate units whose time spectrum is different from others? (i.e. counterrecon)
What special considerations have we made?
-Will orders, rehearsals and other meetings enhance or inhibit time usage?
-Have we created an order clear and attainable that will meet 1/3:2/3, or have we allowed major changes,
not due to enemy or terrain, that will not allow the subordinates the proper time.
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Step 10: Identify Essential Task and Purpose
Task = What must be done
It is a clearly defined and measurable activity accomplished by individuals and units
Purpose = Why it must be done

The main effort’s purpose relates to your unit’s purpose
Supporting effort’s purpose relates to the accomplishment of your own unit’s main effort’s purpose
It is the unique contribution only your unit makes to the commander’s concept at the decisive point and time
PURPOSE takes precedence over TASK
Step 11. Restated Mission Statement

Who, When, Where, Task, and Purpose
The Restated Mission is a clear, concise statement of the task to be accomplished by the command and the purpose to
be achieved.
Clearly and concisely state the mission essential task and its purpose.
The mission statement should stand alone and convey the commander’s intent for the unit.
The mission statement should be clear enough that subordinates understand end state success.
• It should describe for the subordinate commander the effect of his firepower, maneuver or protection relative to
the enemy, terrain, or a friendly force.
Task and Purpose
The staff will use the task/purpose when writing orders or briefing operations.
Purpose: in order to...
Allow Deceive Draw Influence Protect

Cause Deny Enable Open Support
Create Divert Envelope Prevent Surprise
Tactical Tasks:
Enemy Terrain Friendly
Assault Clear Breach

Block Retain Follow and Support
Bypass Secure Displace
Canalize Seize Guard
Contain Recon Exfiltrate
Demonstrate Infiltrate
Destroy Occupy
Exploit Overwatch
Feint Screen
Fix Support by Fire
Interdict Disengage
Neutralize
Pursue
17
Penetrate
Suppress
Attack by Fire
Recon
Rupture
Types of Operations:
Attack Counterattack Defend

Movement to Contact Retrograde Mobility
Countermobility Survivability River Crossing
Relief in Place Raid Pursuit
Exploitation Breakout
Mission Analysis
Staff Checklists
ALL STAFF OFFICERS
Specified and implied tasks.
Assets available in your area.
Limitations.
Facts and assumptions.
Time considerations.
Mission-essential tasks and purpose.
S2 (w/ Staff input)

Initial IPB including the following:
Conduct Battlefield Area Evaluation (AO/AI/BS).
Define Battlefield effects.
Evaluate the threat.
Determine threat COAs.
Determine enemy vulnerabilities.
Determine assets available.
Conduct terrain analysis using OCOKA.
Conduct weather analysis using THPWCV.
XO/S3
CONDUCT TIME ANALYSIS
Conduct risk analysis
Conduct nesting analysis (vertical and horizontal)
Identify current combat power and assets available..
Assess current situation of subordinate units and activities.
Status of task organization.
Answer the following questions:
What is our task?
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What are the specific results we must attain in terms of the enemy, terrain, or friendly force?
Why were we given this task? (Purpose)
Who is the main effort and how does this task relate to the main effort?
What is the unique contribution our mission makes to the brigade’s mission?
What are the limitations placed on our freedom of action?
Do the limitations limit our possible courses of actions?
Fire Support Officer

Brigade Scheme of fires
Identify higher commander’s intent for fires.
Brigade Fire Plan
Identify specified and implied tasks (targets the Bn is resp for)
Limitations
Allocation of priority targets and FPFs
Current and O/O fire support coordination measures
Priority of fires
FA organization for combat
Location
When in position
Assets available/when
FIST status
Mortar tube status and location
CAS allocated to the Task Force
COLTs allocated/location
Current ammo status
# of killing missions available
# minutes of smoke
# / amount of FASCAM
# of copperhead rounds
Assist the S2 with enemy Fire Support template:
Possible FA locations
Determine enemy range fans
Type of enemy units available
Identify enemy main effort indicators (MRL/BM21/BM27)
Engineer
Determine:
Purpose for engineer efforts
Higher CO’s intent for engineers
Specified, implied and essential tasks
Engineer Battlefield Assessment
OCOKA and impact on friendly/enemy operations.
Assist the S2 with the following:
Enemy M-CM-S
Enemy IRD, MOD, and MSD (configuration, location, capabilities)
Templated obstacle locations, type, and construction
Location of breaching assets in the enemy formations
Enemy survivability and obstacle matrices based on organic equipment
Number of survivability positions based on available assets
Number of minefields
Templated FASCAM
Friendly M-CM-S
Status of all equipment
Number of breaches assets are capable of conducting
Timelines (fighting positions, ditches, etc....)
Class IV status
ADO
Identify:
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Purpose for ADA
Higher CO’s intent for air defense
Specified, implied, and essential tasks.
Limitations
Assets available
Availability of AD munitions
Understand higher and adjacent unit ADA scheme of maneuver
EW assets available
Assist the S2 in templating the enemy ADA employment
NBCO
Identify:
Purpose for NBC operations
Higher CO’s intent
Specified, implied, and essential tasks.
Limitations
Assist the S2 with IPB
Identify where, when and how the enemy will employ NBC agents
Identify enemy NBC capabilities (means of delivery by types, numbers and ranges)
Locate locations and support for Decon (sites, roads, water, etc....)
Identify possible smoke usage areas
Analyze effects of weather on smoke and NBC agents
Analyze friendly situation:
MOPP level
Chemical assets available
Task Organization
Capabilities (amount of smoke, types of Decon, etc....)
Status of internal assets (M12s, M8s, etc.)
Link up procedures for chemical assets
S4
Lead the CSS staff in the mission analysis.
Identify specified, implied and essential CSS tasks.
Identify the purpose for CSS assets.
Determine forecasted vehicle/weapon status.
Update supply statuses of all classes.
S1
Update personnel status of organic and attached units.
Forecast personnel status.
MEDO
Medical Assets available
SIGO
Unit commo maintenance status
• Identify possible TOC sites
Mission Analysis Products

Product Staff
Nesting Diagrams (Friendly & Enemy) S2/S3
MCOO/SITTEMPS/Event Templates All
Intent Two Levels Up XO/S3
Facts and Assumptions All
Specified/Implied Task List All
Essential Task and Purpose XO/S3
Combat Power Chart XO
20
Capabilities/Constraints/Limitations Chart All
Detailed Timeline XO/S3
Risk Analysis XO/S3
Restated Mission Statement XO/S3
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Mission Analysis Agenda
XO/S3: Agenda
Combat Power
AO/AI
S2: Initial Intel Estimate (Terrain, Weather and

Threat Analysis)
Initial Collection Plan (Assets/NAIs, PIR)
S3: Nested Diagram Higher

Mission & Intent (2 levels up)
Facts/AssumptionsSpecified/Implied/Essential
Tasks
Constraint/Limitations
CONCLUSIONS (SHORTFALLS/
WARSTOPPERS/ RECOMMENDATIONS)
FSO: Available FA Assets

Scheme of Fires
EN: Breach/Digging Assets
SLICE: As Necessary
S4/S4: SUSTAINMENT/MANNING
Facts/Assumptions (Classes of Supply/Arming/
Fixing/Fueling/Moving)
CONCLUSIONS (Shortfalls/Warstopper/
Recommendations)
XO: Proposed Restated Mission
CDR: Commander’s Guidance
22
Nesting Diagram OPORD_______
XX
T:___________
P:___________
___________
X X X
T:___________ T:___________ T:___________

P:___________ P:___________ P:___________
___________ ___________ ___________
II II II
T:___________ T:___________ T:___________

P:___________ P:___________ P:___________
___________ ___________ ___________
I I
I
T:___________ T:___________
T:___________ P:___________
P:___________ P:___________
I I
T:___________ T:___________
P:___________ P:___________
23
Enemy Nesting Diagram OPORD_______
XX
T:___________
P:___________
___________
T:___________ T:___________ T:___________

P:___________ P:___________ P:___________
___________ ___________ ___________
II II II
T:___________ T:___________ T:___________

P:___________ P:___________ P:___________
___________ ___________ ___________
II II
T:___________ T:___________
P:___________ P:___________
___________ ___________
24
DIVISION MISSION OPORD_______
DIVISION CDR’S INTENT

PURPOSE:
METHOD:
ENDSTATE:
25
BDE MISSION OPORD_______
BDE CDR’S INTENT

PURPOSE:
METHOD:
ENDSTATE:
26
Facts OPORD_______
Assumptions
27
Specified Tasks OPORD_______
Intel:
Maneuver:
Fire Spt:
M/CM/S:
ADA:
C2:
CSS:
28
Implied Tasks OPORD_______
Intel:
Maneuver:
Fire Spt:
M/CM/S:
ADA:
C2:
CSS:
29
OPORD______
Constraints Tasks Limitations Tasks
Things We Cannot Do Things We Must Do
Intel:
Maneuver:
Fire Spt:
M/CM/S:
ADA:
C2:
CSS:
30
Changes to Task OPORD______
Organization
Proposed Restated Mission OPORD_____
31
32
DTG_____ MASTER TIMELINE
TIME/Illum ENEMY TLPs CRITICAL TASKS Log/CSS
0001
0200
0400
0600
0900
1000
1200
33
DTG_____ MASTER TIMELINE
TIME/Illum ENEMY TLPs CRITICAL TASKS Log/CSS
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
34
Planning Timeline
Critical Timeline 7 Hour Timeline (18-72 16 hour Timeline (72+

Events hours) hours)
Time Start Complet Time Start Complet
Time e Time e Time
Time
Receive Order
Issue WARNO #1 30 min 30
min
Mission Analysis 1 hr 2.5
hrs
Mission Analysis 30 min 30
Brief min
Break 10 min 20
min
Commander’s 10 min 20
Guidance min
Leaders’ Recon N/A N/A
min
Develop/Analyze N/A 1 hr
COAs
Hasty Wargame N/A 2 hr
COAs
COA Brief N/A 30
min
Refine COA/Prep 15 min 30
Wargame min
Wargame selected 1 hr 2 hrs
COA (Prep Sync
Matrix)
min
OPORD Preparation 1 hr 2 hrs
Reproduction 1.5 hrs 2.5
hrs
Total Planning Time 7.5 hours 16 hours
Issue OPORD 1 hr 1 hr
Backbriefs to Cdr 30 min 30
min
Troop Planning/Prep 15 hours 32 hours
Time
35
Commander’s Guidance
The CO’s vision of the operation

Enemy Courses of Action
Restated Mission
Commander’s Intent
The Concept of the Operation
The Deception Objective
Priorities
The Time Plan
The Type of Order to Issue
The type of Rehearsal to conduct
Other elements of Commander’s Guidance
The following is a guideline and not all inclusive, but serves as an initial point for the commander. It also serves
as a tool for the staff to ask for clarification in their specific area to ensure full understanding of the
Commander’s intent
Enemy COAs
Identify most likely, dangerous, or combination
Prioritize which COA(s) to plan against first
Identify enemy’s critical decision points
Identify high value targets
Give initial PIR guidance
Issue R & S guidance
Issue Initial Commander’s Intent:

Purpose: Understanding one level up and our unique contribution to that intent and mission.
Method: How the CO sees the force achieving the end state. Broad yet concise. (Phases/sequences/ forms of maneuver,
etc.)
End State: Understanding two levels up intent.
Concept of operations:
Decisive Area(s) or Point(s)
Battlefield organization (close/deep/rear)

Main effort (location and combat power)
Critical supporting efforts
COA Development Guidance

Critical Events
Number of COAs to develop
Concepts to consider or not consider
36
Formations to consider
Shaping the battlefield
Defeat mechanism
Main and supporting efforts
Task Organization
Where/what risk to accept
Subordinate Task/Purpose
Reserve guidance (composition, mission, priorities, C2)
Deception guidance
Recon/Counter-recon guidance
EEFI (CCIR)
Commander’s Intent for Fire Support (concept of fires): (see CTC bulletin No. 96-4)
High payoff targets
Synchronization and focus of fires with maneuver
Commander’s Critical Fire Support Tasks (CCFST)
Task: state in terms of desired effects (suppress, destroy, obscure, screen)
Purpose: as the fires relate to the scheme of maneuver
Method: FA, mortars, CAS, etc.
End state: as it relates to the enemy or friendly formation/function
Engineer Guidance
Priority of work (M/C-M/S)
FASCAM and Volcano usage
Breaching guidance
NBC Guidance
Recon assets
MOPP posture
Smoke employment
ADA Guidance
Protection priorities
Positioning guidance
Weapon control status
CSS Guidance
Location
Priorities in terms of MAFFMS
Controlled supply rates
Command and Control Guidance

CP positioning
CO position
The Deception Objective
Forces and material to dedicate to the plan

What do we want the enemy to believe
How do we expect the enemy to behave
How do we expect to exploit how he behaves
Priorities
Manning
Arming
Fueling
Fixing
Moving
37
Sustaining
Timeline Guidance
Time available
Complexity of the mission
Positioning of forces
Planning requirements to synchronize the mission
Combat preparations (including: subordinate time, movement, rehearsals, PCIs, etc.)
Light conditions
How and where the order will be issued
Type of order to issue
FRAGO
Oral
Overlay Order
Open (fill in the blank) order
Type of rehearsal
Backbrief
Radio Rehearsal
Map Rehearsal
Terrain Model Rehearsal
Sketch map Rehearsal
Key Leader Rehearsal
Full up Rehearsal
Other Elements of Commander’s Guidance
Priorities and desired effects for fire support systems

R & S plan
Timing of the operation
Key Terrain
Force protection guidance
OPSEC considerations
Constraints imposed by higher
Posture for sequels
Guidance for reserves
Commander’s Critical Information Requirements
Priority Intelligence Requirements:

How does the commander see the enemy?
What information about the enemy is essential to making a decision?
Essential Elements of Friendly Information (EEFI):
How does the enemy see us?
What information on us is essential to the enemy commander in order to defeat us?
Friendly Forces Information Requirements (FFIR)
How does the commander see his own unit.
Information needed about own unit or other friendly units in order to make a decision. (Nesting)
Decisive Point
A point in space, time, or an event which we seek a decision

A tool for synchronization of combat power
38
Specific Questions
What is the objective for the recon force?
What is the form of maneuver?
What COAs do you want/not want developed?
Are there any specific terrain objectives?
Who is the main effort and how do we weight it?
What is the focus deep?
What is the focus rear?
What is the definition of success?
Where do you see the decisive points?
Where do you want to kill the enemy?
What is the deception plan?
Example Format
Problem/Mission
Enemy COAs
Intent
End State (success criterion)
Purpose
Method
Decisive Area(s)/Point(s)
Main effort (T/P)
Reserve (configuration, T/P)
R & S plan guidance
Branches/sequels
C2 considerations
Deception guidance
CCIR
Priorities
Timeline guidance
Type of order
Type of Rehearsal
COA Development
Must include the entire staff to integrate all BOSs
Ensure COAs are:
Suitable (will it accomplish the mission?)
Feasible (do we have the resources?)
Acceptable (do benefits outweigh the costs?)
Distinguishable
Complies with the commander’s guidance
COA Development Steps

1. Analyze relative Combat Power
2. Array Main and Supporting effort forces two levels down
3. Develop Scheme of Maneuver:

Identify Purposes for main and supporting efforts
Determine Tasks that will accomplish stated purpose for main and supporting efforts
4. Task Organize
5. Determine Command and Control means and assign initial graphic control measures
39
6. Assign headquarters to each unit grouping
7. Prepare COA statement(s) and sketch(es)
COA Development Steps

COA Development
Step1: Analyze relative combat power. Make a rough subjective estimate of relative combat power.
Combat Power = Manuever+Firepower+Protection+(Leadership)
- AO and AI
- List all combat power in AO
Determine Ratio (2.5 : 1)
- Then do for AI
- Remember to use % below strength
Friendly Mission Ratio Enemy Mission
Delay 1:6
Defend 1:3 Prepared or Fortified
Defend 1 : 2.5 Hasty
Attack 3:1 Prepared of Fortified
Attack 2.5 : 1 Hasty position
Counterattack 1:1 Flank
Comparison of Forces
US
Strength Platoon Company Battalion
Light 1 3 9 31
M113 1.5 6 18 78
M2/3 2 8 24 102
M1 3 12 36 150
M1A1 3.15 12.6 37.8 157.2
M60A3 2.25 9 27 108
HMMWV 0.6 6
AH 64 4 4 20 60
AH 1 3 3 15 45
Artillery
M109 1 4 8 24
MLRS 2.5 12.5 25
Soviet-type
Strength Platoon Company Battalion Regiment*
BTR 1 3 12 48 171
BMP 1.5 4.5 18 64.5 224.5
T80 2 6 20 64 279
T72 1.86 5.58 18.6 59.66 265.84
T64 1.55 4.65 15.5 50.05 236.7
T62 1 3 10 33 168.5
T55 0.83 2.49 8.3 27.73 152.52
Artillery
Strength Platoon Company Battalion Regiment*
SP 122 0.8 2.4 4.8 14.4
SP 152 0.85 2.55 5.1 15.3 61.2
40
MRL 2 6 12 36
* Add a tank battalion to the BTR & BMP Regiment strength

Step 2: Array Forces two levels down at the decisive area or point per commander’s intent.
Array the Forces

***
***
***
***
***
***
***
*** ***
***
***
***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** *** ***
*** ***
The array is layed out on a template using the SITTEMP portraying the enemy
COA which the CO dictated in his guidance. Array forces for each critical
task/decisive point throughout the operation.
Array Initial Forces

Used to determine the force necessary to defeat each enemy line (1st Belt, 2d Belt, Regt Counterattack, 2d Echelon, Div
Counterattack)
- Determine the ratio of friendly forces required
- Determine the size of unit to be arrayed
Brigades consider battalion size avenues and array companies
Battalion consider company size avenues and array platoons
- Determine a proposed FEBA/LD
- Develop the deception story
- Make initial array (Generic ground, w/o regard to Task Organization)
Step 3: Develop a Scheme of Maneuver
Assign Purpose then Task(s) in regard to the terrain, the enemy or friendly forces (nesting). Example:
(ME) destroy to prevent an enemy attack into the southern flank of 2d Bde.
(SE) breach to create an exposed flank for the ME.
(SE) support by fire to prevent enemy from massing fires onto the ME.
41
(SE) fix to allow the ME the ability to mass fires on the two MRCs.
Address all elements of the battlefield framework.
Deep Operations
Covering force/security force
Close Operations
Rear Operations
Reserve
This step will turn into the narrative of the COA statement.
Develop the Scheme of Maneuver
- Uses the initial array as a starting point.

- Reevaluate the terrain and enemy.
- Reevaluate the force ratio considering:
- Risk
- Initiative
- Surprise
- Logistics
- Morale and skill
- Consider the impact of shortages and/or uncommitted forces in initial array.
- Evaluate type of opens identified as possible during the relative cat par analysis.
- Determine the defeat mechanism.
- Determine the location of the main effort and supporting effort.
- Array additional forces.
- provide depth, security, and act as a reserve.
- Converting generic forces. (task organize the units directly under you)
Five Basic Forms of Maneuver

Envelopment
Turning Movement
Infiltration
Penetration
Frontal Attack
Phases of Operations
to be Considered when Developing Courses of Action
Deliberate Attack
a. Rehearsal
b. Reconnaissance
c. Movement to LD
d. Maneuver
e. Deployment
f. Attack
(1) Break-in
(a) Approach
(b) Penetration
(c) Assault
(2) Fight-through
g. Consolidation and reorganization
h. Continuation
Step 4: Task Organize: Tailor the force to the task/purpose
42
***
***
***
***
***
*** Support by Fire
Destroy Breach ***
*** ***
***
***
***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** *** ***
*** ***
Fix
The assigned Tasks and purposes from step 3:

(ME) destroy to prevent an enemy attack into the southern flank of 2d Bde.
(SE) breach to create an exposed flank for the ME.
(SE) support by fire to prevent enemy from massing fires onto the ME.
(SE) fix to allow the ME the ability to mass fires on the two MRCs.
Step 5: Determine Command and Control means and assign initial graphic control measures to enhance the
intent.
43
***
***
***
***
***
*** Support by Fire
Destroy Breach ***
*** ***
***
***
***
***
***
*** ***
***
***
*** *** ***
*** ***
Fix
Step 6: Assign Headquarters.
44
l
Support by Fire
Breach
l (+)
***
***
***
***
***
*** ***
l(-) ***
Fix
Step 7. Prepare COA Sketch(es) and statement(s)
At a minimum the statement should include:
45
Use Battlefield framework format (Deep, Close, Rear)
Operation’s purpose
Main effort or main attack
Scheme of maneuver, including the defeat mechanism, and any significant risk.
Tasks and purposes for subordinate headquarters
At a minimum the sketch should include:
Phase lines
Ground/air axis of advance
Zones of attack or defense sectors
Assembly areas
Strong points
Battle positions
Engagement areas
Objectives
FEBA or LD/LC
Major Obstacles
Fire support coordination measures
Main effort designated
- Sketch answers: Offensive Framework:

- What Main/Supporting Attack
- Where Recon/Security Opens
- How Rear Opens
- Statement answers: Reserves
- What
- When
- Where Defensive Framework:
- How MBA, Main/Supporting Effort
- Why Security Opens
- Also includes: Deep Opens
- Defeat Mechanism Rear Opens
- Close battle Reserves
- Main effort
- Deep battle
- Rear area
- Reserve
- Security (Flanks, front, rear)
- Risk accepted
Briefing Format Courses of Action
- Updated intel Estimate (current terrain & weather analysis and enemy situation) (S2)
- Possible enemy COA (Situation templates) (S2)
- Restated Mission (S3)
- Higher and own Commander's intent (S3)
- COA statement and sketch as a single entity (S3)
- VGT, butcher paper, or map overlay
- COA rationale (for each one) (S3)
- Considerations affected by enemy COA to be war gamed
- Deductions resulting from relative combat power analysis
- Why units are arrayed as shown on sketch
- Why selected control measures are used
- Updated facts and assumptions, if available (S1 and S4)
46
Course of Action Analysis
Example of critical events

1. Gather the tools and decision points.
Offense
- Passage of Lines
2. List Friendly Forces - Breaching of main obstacle belt
- Penetrations
- Reaction to counterattack
- River Crossing
- Seizing the objective
3. List Assumptions - Use of reserves
- Deep Operations
- Prep fires
4. List Decisive - Use of attack helos
Area(s)/Point(s) Defense
- Deep operations
- Destruction of first echelon forces
- Destruction of folow-on forces
5. List Significant Factors - Commitment of reserve
- Counterfires
- Battle handover
6. Select Wargame Method Wargame Sequence

Action
Avenue Belt Box Reaction
Counteractions
7. Select how to Record and 8. Wargame the Battle

Display the Results and Assess the Results
Narrative Worksheet Synch

Matrix

Purpose:
initial synchronization of the battlefield at critical/decisive area(s)/point(s)
visualization of the flow of an operation
It is NOT:
an exercise to validate the COA
Can result in:

modifying or changing missions in the COA for subordinate units
changing the COAs organization for maneuver forces
Products:
R & S Plan
Synchronization Matrix/Wargame worksheet
Task Organization
Overlays
47
Branches to COA (FRAGOs)
Decision Support Template(<two DPs at TF level)
Advantages/Disadvantages Chart
Wargaming Rule of Engagement

Remain unbiased
Accurately record advantages and disadvantages
Continually assess feasibility
Avoid drawing premature conclusions and gathering facts to support such conclusions
Avoid comparing one COA with another
Step 1: Gather the tools
Wargame tools:
Enemy SITTEMP(s) and event template(s)
COA statement(s) and graphics
Understanding of nesting concepts
Battle staff assessment of how their assets best support a COA
Synchronization matrix or worksheet to record the results of the wargame
Overlays
XO/S3 Preparation for wargaming

Ensures staff understands commander’s guidance
Staff briefed on the COA and enemy SITTEMP
Prioritizes assessment of work for the staff, i.e.:
If you want to wargame the counterrecon fight, S2 must bring detailed event templates of enemy recon elements
If you are within artillery range, direct the FSO to demonstrate brigade/division counter fire plan
Organizes for the wargame
Focuses on the decisive area(s)/point(s)
Identifies time you will spend wargaming each box or belt
Identifies method to be used and then identifies location so overlays can be cut for each box
Fills in times, units, and events to wargame on the matrix
For each box, identify key assets needed to ensure success
Step 2: List all friendly forces.
Include all forces and combat multipliers available

CAS
EW
Surveillance and reconnaissance
Step 3: List assumptions

Validate any assumption:
“Is this assumption likely to occur?”
Must be logical and realistic
Step 4: List decisive area(s)/point(s)
Derived from commander’s guidance.

Will drive the DST and decision point(s)
Step 5: List significant factors/criteria for comparison

Will derive the comparison criteria
Can Use doctrinal fundamentals:
the principles of war - flexibility
the tenants of army operations - tactical deception
mutual support - BOSs
48
sustainability
Criteria for Comparison
Principles of War
- Mass - Objective - Offensive
- Economy of Force - Maneuver - Security
- Surprise - Unity of Command - Simplicity
Air-Land Battle Tenets

- Agility - Initiative
- Depth - Synchronization
- Versatility
Air-Land Battle Offensive Characteristics

- Surprise - Flexibility
- Speed - Audacity
- Concentration
Air-Land Battle Defensive Characteristics

- Preparation - Flexibility
- Disruption - Concentration
Battlefield Operating Systems

- Maneuver - Fire Support
- C3 - Mobility/CounterMobility/Survivability
- CSS - ADA
- Intel
Risk (Do not Forget)
If the criteria are qualitatively the same for each course of action, they may not need to be displayed.
Does the COA plan for the following:

Find and track the enemy?
Deny friendly information (EEFI)?
Fix the enemy?
Maneuver the main effort to strike the decisive blow?
Exploit the success?
Facilitate transition to the next mission?
Commander’s significant factors
Step 6: Select the wargame method
Box technique
isolates analysis on a few critical areas so staff can focus on key subordinate unit’s T/P or other events
useful when time is critical (hasty attack)
• Belt technique
-AO divided into not more than three sequential sectors.
-Staff focus is on all subordinate unit’s T/P and critical events throughout the depth of the AO.
-Useful when time is not critical (defense)
Step 7: Select a technique to record results
Narrative technique
most time consuming
49
sentence form visualization
Sketch note/worksheet technique

brief notes concerning critical locations/tasks
uses sequence numbers and events
Synchronization matrix
Step 8: Wargame and assess the results
Sequence
Action
S3 uses mission(s) or event(s) initiated by friendly forces
What additional assets are required or available to execute the action?
Reaction
S2 uses SITTEMP/event templates.
Enemy’s reaction in relation to friendly action.
What assets did he use to react? Can we target them?
Is the enemy reaction something we must counter?
If the COA will counter the enemy reaction, no need to counter.
Counteraction
How do we prevent or counter his reaction?
If we can target the enemy’s reaction, how do we target it? Decide, Detect, Deliver, Assess.
Use combat, combat support, and combat service support assets to ensure mission accomplishment.
Staff Roles and duties
S3 demonstrates action
briefs staff on COA(s)
prior to wargame
allow time for the staff to assess the COA
serves as expert on subordinate units missions and critical events
works with S2 on R & S plan (counteraction)
makes changes to task organization (counteraction)
makes changes to missions (O/O, be prepared (counteraction))
adds graphic control measures and manages terrain
S2 demonstrates reaction
presents current relationship between friendly and enemy COAs
provides enemy COAs/event templates
discusses enemy use of combat multipliers
updates PIR
identifies NAIs (counteraction)
works with S3 on R & S plan
FSO demonstrates counteraction

translates the CFSTs into detailed Battery level Critical FA Tasks (CFATs) (synchronize the FS)
shows FA available
records FA priority targets and FPFs
records FIST location and usage
provides current location of FA units
discusses displacement consideration of FA units and mortars
identifies
mortars status and location
current and on order FS coordination measures
current ammo status and future needs
develops fire support execution matrix and target overlay
50
S4 demonstrates counteraction
identifies
status of critical combat systems
status of C2 vehicles and maintenance status by platoon
number of recovery vehicles available
unit class III and V status
location of adjacent and higher medical assets
number of tracked/wheeled ambulances
location of ammunition transfer point
logistics distribution plan using HEMTTs
records employment of CTCP, forward aid station, and UMCP
Engineer demonstrates counteraction

identifies friendly mobility/countermoblity/survivability
records placement of breaching assets (squads, ACEs, CEVs, AVLBs, MICLICs, plows, and rollers)
identifies
digging timeline (# positions/NLT time)
obstacle timeline (# km/NLT time)
class IV and V needed to execute on time line
with the S2 identify
obstacle locations, type, and details
location and mission of mobile obstacle detachments (MODs)
location of breaching assets in the enemy formation
records task organization
records air delivered mines
discusses capabilities to execute countermobility and survivability based on equipment and troops
Chemo demonstrates counteraction
identifies
friendly capabilities and limitations
water and road network for Decon sites
company and task force defense equipment status
Decon sites
discusses impact of smoke, chemical recon and Decon on the operation
predicts fallout and downwind hazard and timing of templated NBC strikes with impact on the COA
ADO demonstrates counteraction

understands when, where, and how the enemy will use air
records ADA coverage priorities and risk areas
identifies current ADA weapons and personnel status
records task organization
demonstrated understanding of higher and adjacent ADA coverage
records use of passive ADA measures
Lessons Learned
Commanders and staffs should prioritize the engagements to synchronize given METT-T
Synchronization of the entire battlefield is impossible
Effective and efficient synchronization can only occur if the XO and staff are masters of BOS prerequisites and have
a practiced technique
Wargaming will not fix:
misunderstood friendly and enemy situation (mission analysis)
unfocused or menu-driven commander’s guidance
an invalid course of action
Wargame Guidelines
Unit Type Action Capability Status
Bn TF Attack Defeat a Co Reorg 4-12 hr
51
Bn TF Mtg Engage Fix a Bn Reorg 12-24 hr
Bn TF Flnk CA Defeat a Bn CM at reducd capab
Bn TF Flnk CA Fix a Regt Rearm/Refuel
Bn TF Defend Defeat a Regt Fully committed during
Bn TF Delay Defeat a Regt High Risk
Bn TF Delay Defeat a Bn Low Risk
Bn TF Delay Delay a Regt Low Risk
Bn TF Penetration Penetrate a Bn Reorg 12 - 24 hr
Arty Bn Suppression Suppres man Co Fully committed
Arty Bn Cntr Bty Suppres Arty Bn Fully committed
MLRS Plt Suppression Neutrliz Arty Bn Reposition/Reload
Atk Hel Bn Defeat a Tk Bn Committed for 1 hr
Eng Plt Breach Std Mine one lane 100m x 4m 1 hr
Eng Co Create Minefield GEMSS 500m/hr
Std 100m/hr
Create AT ditch 200m/hr
A10 CAS 2.2 Tnk/Sortie Avg
5 Tnk/Sortie Mvng Tgt, SEAD, JAAT
Products:
R & S Plan
Synchronization Matrix/Wargame worksheet
Task Organization
Overlays
Branches to COA (FRAGOs)
Decision Support Template(>two DPs at TF level)
Advantages/Disadvantages Chart
COA Comparison
Two methods available
Decision Matrix
Simple Advantages/Disadvantages Chart
Decision Matrix
- Matrix:
52
Courses of Action
Criteria Wt 1 2 3
1 3 2
Simplicity 1
1 3 2
3 2
2
Surprise 1
2 3 2
3 2 1
Mass 2
6 4 1
2
1
1 3
Agility
2 1 3
2 3 1
Initiative 1
2 3 1
2 3
1
Speed 2
4 6 1
2 1 3
Risk 2 6
4 2
14 16 13
Total
21 22 16
- State that Least is Best
Other staff sections do their comparison and the S3 combines them all for the decision brief.
Briefing Format War game

- Mission and Intent of higher (one and two levels up) (S3)
- Updated intel estimate (terrain, weather & enemy situation) (S2)
- Enemy COA war gamed (S2)
- The COA war gamed (S3)
- Assumptions
- War game technique used (belt, box, avenue)
- Critical Events war gamed
- Visualization of the entire operation
- each critical event
- actions one level down
- CS and CSS needed for mission accomplishment
- Possible enemy reactions considered during the war gaming (S2)
- Results of the War game (S3)
- synchronization matrix
- modifications to the COA
- proposed task organization
- decision support template and event template
- priorities for combat and CSS units
- estimated time required for the operation
- estimated enemy losses
- estimated friendly losses
- advantages to the COA
- disadvantages to the COA include Risk
Rehearsal
53
Rehearsal is a commander’s tool to:
ensure synchronization
reduce friction
confirm and/or teach techniques
gain agility
aid in gaining the initiative
An ineffective rehearsal is worse than no rehearsal
Rehearsals confirm and reinforce the commander’s intent and, therefore, cannot be solely maneuver oriented
Purposes:
helps the commander visualize the battle
ensures understanding of intent, scheme of maneuver, etc.
identifies disconnected activities, such as C2, CS, or CSS
Outlines conditions for branch(es) and sequel(s)
determines movement and reaction times
enhances coordination
refines the plan
identifies key events and critical tasks
ensures synchronization
Rehearsal Types
Confirmation brief
Why: to ensure that subordinate commanders understand the intent, concept, and their tasks/purposes.
What:
Enemy most probable COA
Higher commander’s intent
Higher unit’s concept (ID main effort and decisive point)
Own mission statement (task and purpose)
When: within 30 minutes of OPORD issue
Where: OPORD location or via FM
Who: subordinate commander’s to higher commander
Backbrief
Why: to ensure subordinate commander’s concepts support the higher plan
What:
Assumptions
Task organization
Mission statement
Concept, maneuver, fires
Actions at critical events
Questions and additional resource requests
When: after subordinates issue their plan
Where: convenient location for subordinates
Who: subordinate commanders and specialty leaders brief commander
SOP walk through: shows how the SOP will support the specific operation or plan. It should include:
LOGPAC operations
Reporting
Casualty evacuation
Battle drill
breach
defile
trench clearing
actions on contact
Reduced Force
key leaders attend (down to CO or PLR)
54
replicate actions on mock ups
Full Force
all personnel are available and attend
at every level units replicate actions
Rehearsal techniques
Map
Sketch map
Terrain model
Radio
TEWT
Full-up
Principles of rehearsals
Prioritize tasks and events (can’t do it all)
Commander leads and S3/XO moderates
Conduct multi-echelon combined arms rehearsal
Tie subordinates orders to a purpose/intent
Use a detailed SOP for the different types and techniques
List resources
Predetermine participants
Establish and enforce standards
Provide a visualization to commander and participants of the units applications of combat power at the decisive
area or point
Scheduling of rehearsals
Each WARNO should contain the rehearsal time
Schedule to allow subordinates at least 1/3 of available time before rehearsal
Set a time limit for the rehearsal
Conduct of a rehearsal (Backbriefing using terrain model)

Start at appointed time
XO/S3 orients terrain to map, overlay, or rock drill site and points out key terrain and/or AAs on both
XO briefs timeline, records start time, and announces time hacks
Establish an SOP that articulates the following:

commanders control rehearsals
players must demonstrate actions on the terrain board
how the rehearsal is controlled
when special staff officers brief
friendly and enemy events occur within each BOS
S3
reads mission and commander’s intent
has TOC boards and charts rehearsal
lays out friendly situation as it currently exists including adjacent units
S2
briefs templated enemy situation
demonstrates the most likely enemy COA for the following events or times:
LD
NLT Defend time
55
expected first enemy contact
existing R&S plan and ongoing actions at rehearsal time
patrols still out, OP locations, etc.
recon routes
objectives
security force composition and locations
initial contact
initial fires (artillery, air, attack helos)
probable main force objectives or fire sacks
commitment of the combined arms and AT reserves
The S2 must be specific, tying the enemy actions to specific terrain or friendly units’ actions
S3
briefs friendly maneuver unit dispositions, including security forces, at rehearsal time
other staff officers brief their slice unit locations and particular points of interest at the start time (i.e. MOPP,
etc.)
commander gives appropriate missions or commands; subordinate commanders and staff officers respond or
give commands at the appropriate time, move to appropriate locations on the terrain model
Terminate the first phase of the rehearsal after the desired end state (from the commander’s intent) is achieved
Attack: usually on the objective after consolidation
Defense: usually after the decisive action such as commitment of the reserve and final destruction or
withdrawal of the enemy
If additional coordination is required, accomplish it immediately:
coordination is one of the key points of rehearsal
make sure coordination is clearly understood by all and recorded
all changes to the published order are verbal FRAGOs
the S3 collects verbal FRAGOs and writes change to the order
After initial walk through of the base order, go back to the initial decision point:
identify the criteria for a decision to change the plan
assume criteria have been met
refight the fight from that point forward all the way to the desired end state
complete any coordination to ensure understanding and requirements are met
record any changes
Go to the next decisive point and repeat the process. Continue until all decision points have been rehearsed
CSS items should be interjected at appropriate times

plans for cas evac
routes, AXPs, etc.
ROM sites
forward logistic bases
planned locations and effective times
LRPs
displacement times and locations and effective times
EPW collection points
Commander and staff demonstration

Commander
identifies his decisive area or points
gives mission(s) for main and supporting effort
tells when the initiate fires IAW FS plan
FISTs initiate calls for fire
FSO portrays
when they initiate fires
who is firing
from where
ammo type
desired target effect
56
XO ensures all actions listed on the synch matrix or DST are addressed at the proper time or event
Avoid rewargaming, except as necessary

Good Rehearsal = Synchronization
REHEARSAL AGENDA
INTRO/ROLL CALL XO
TERRAIN S2
AO/AI, MISSION S3
Enemy Situation S2
(Latest Intel)
Cdr’s Intent for Fires CDR
CRITICAL EVENT XO
Enemy Situation S2
(At Critical Event)
COA Co Cdrs
BOS Input FS
IEW
Conclusion ADA
EN
Closing Remarks CHEMO
S4 (CSS)
57
Enemy Planning Factors
Soviet Actions US Defense

KM
5
Co FA,
Col
Mortars,
EW, CAS
4 Maneuver
Plt & March
FA Col 3,750m
PRE- TOW
PLAN
PREP
3 US Cdr Decision
Pt: Continue to
Soviet Cdr Defend, CATK,
Decision Pt Disengage
Aslt, Fix or
Bypass Tanks
2
1,500m 1,500m
Assault 25mm
1 Dismount Dragon
FA Fire Line at 400m FPF Small
Accompaniment Arms
60% Preplan,
40% Calls
Atk Helo Ops
0
BP
58
Soviet Type Organization
Motorized Rifle Company
BMP BTR
Co Hq 1 BMP Co Hq 1 BTR
3 x MRPs of 3 x BMP 9 BMP 3 x MRPs of 3 x BTR 9 BTR
Machine Gun PLT 2 BMP MG/AT PLT 2 BTR
2 BMP 12 BTR
Motorized Rifle Battalion

Bn Hq *1 BMP Bn Hq *1 BTR
3 x MRC of 12 BMP 36 BMP 3 x MRC of 12 BTR 36 BTR
Mortar Bty 6 120mm Mortar Bty 6 120mm
ADA PLT SA 7/14/16 3 BMP ADA PLT SA 7/14/16 3 BTR
AGL PLT 30mm 3 BMP AGL PLT 30mm 3 BTR
42 BMP AT PLT 73mm/ RPG 7 5 BTR
47 BTR
Motorized Rifle Regiment

Regt Hq 2 BTR Regt Hq 2 BTR
1 BTR PA 1 BTR PA
1 BMP
3 x MRB of 42 each 126 BMP 3 x MRB of 47 each 141 BTR
1 Tank Bn 31 Tnk 1 Tank Bn 31 Tnk
How Bn 3 Bty of 6 18 2S1 How Bn 3 Bty of 6 18 D30
ADA Missile/Arty Bn 6 2S6 ADA Missile/Arty Bn 6 2S6
6 BMP 6 BTR
AT Missile Bn 9 BRDM AT Missile Bn 9 BRDM
6 T12 6 T12
Chemical PLT 3 BRDMrkh Chemical PLT 3 BRDMrkh
Recon Co 3 BMP Recon Co 3 BMP
4 BRDM 4 BRDM
1 BRM 1 BRM
135 BMP 3 BMP
3 BTR 150 BTR
31 Tnk 31 Tnk
18 Mortar 18 Mortar
4 BRDM 4 BRDM
59
Tank Company
Hq 1 Tnk
3 x Tnk PLT 3 each 9 Tnk
10 Tnk
Tank Battalion
Hq 1 Tnk
2 BTR
3 x Tnk Co 10 each 30 Tnk
31 Tnk
Tank Regiment
MRD TD
Hq 1 Tnk Hq 1 Tnk
1 BTR 1 BTR
1 BTRPA 1 BTRPA
3 x Tnk Bn each 31 93 Tnk 3 x Tnk Bn each 31 93 Tnk
MRB 42 BMP
SP How Bn 18 2S1 SP How Bn 18 2S1
AD Missile Bn 6 2S6 AD Missile Bn 6 2S6
6 BMP 6 BMP
Recon Co 3 BMP Recon Co 3 BMP
4 BRDM 4 BRDM
1 BRM 1 BRM
Chemical Plt 3 BRDMrkh Chemical Plt 3 BRDMrkh
94 Tnk 94 Tnk
9 BMP 51 BMP
4 BRDM 4 BRDM
18 2S1 18 2S1
60
Divisions
MRD TD
Hq 3 BTR Hq 3 BTR
2 x MRR(BTR) ea 31 62 Tnk 3 x TR each 94 282 Tnk
ea 150 300 BTR each 45 135 BMP
ea 18 36 D30 each 18 54 2S1
1 x MRR(BMP) 135 BMP 1 x MRR(BMP) 135 BMP
31 Tnk 31 Tnk
18 2S1 18 2S1
1 x TR 94 Tnk
18 2S1
Arty Regt each 24 72 2S3 Arty Regt each 24 48 2S3
18 BM21 18 BM21
SAM Regt each of 4 20 SA 6/8 SAM Regt a of 4 20 SA 6/8
Recon Bn 6 Tnk Recon Bn 6 Tnk
12 BMP 12 BMP
12 BRDM 12 BRDM
AT Bn 9 BRDM
12 T12
Helo Sqdn 6 MI 2 Helo Sqdn 6 MI 2
6 MI 8 6 MI 8
6 MI 24 6 MI 24
SSM Bn each of 2 4 FROG SSM Bn ea of 2 4 FROG
Chem Co 4 BRDMrkh Chem Co 4 BRDMrkh
193 Tnk 319 Tnk
147 BMP 282 BMP
300 BTR
72 2S3 48 2S3
36 D30
36 2S1 2 2S1
18 BM21 18 BM21
4 FROG 4 FROG
61
Divisions Continued
MRD with 2 BMP MRR MRD with 4 MRR
Hq 3 BTR Hq 3 BTR
1 x MRR(BTR) 31 Tnk 2 x MRR(BTR) ea 150 300 BTR
150 BTR each 31 62 Tnk
18 D30 each 18 36 D30
2 x MRR(BMP) ea 135 270BMP 2 x MRR(BMP) 270 BMP
ea 31 62 Tnk each 31 62 Tnk
ea 18 36 2S1 each 18 36 2S1
1 x TR 94 Tnk
18 2S1
Arty Regt each 24 72 2S3 Arty Regt each 24 72 2S3
18 BM21 18 BM21
SAM Regt each of 4 20 SA 6/8 SAM Regt ea of 4 20 SA 6/8
Recon Bn 6 Tnk Recon Bn 6 Tnk
12 BMP 12 BMP
12 BRDM 12 BRDM
AT Bn 9 BRDM ITB 31 Tnk
12 T12
Helo Sqdn 6 MI 2 Helo Sqdn 6 MI 2
6 MI 8 6 MI 8
6 MI 24 6 MI 24
SSM Bn each of 2 4 FROG SSM Bn ea of 2 4 FROG
Chem Co 4 BRDMrkh Chem Co 4
BRDMrkh
193 Tnk 161 Tnk
282 BMP 282 BMP
50 BTR 303 BTR
72 2S3 72 2S3
18 D30 36 D30
54 2S1 36 2S1
18 BM21 18 BM21
4 FROG 4 FROG
62
IRAQI BRIGADES
AR (RGFC) AR
Hq Hq
3 x TB ea 55/60 180 Tnk 3 x TB each 40/45 135 Tnk
ea 3 TK CO ea 3 TK CO
1 x MECH BN(BMP) 45/50 BMP 1 x MECH BN(BMP/APC) 45/50
ea 4 MECH CO ea 3 MECH CO
1 MORT BTY 6 120mm 1 MORT BTY 6 120mm
1 ENG PLT 1 ENG CO
1 CHEM PLT 1 CHEM PLT
1 EVAC/MAINT PLT
1 SUPPLY PLT 1 SUPPLY PLT
1 COMMANDO CO 1 COMMANDO CO
MECH (RGFC) MECH

Hq Hq
3 x MECH BN (45/50) 150 BMP 3 x MECH BN (40/45) 135 BMP/APC
ea 3 MECH CO ea 3 MECH CO
1 x TB (4 TK CO) 55/60 TNK 1 x TB (3 TK CO) 45/50 TNK
1 MORT BTY 6 120mm 1 MORT BTY 6 120mm
1 ENG PLT 1 ENG CO
1 EVAC/MAINT PLT
INF (RGFC) INF

Hq Hq
3 x INF BN 270 MEN 3 x INF BN 270 MEN
1 MORT BTY 6 120mm 1 MORT BTY 4-6 UNK mm
1 ENG PLT
63
Threat Planning Ranges
T80.......................................2000m
T72.......................................2000m
T64.......................................2000m
T62.......................................1600m
T55.......................................1500mm
AT-3.....................................500m - 3000m
AT-4.....................................70m - 2000m
AT-5.....................................100m - 4000m
AT-6.....................................500m - 5000m
AT-7.....................................1000m
AT-8.....................................4000m
RPG 7..................................500m Stat
..............................................300m Mov
RPG 16................................800m Stat
..............................................500m Mov
RPG 18................................200m
RPG 22................................250m
SPG 9...................................1000m
AGS 17 GL..........................800m Point
..............................................1200m Area
14.5 MG...............................2000m
73mm...................................800m
30mm...................................2500m
100mm BMP 3....................2000m
120mm Mort.......................5700m
D30.......................................15,300m
2S1........................................15,300m
2S3........................................17.2km - 20.5km
BM-21..................................20,380m
FROG - 7.............................70,000m
64
Vehicle Characteristics
T-55 T-62 T-64 T-72/T-80
Crew 4 4 3 3
Weight 36 37.5 38 41/42
Road Spd 50 50 50 50/60
(km/hr)
Range (km) 500 450 450 450
w/aux tnks 715 650 600 600
Fording 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
w/snorkel 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Infrared
Driver Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gunner Yes Yes Yes Yes
Commander Yes Yes Yes Yes
NBC Radiation Radiation Filtration and overpressure
Protection Detection Detection Radiation Detection sys
Main Armament
Caliber 100 115 125 125
Rate of Fire 5-7 3-5 6-8 6-8
(rd/min)
Max Effective 1,500 1,600 2,000 2,000
4,000 (AT-8) 4,000 (AT-8)
Basic Load 43 40 40 40
BMP BMP2 BMD MTLB

Crew 3 3 3 2
Passenger 8 7 4 10
Weight 13.5 14.3 7.5 9.7
Road Spd 70 65 80 60
Water Spd 6 7 10 6
(km/hr)
Range (km) 500 600 320 500
Fording Amphib Amphib Amphib Amphib
Infrared
Driver Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gunner Yes Yes No No
Commander Yes Yes Yes No
NBC Filtration & Filtration & Filtration & Filtration &
Protection Overpress Overpress Overpress Overpress
Main Armament
Caliber 73 30 73 7.62
Rate of Fire 8 550 8 650
(rd/min)
Max Effective 800 2,500 800 1,000
3,000(AT-3) 4,000(AT-5) 3,000(AT-3)
Basic Load 40/4 500/4 40/3 2,000
Maneuver Planning Factors
65
Vehicle Characteristics
System Weapons Max Eff Basic Load Fuel Capacity Cruising Max Speed
Range Range
M1A2 120 mm 2500 40 505 289 41.5/30
7.62 coax 900 10000
M2 MG 1500 1000
M2 IFV TOW 3750 7 175 300 41/30
25mmAP 1700 225
25mmHE 3000 675
M3 CFV TOW 3750 12 175 300 41/30
25mmAP 1700 425
25mmHE 3000 1280
OH58D Hellfire 7000+ 4 413 km 110 knots
Stinger 5000 4
2.75 ‘‘ rocket 9000 7
.50 cal 2000 500
AH64 Hellfire 7000+ 4 480/800 km 140 knots
2.75 ‘‘ rocket 9000 7
30 mm. 3000 3000
Battalions and Supporting Companies
Tank Mech
Bn Hq 2 Tnk Bn Hq 2 M2
4 x Tnk Co each 14 56 Tnk 4 x Mech Co each 13 52 M2
Sct Plt 10 M1025 E Co 12 M901
Sct Plt 10 M1025
Mortar Plt 6 M106 Mortar Plt 6 M106
FA Engr (ERI)
Bn Hq 12 FIST Hq
3 x Gun Bty each 8 24 M109 3 x Eng Co each 7 21 ACE
each 8 24 FASV each 3 9 5t Dump
each 12 36 M113
3 x Equip Sec ea 4 12 5t Dump
each 3 9 MICLIC
each 2 6 SEE
each 1 3 GEMSS
3 x Mob/C Mob ea 4 12 AVLB
each 2 6 CEV
1 x Bridge Co 1 ACE
Ribbon Bridge
ADA Co Smk Plt

2 x V/S Plt ea 4 8 V/Sting Plt Hq 1 M113
Stinger Plt 2 x Smk Sqd each 3 w/2 6 M113
3 Stinger Sec ea at 4
12 Stingers
66
Friendly Forces Planning Ranges
M1A1............................................2800m
M1.................................................2500m
M60A3..........................................2000m
M60A1..........................................2000m
TOW II.........................................65m - 3750m
Dragon..........................................65m - 1000m
LAW.............................................200m Stat
.......................................................150m Mov
.50 Cal...........................................1600m
7.62mm.........................................900m
Stinger...........................................5000m
Vulcan...........................................1200m Air
25mm............................................2500m
MK19............................................
4.2 in Mort....................................6850m
M109.............................................18,100m
M110A2........................................22,900m
MLRS...........................................30,000m
ACE...............................................2 Hasty Posn/hr
GEMSS.........................................2400m/hr (30/60 w)
AVLB............................................15m span
SEE...............................................3 Crw Served/hr
CEV...............................................1000m
MICLIC........................................100m x 14m
Smoke Trk....................................1 - 2 hr
AN-PPS 5......................................10 km (Vehicles)
.......................................................6 km (Personnel)
FASCAM......................................400m X 400m
67
Area of Combat Control
Standard Extended Gaps between Subordinates
Unit Frontage Frontage Standard Extended
Tank Platoon 300m 600m 100m 200m
Mech Platoon 300m 600m 100m 200m
Tank Heavy Tm 900m 1,800m 300m 500m
Mech Heavy Tm 900m 1,800m 300m 500m
Tank Heavy TF 4,000m 8,000m 600m 1,000m
Mech Heavy TF 4,000m 8,000m 600m 800m
Balanced TF 4,000m 8,000m 600m 900m
Unopposed Rates of March

Terrain Foot Infantry Mechanized
GO 4 km/h (day) 24 km/h (day)
3.2 km/h (night) 24 km/h (night)
Slow-Go 2.4 km/h (day) 16 km/h (day)
1.6 km/h (day) 8 km/h (night)
No-Go 1.0 km/h (day) 1 km/h (day)
.1 to .5 km/h (night) .1 to .5 km/h (night)
Opposed Rates of Advance in (km/hr)
Against a Hasty defense (2 - 12 hours of preparation)
Ratio GO SLOW-GO NO-GO

Atk/Def Mech Inf Mech Inf Mech Inf
1:1 1.0 .8 .8 .5 .4 .2
2:1 1.5 1.0 1.0 .7 .6 .3
3:1 2.0 1.2 1.3 .9 .8 .5
4:1 2.4 1.4 1.75 1.1 .9 .8
5:1 2.6 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.0 .9
6+:1 3.0+ 1.7+ 2.3+ 1.3+ 1.1+ 1.0+
Against a Prepared defense (24 hours of preparation)
Ratio GO SLOW-GO NO-GO

Atk/Def Mech Inf Mech Inf Mech Inf
1:1 .6 .5 .5 .3 .15 .1
2:1 .9 .6 .6 .4 .3 .2
3:1 1.2 .7 .75 .5 .5 .3
4:1 1.4 .8 1.0 .6 .5 .5
5:1 1.5 .9 1.1 .7 .6 .5
6+:1 1.7+ 1.0+ 1.3+ .8+ .6+ .6+
NOTE: Half all movement estimates at night. These rates cannot be maintained for 24 hours.
SURPRISE: (Multiply the rates of advance by these figures)
- Complete x5 (Germans at the Ardennes in 1944)
- Substantial x3 (Germans invasion of Russia 1941)
- Minor x1.3 (Allied Normandy landing 1944)
Field Artillery Planning Factors
68
Fire Support Planning Methodology
(CTC Quarterly Bulletin No. 96-4 & Newsletter No. 95-6)
Following Mission Commander’s Commander’s specified

Analysis Guidance Maneuver COA
Commander’s Sequenced Critical

Concept of Fires Fire Support Tasks
Task
Purpose
W argam e Method
Endstate
Submit to Brigade Fire Support

Scheme of fires Execution Matrix
Target Location Movement

Sequence Positions
Rehearsal Priorities CFZs
Target #s NFAs
Triggers Munitions
Observer Plan FSCMs
Refinement

Step 1: Mission Analysis Brief
Brigade Scheme of fires
Identify higher commander’s intent for fires.
Brigade Fire Plan
Identify specified and implied tasks
Limitations
Allocation of priority targets and FPFs
Current and O/O fire support coordination measures
Priority of fires
FA organization for combat
Location
When in position
Assets available/when
FIST status
Mortar tube status and location
CAS allocated to the Task Force
COLTs allocated/location

Step 2: Specify the Concept of Fire Support
Critical Fire Support Tasks (CCFST)
Task: state in terms of desired effects (suppress, destroy, obscure, screen)
Purpose: as the fires relate to the scheme of maneuver
Method: FA, mortars, CAS, etc.
End state: as it relates to the enemy or friendly formation/function

Step 2: Specify the Concept of Fire Support
69
Example:
Task: Separate the FSE from the Advanced Guard Main Body.
Purpose: To allow the destruction of the FSE and AGMB in echelon.
Method: Emplace FASCAM (200 x 800) minefield between the FSE and AGMB at WP0002.
End State: Delay AGMB 20 minutes at WP0002.

Step 3: Wargame-Develop the Scheme of Fires
Translate the CFST into detailed Critical Field Artillery Tasks (CFAT):
Task: Fire FASCAM minefield, TGT WP0002.
Purpose: Separate FSE from AGBM.
Method:
emplace FASCAM medium density (200 x 800)
Low angle, 8 RAAM aim points, 4 ADAM aim points; use one howitzer/aim point technique.
Ensure RAAMs complete before firing ADAM.
Minefield requires 96 RAAMs (12/aim point)/24 ADAM (6/aim point)
Batteries in place and ready to fire NLT 181500 Dec__; A (PA10)/C (PA 30)
108 RAAM/30 ADAM delivered to (PA10)/(PA 30) NLT 181800 Dec__; select one howitzer for backup.
Pre-position FASCAM on ground (primary positions) PA10/PA30
MET broadcast at 190530, and 190630 Dec__.
A Btry alternate position (PA40)/C Btry alternate position (PA60) fully prepared NLT 182000 Dec__; A Btry
priority of work to PA40.
Execute TGT WP0002 from primary positions (PA10/PA30)
A Btry executes with minimum essential personnel and equipment; preposition everything else in alternate position.
A Btry, upon successful execution of WP0002, immediately displaces to alt. pos. PA40. Rehearse this move and
report estimated OUTIL time to the TOC NLT182230 Dec__.
C Btry, follow A Btry’s execution of WP0002; be prepared to pick up mission in progress. If A Btry does not
complete the mission, fire all aim points. Do not move to alt pos. After A Btry completes minefield, load FASCAM on
HEMTT prepositions with battery at PA30.
Trigger to execute WP0002 is CRP at NAI 4. Tentative window for planning purpose is 190500 to 190600.
End State: Minefield complete in 20 minutes or less. If A Btry executes, A Btry moves to alternate position (PA40),
ready to fire in 40 minutes or less; C Btry uploads FASCAM in HEMTTs. If C Btry executes, C Btry stays in primary
position (PA30).
70
Tactical Missions
FA unit with a Answers Calls Has as its zone Furnishes fire Furnishes Establishes Is positoned Has its fires
mission of: for fire in of fire: support team: LNO: commo with: by: planned by:
priority from:
DS 1. Supported Zone of action Provides No Company DS FA Develops own

unit of supported temporary requirement FSOs, FSOs, commander or fire plan
2. Own unit replacements and supported as ordered by
observers for casualty manuever unit FA HQ
3. Force FA losses HQ
HQ
R 1. Reinforced Zone of Fire of No To reinforced Reinforced FA Reinforced FA Reinforced FA
FA reinforced FA requirement FA HQ HQ HQ or as HQ
2. Own ordered by FA
observers HQ
3. Force FA
HQ
GSR 1. Force FA Zone of action No To reinforced Reinforced FA Force FA HQ Force FA HQ
HQ of supported requirement FA HQ HQ or reinforced
2. Reinforced unit to include FA if
unit zone of fire of approved by
3. Own reinforced FA force FA HQ
observers
GS 1. Force FA Zone of action No No No Force FA HQ Force Fa HQ
HQ of supported requirement requirement requirement
2. Own unit
observers
Basic Loads
155 mm (SP,M109) 203 mm Bn (SP, M110) MLRS Battery (Pods)

Bn
per tube per Bn per tube per Bn Launcher Battery
HE 18 432 28 672
RAP 24 576 16 384
APICM 5 120 3 72
DPICM 135 3240 93 2232 18 162
Illum 5 120
Smoke (HC) 7 168
WP 5 120
RAAMS 19 456
ADAM 7 168
Copperhead 9 216
Totals 234 5616 140 3360 18 162
71
Characteristics of FA and Mortars
Weapon Combat load Range Rate of fire Time to # weapons per FPF
(bulk loaded) (RAP) 1st 3 min/ #/hr emplace unit #tubes/size
120mm 39 200/7200 15 in 1 6/Ar/InfBn
XM120 M998 min
4/ min sust
107mm (4.2”) 88 770/6840 18 for 1 6/Ar/InfBn 3/120x40
M106A1 min
3/min sust
M109A2/A3 28/36 1810 12/60 1 24/FA Bn 4/200x50
155mm SP (206) 0
(23500) 6/300x50
8/400x50
M109A6 39 24000 12/60 1.3 24/FA Bn same
155 mm SP (203) (30000)
M110A2 2 22900 5/30 2 24/ Corps FA 4/320x80
203 mm SP (138) (30000) Bn 8/640x80
MLRS 12 30 km 12 2-20 18/div
(96) 27/corps

Characteristics of FA and Mortars
Mission Weapon Density/ # Rounds Battalion Time to # Missions

Duration Volleys Emplace per per Bn basic
Battalion load
400 x 400 155 mm .001 24/6 1.5 19
meter RAAMS/ .002 48/12 3 9
minefield ADAM .004 96/12 6 5
Smokescreen 155 mm HC 10 minutes 30 rounds 1.5 5
600 meters 155 mm HC 20 minutes 60 rounds 3 2.5
crosswind, 155 mm HC 30 minutes 90 rounds 4 1.5
wind speed 5k
300 m 155 mm HC 10 minutes 48 rounds 2 3
smokescreen 155 mm HC 20 minutes 108 rounds 4.5 1.5
H/T wind, 10 155 mm HC 30 minutes 168 rounds 7 1
knots
600 meter 107 mm WP 10 minutes 30 rounds
smokescreen,
crosswind
72
Characteristics of US Indirect Weapons
Min HE Max Max Rate of Fire
Range Max Range FPF (Rds/Min)
(Meters) Range RAP Width
Maximum Sustained
Type Weapon (Meters) (Meters) (Meters)
60mm mortar 70 3,500 NA 2 tubes 30 15
(lightweight) M224 75x30
81mm mortar M29A1 70 4,790 NA 140x40 20 8
81mm mortar 80 5,600 NA 4 tubes 35 15
improved M252 150x50
107mm mortar 3 tubes
HE M329A1 920 5,650 NA 120x40 18 3
HE M329A2 770 6,840
105mm 14,000 15,100 210x35 6 3
(M119) Btry 2 min 30 min
105mm 11,500 15,100 210x35 10 3
(M102) Btry 3 min
105mm 11,000 14,500 210x35 10 3
(M101A1) Btry 3 min
155mm 14,600 19,400 300x50 4 1
(M114A1/A2) 6 gun 3 min
155mm 18,100 23,500 200 Plt 4 1
(M109A1/A2/A3) 400 Btry 3 min
155mm 18,100 30,000 300x50 4 2
(M198) 6 gun 3 min 30 min
203mm 22,900 30,000 240 Plt 1.5 .5
(M110A2) 480 Btry 3 min
MLRS 8,000 30,000 NA NA 12 Rockets
(M270)
Planning Data for Smoke

Time to Avg Obscuration Length
Build Average (meters per round)
Delivery Type Effective Burning Wind Direction
System Round Smoke Time Cross Quartering Head/Tail
155mm WP .5 min 1-1.5 min 150 75 50
HC 1-1.5 min 4 min 350 250 75
105mm WP .5 min 1-1.5 min 75 60 50
HC 1-1.5 min 3 min 250 175 50
107mm WP .5 min 1 min 200 80 40
81mm WP .5 min 1 min 100 60 40
60mm WP .5 min 1 min 75 50 40
Note: All rounds are fired as standard missions with parallel sheafs under favorable conditions.
Planning Data for Illumination

Rate of
Rate of Continuous Area
Type Descent Burn time Illumination Illuminated Candlepower
(Feet/second Seconds (Rounds/minute (Meters)
) )
107mm/ 12 90 2 1,500 850,000
M335A2
105mm/ 30 60 2 1,000 450,000
M314
155mm/ 15 150 1 2,000 1,000,000
M485
81mm/ 18 60 2 1,200 750,000
M301
60mm 9 25 4 800 250,000
Timing of Decision Points and Triggers

HE/Smoke
Speed Priority Target of Maneuver
73
Opportunity Cdr Called
Digital 5 104m 192m 167m
Voice 5 146m 333m 375m
10 208m 383m 333m
10 292m 667m 750m
15 313m 575m 500m
15 438m 1,000m 1,125m
20 417m 767m 667m
20 583m 1,333m 1,500m
25 521m 958m 833m
25 729m 1,667m 1,875m
30 625m 1,150m 1,000m
30 875m 2,000m 2,250m
CAS Aircraft Reference Data

Aircraft Min. Radios Acquisition Loiter Night OPS
Ceiling Means Time Capability
A-7 2,000 UHF/FM Visual/LST 30-50 min Radar/Flare/
LST
A-10 1,500 UHF/VHF/ Visual/LST 1-2 hr Radar/Flare
FM LST
F-4 3,000 UHF Visual/Radar Radar/Flare/
FLIR
F-16 1,500 UHF/VHF/ Visual/Radar Radar/Flare
FM
OV-10 1,500 UHF/VHF/ Visual Flare
FM
OA-37 1,500 UHF/VHF/ Visual Flare
FM
F-111 700 UHF/HF Visual/Radar Radar/Flare/
FLIR
74
CAS Ordnance Reference Data
Weapon Description Minimum Safe Distance
10% Pi .1% Pi
MK 82 LD 500# bomb 250m 425m
MK 82 HD 500# bomb 100m 375m
MK 82 LGB 500# bomb (GBU-12) * *
MK 83 LD 1,000# bomb 275m 500m
MK 83 HD 1,000# bomb 275m 500m
MK 83 LGB 1,000# bomb (GBU-16) 275m 500m
MK 84 LD 2,000# bomb 225m 500m
MK 84 LGB 2,000# bomb (GBU 10-22) * *
MK 20 ** Rocky CBU (anti-armor) * *
2.75 FFAR Rockets (various warheads) 100m 175m
SUU-11 7.62mm mini-gun * *
M-4/M-12/ 20mm Gating gun * *
SUU-23/M-61
GAU-12 25mm Gating gun * *
GPU-5A/ 30mm Gating gun * *
GAU-8A
AGM-65(AF) Maverick missile * *
(TV/IR/Laser)
MK 21/29 WALLEYE I 1,000# bomb 275m 500m
(TV guided)
MK 23/30 WALLEYE II 2,400# bomb * *
(TV guided)
AGM-123A SKIPPER 100# bomb 275m 500m
(Laser guided; rocket boosted)
Legend
* - Minimum safe distances have not been determined.
** - Not recommended for use near friendly troops.
Pi - Probability of incapacitation LD - Low drag

LGB - Laser guided bomb HD - High drag
FFAR - Folding fin aircraft rocket GBU - Guided bomb unit
Engineering Planning Factors

Survivability Planning Factors
75
Vehicle Dimensions (meters)/(feet)
VEHICLE LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH DEPTH

(HULL) (TURRET)
M1A1 9.8m/32ft 4.9m/16ft 1.7m/5.5ft 3m/10ft
M2 8m/26ft 4.3m/14ft 2.1m/7ft 3m/10ft
ITV 6.7m/22ft 4.3m/14ft 2.1m/7ft 2.7m/9ft
M113 6.7m/22ft 4.3m/14ft 1.8m/6ft 2.3m/7.5ft
Dug by M9 ACE

(HULL) (TURRET)
M1A1 1.5 ACE 2 Blade Bottom of Flood Top of
Lengths Widths Light Bracket Cupola
M2 1.25 ACE 1.75 Blade Top of Apron Top of
Lengths Widths Windshield
ITV 1 ACE 1.5 Blade Top of Blade Top of
Lengths Widths Sprung Mode Cupola
M113 1 ACE 1.5 Blade Top of Blade Base of Antenna
Lengths Widths Sprung Mode Mount
Dug by D7 Dossier

(HULL) (TURRET)
M1A1 2 Dossier 1.5 Blade Top of Battery Top of your
Lengths Widths Box Head
M2 1.5 Dossier 1.5 Blade Top of Engine Top of Smoke
Lengths Widths Housing Stack
ITV 1.5 Dossier 1.25 Blade Top of Engine Top of your
Lengths Widths Housing Head
M113 1.5 Dossier 1.25 Blade One Fist above Top of Air
Countermobility Planning Factors

FASCAM
System Size Self-destruct times Arm times Time to emplace
Volcano 1115 x 4 hrs/48 hrs/15 days 2.5 min (AT)

120 4 min (AP)
MOPMS 70 x 35 4 hrs/ 16 hrs 2 min
RAAMS/ADAM 400 x 400 4 hrs/48 hrs 2 min/45 sec
Gator 200 x 650 4 hrs/48 hrs/15 days 2 min
GEMSS 60 x 250 5 days/15 days 45 min
Flipper 70 x 245 5 days/15 days 45 min
76
Countermobility Planning Factors
Mission Size Planning Time
AT Ditch
Dozer 70 meters 1 BTH
ACE 50 meters 1 BTH
Disrupt Minefield 250 x 100 1.5 PH
Fix Minefield 250 x 120 1.5 PH
Turn Minefield 500 x 300 3.5 PH
Block Minefield 500 x 320 5 PH
Triple Strand Concertina 300 meters 1 PH
Road Crater 1 ea 1.5 SH
PH = platoon hour
SH = squad hour
Synchronizing Engineer Efforts

Commander's Guidance to Engineer:
Locations of BPS
Locations and functions for obstacles w/in belts
Priority of obstacle emplacement
Priority of blade effort (obstacles versus survivability position)
Assistance in the transportation of barrier materials
Control of forward stockade points
Engineer Provides:
Obstacle overlay
Obstacle list w/grid coordinates, type of obstacles, and priority
Timetable for execution of obstacles/survivability plan showing emplacing unit, start and completion time
Defending and executing unit for all obstacles
Routes to be left open to support tactical and logistical requirements
Obstacle Unit Time Remarks

Minefields
Surface laid, row, 1km front 1 Engr Plt 2 hrs Does not include time for
500 mines per 1km
1,000 mines per 1km 1 Engr Plt 4 hrs hauling & uncrating mines
Buried, 500 mines per 1km 1 Engr Plt 8 hrs Includes time for marking
Point Minefield 1 Engr Sqd 1 hr 24 ft roadway w/18 ft
GEMMS Minefield 1 Engr Sqd 15 min shoulders.
500 mines, 1,000m front
Anti-vehicular Wire Obstacles 1 Engr Sqd 1 hr 11 rows of concertina
Tank Ditch
V-Ditch, 500m 2 dozers 6 hrs Best in clay
Trapezoidal Ditch, 500m 2 dozers 6 hrs
Road Crater 1 Engr Sqd 2 hrs Del, 6 hole
Antitank Wire Road Block (15m) 1 Engr Sqd 15 min 11 rows concertina
Abatis (hasty) 1 Engr Sqd 1 hr
Bridge Demolition (hasty) 1 Engr Sqd 1 hr
Bridge Demolition (massive) 1 Engr Sqd 2 hr Time may vary with larger
bridges
77
Synchronizing a Breach
Action Element Time Controlled By
Develop Situation Force in m-m+2 S-3
(Verify boundary) Contact
Set Arty DS Arty m+2-m+10 FSO
Set Mortars Mortars m+2-m+8 FSO
Support force into Support m+2-m+15 Support
overwatch Cdr
Assault force to Assault m+2-m+15 Assault
ASLT Posn Cdr
Call for Arty DS Arty m+2-m+15 FSO
Build Smoke Mortars m+2-m+10 FSO
Suppress enemy Support m+15-m+29 Support
w/direct fires Cdr
Suppress enemy DS Arty m+15-m+29 FSO
w/arty fires
Maintain Smoke Arty/Mort m+10-m+30 FSO
Decide to begin Breach Cdr
Breach force to Breach Breach m+20-m+23 Breach Cdr
Reduce obstacle Breach m+23-m+30 Engr
(2 lanes) Ldr
Place smoke pots Breach m+23-EOM Breach Cdr
Shift direct fires Support m+29-m+30 Assault
off of Obj Cdr
Shift arty fires DS Arty m+29-m+30 Assault
beyond Obj Cdr
Assault thru obstacle Assault m+30-m+45 Assault Cdr
Reorganize/ TF m+45-EOM S-3
Continue Mission
ADA Planning Factors
System Acquisition Engagement Engagement # per unit Mutual Basic Load

Range Range Altitude Support
Distance
Avenger Visual/FLIR 4+ km 3+ km 24/ Battery 3 km 8 missles
9-10 km
BSFV Visual/IR Stinger: 4km 3+ km 8/Battery 2 km 6 Stingers

Scope TOW: 3.7 km 24/Battalion 5 TOWs
25 mm: 1.7 km
MANPADS Visual 4+ km 3+ km 2 men/tm 2 km 6 missles/ team
5 tms/sect
2 secs/plt
Patriot 160 km 160 km 24+ km 8 lchrs/btry 15 km 32 missles/
48 lchrs/bn battery
Hawk 80 km 40 km 15 km 3lchrs/AFP 20 km 36 missles/APF

6 lchrs/btry 72 missles/
18 lchrs/bn Battery
Chaparral Visual/FLIR 3+ km 3+ km 4 /plt 2 km 12 missles
9-10 km 3plt/btry
36/bn
Tactical Road March

March Column - Includes all elements using the same route for a single movement under control of a single
commander.
78
Serial - Is organized as a single unit under the commander for purposes of planning, regulation and control. A Task
Force is usually a Serial.
March Unit - Is a subdivision of a Serial and is normally a squad, section, platoon or company. It moves and halts under
control of a single commander using voice, visual, or radio when the others are not possible.
Road Gap = is the distance between march units in KM.
Time Gap is the time from the rear of one march unit to the beginning of the next.
Column Gaps (COLMGP) = March Units - 1 * Time Gap.
Determine Vehicles per March Unit
Speed - indicates the actual speed of a vehicle at a given moment
Pace - is the regulated speed of a column.
Rate of March - includes short halts, is the total distance over the total time to be used.
Pass Time (PST) - the time it takes a given march unit to pass a specific point
Extra time allowance (EXTAL) - is 1 minute per 25 vehicles, rounded up.
PST = # of vehicles * 60 + EXTAL
Density * speed
Time Distance (TDIS) - is the time required to move from one point to another at a given rate of march.
Due Time - is the time the first vehicle of a march unit should arrive at a critical point.
Arrival Time - is the time the head of the column arrives at the release point. (TDIS + Scheduled halts + SP Time).
Clearance Time - is the time at which the last vehicle of a march element passes a critical point.
Completion Time - is the time the tail of a column passes the release point. (Arrival time + PST).
Time Distance Calculations

Speed Rate of March Minutes to Minutes to
Mph Miles in Hour Travel 1 Travel 1
km/h Km in Hour Kilometer Mile
10 mph 8 mih 5 7:30
16 km/h 12 km/h
15 mph 12 mih 3 5
24 km/h 20 km/h
20 mph 16 mih 2:24 3:45
32 km/h 25 km/h
25 mph 20 mih 1:50 3
40 km/h 32 km/h
30 mph 25 mih 1:30 2:24
48 km/h 40 km/h
35 mph 30 mih 1:20 2
56 km/h 46 km/h
40 mph 33 mih 1:08 1:48
65 km/h 53 km/h
Movement Rates
Distance 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000
Rate of March
60 km/hr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
50 km/hr 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8 6 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12
40 km/hr 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15
30 km/hr 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
25 km/hr 2.4 4.8 7.2 9.6 12 14.4 16.8 19.2 21.6 24
20 km/hr 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
15 km/hr 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
10 km/hr 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
5 km/hr 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
Movement Rates Reduced to Minutes
60 km/hr...............................................1000 meters per minute

79
5 km/hr.................................................83 meters per minute
1 km/hr.................................................16 meters per minute
Pass Times
16 16 16 24 24 24 32 32 32 Spd (km/h)
Vehicles 50 75 100 50 75 100 50 75 100 Interval
1 :15 :19 :23 :10 :13 :15 :08 :09 :11
2 :30 :38 :45 :20 :25 :30 :15 :19 :23
3 :45 :56 01:08 :30 :38 :45 :23 :28 :34
4 01:00 01:15 01:30 :40 :50 01:00 :30 :38 :45
5 01:15 01:34 01:53 :50 01:03 01:15 :38 :47 :56
6 01:30 01:53 02:15 01:00 01:15 01:30 :45 :56 01:08
7 01:45 02:11 02:38 01:10 01:28 01:45 :53 01:06 01:19
8 02:00 02:30 03:00 01:20 01:40 02:00 01:00 01:15 01:30
9 02:15 02:49 03:20 01:30 01:53 02:15 01:08 01:24 01:41
10 02:30 03:08 03:45 01:40 02:05 02:30 01:15 01:34 01:53
15 04:45 05:41 398 03:30 04:08 04:45 02:53 03:21 03:39
20 06:00 07:15 510 04:20 05:10 06:00 03:30 04:08 04:45
25 07:15 08:49 623 05:10 06:13 07:15 04:08 02:54 05:41
30 08:30 10:23 735 06:00 07:15 08:30 04:45 05:41 06:38
40 12:00 14:30 1020 08:40 10:20 12:00 07:00 08:15 09:30
50 14:30 17:38 1245 10:20 12:25 14:30 08:15 09:49 11:23
Pass Times Continued
40 40 40 48 48 48 56 56 56Speed (km/h)
Vehicles 50 75 100 50 75 100 50 75 100 Interval
1 :06 :08 :09 :05 :06 :08 :05 :06 :08
2 :12 :15 :18 :10 :13 :15 :09 :11 :13
3 :18 :23 :27 :15 :19 :23 :13 :17 :20
4 :24 :30 :36 :20 :25 :30 :18 :22 :26
5 :30 :38 :45 :25 :31 :38 :22 :27 :33
6 :36 :45 :54 :30 :38 :45 :26 :33 :39
7 :42 :53 01:03 :35 :44 :53 :30 :38 :45
8 :48 01:00 01:12 :40 :50 01:00 :35 :41 :52
9 :54 01:08 01:21 :45 :56 01:08 :39 :48 :58
10 01:00 01:15 01:30 :50 01:03 01:15 :43 :54 01:05
15 02:30 02:53 03:05 02:15 02:34 02:53 01:05 01:21 01:36
20 03:00 03:20 04:00 02:00 03:05 03:20 01:26 01:48 02:09
25 03:30 04:08 04:45 03:05 03:35 04:08 01:48 02:14 02:41
30 04:00 04:45 05:30 03:30 04:08 04:45 02:09 02:41 03:13
40 06:00 07:00 08:00 05:20 06:10 07:00 02:52 03:35 04:18
50 07:00 08:15 09:30 06:10 07:13 08:15 03:36 04:28 05:22
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Recon and Surveillance Plan
- Understand Commanders Intent
- Give warning order to R&S assets
- Prepare a situational template
- Brief all R&S leaders together
Primary and alternate commo
Report terrain and enemy
Report regularly
Not overtasked
- Include friendly unit/ OP locations
- Passage of lines back
- Recognition symbols
- Responsibilities for NAI, TAI, Decision Points
- Indirect fire plan
- Give PIR, and IR
81
CSS Planning
Supported force’s COA is confirmed for supportability. Support Phases are:
Prior to D-Day (before)
Commitment to battle (during)
Future Mission (after)
- All areas of CSS (man, arm, fuel, fix, move, sustain) must be considered during each operational phase. Project
support requirements. Principal planners are: S4, S1, and FSB commander. The brigade XO monitors CSS status from
Main CP.
- CSS commanders and planners must thoroughly know and understand the tactical mission and plans and the Bde Cdr’s
intent. They must know:
What each of the supported elements will be doing
When they will do it
How they will do it
Where they will do it
What the priority of support is
Density of personnel/equipment being supported
- After analyzing the concept of the operation, CSS Cdrs and planners must be able to accurately predict support
requirements. They must determine:
What type of support is required
What quantities of support are required
The operational Cdr’s priorities by type and unit
- Using the support requirement of the tactical plan as a base, the support capabilities of the CSS structure are assessed.
The FSB Cdr must determine:
What CSS resources are available (organic, lateral, and higher HQ)
Where the CSS resources are
When CSS resources will be available to maneuver units
How the FSB will make these resources available
- Based on this the S4 and FSB Cdr must then develop support plans that apply resources to requirements
- CSS functions should be performed as far forward as the tactical situation and available resources will permit. They
should be performed at or close to the site where the weapon system is located to lessen evacuation requirements.
Support must be continuous.
- The FSB Cdr, in conjunction with the DISCOM & Bde Cdrs, may support the tactical plan using any of the following
four operational techniques of the FSB:
- Movement of FSB w/in the Bde formation. Enemy contact not expected. Logistical demands light.
Subordinate Bns will use basic loads, & organic recovery to satisfy demand. FSB elements are dispersed w/in the Bde
march columns.
- Attachment of critical CSS assets to maneuver. Operational distances long. Secure ground lines of
communication not assured. For instance cross FLOT. Normally only critical assets (CL III & V), medical support.
Increases vulnerability of CSS assets, & reduces mobility of maneuver forces.
- Support from BSA/displace as an entity. Bde opens in clearly defined phases, with identifiable windows
between opens. Maximize support from an established base, enhances C&C. Creates a blackout of up to 12 hours
during displacement and setup.
- BSA echelonement/displacement by bounds. Opens require
continuous logistical support w/in a secure rear area. Recommended technique. Critical CSS assets are divided and
moved by bounds. FSB Cdr. with fwd element. Minimizes support distances. Enhances survivability. C&C is
degraded.
BSA
- Logistical and personnel/administrative hub of the maneuver Bde. Normally consists of Bde rear CP, the FSB,
maneuver battalion & DS artillery battalion field trains, MP platoon assets, elements of the DS engineer, ADA, and
signal battalions, and service support augmentees from the DISCOM.
- General location of the BSA is determined by the Bde S3, S4 & FSB Cdr.
82
- Out of range of enemy artillery
- Offense - 20 to 25km behind FLOT
- Defense - 25 to 30km behind FLOT
- Convenient to units served
- Situated away from the main enemy AoA
- Sufficient space to allow dispersion of facilities
- Concealment from hostile ground & air observation
- Firm ground for support of all vehicle traffic
- Avoids major obstacles or canalizing terrain
- Near a water source
- Possesses suitable helicopter landing site
- Access to a good road network to support extensive vehicle traffic
- Situated in built-up areas to harden CPs, improve work areas, and lessen visual and infrared signature
- Located to enhance defensive capabilities
Issue a Warning Order

(Should use 5 paragraph format when applicable)
Heading: WARNING ORDER to OPORD_______
Situation:
Enemy Forces
Friendly Forces
Earliest Movement Time:______________________
Nature of Operation (Mission):
Time and Place of OPORD:___________________
Admin/Log Information:
Acknowledgement:
83
OPORD Briefing Agenda
XO: Agenda
Combat Power
S3: AO/AI
S2: Enemy Situation

Weather
S3: Friendly Forces

Mission
CDR: Commander’s Guidance
S3/FSO/
EN: Execution
• Scheme of Fires
• Scheme of Maneuver
• Main Effort
• Scheme of Fire
• DST
• Execution Matrix
• Tasks to Mnvr Units
• Coordinating Inst
SLICE: As Necessary
S4/S1: Sustainment/Manning
XO: Conclusion
CDR: Closing Remarks
84
Matrix Order Format
Phase:
Decision Points:
NAIs:
Enemy:
Scouts
Scheme:
Tm __
Tm __
Tm __
Tm __
Fire Support Mob/CMob/Surv ADA CSS/Cas Evac
Battle Update Briefing (BUB) Format
85
Briefer: Battle Captain or XO and the S2 with BOS reps as applicable
Frequency: Upon Cdr’s return to the TOC
♦ Friendly Situation
♦ Current Bn status/activity
♦ Flank Ujnit status
♦ Combat power
♦ Enemy
♦ Enemy Situation Update
♦ Status of PIRs and R&S
♦ Forecasted enemy activity
♦ Operations Update
♦ Significant Activities
♦ Issues/Concerns
♦ BOS Updates
♦ FSE
♦ ENG
♦ ADA (if under Task Org)
♦ Daily Activity Update
♦ Upcoming Events/Rehearsals/Briefings
Abbreviations for Matrix Orders

Maneuver: Mobility/CMOB/Survivability
T............Traveling B............Breach
TO.........Traveling Overwatch A............Assault
BO.........Bounding Overwatch S............Support
BX.........Box
DI..........Diamond CMOB
W...........Wedge X............Execute
V............Vee G............Guard
CC.........Combat Column E............Emplace
CATK....Counter Attack ST..........Site
CORD.. .Coordinate CF..........Cover by Fire
EST........Establish
CTP.......Contact Point Survivability:.
CP..........Check Point D............Dossier Assigned
ORT.......Orient Priority. .1, 2, 3
Time Allotted
Defense:
O............Occupy Fire Support
P............Prepare SE..........Series
R............Recon GP.........Group
EC.........Engage Criteria PT..........Priority Target
TL..........Trigger Line MP.........Mortar Priority Tgt
DC.........Disengage Criteria FPF........Final Protective Fire
MFPF....Mortar FPF
LT..........Linear Target
AH.........Attack Helicopter
AF.........Air Force
NG.........Naval Gun
FC..........FASCAM
86
_______(Classification)
Copy ______of ________ copies

TF 1-12, 1st Bde, 1st Cav Div
Place (coordinates, country)
DTG
Message reference number
OPERATION ORDER _________ (code name, if used)
Reference(s): Map(s) and other references required.

Time Zone Used Through the Order:
Task Organization: Annex A (Task Organization)
- Id all organic, attached, OPCON, and DS units
- Units are properly formatted
Inf, Cav, AR, FA, En, CSS Companies, then platoons, sections, squads
In alphabetical order in sub groups
1. SITUATION
a. Enemy Forces.
(1) Overview
- Address Division activity
- Describe NBC activity
(2) Disposition and Composition
- Is there a security zone
- Enemy formation
- Co Cdr needs to know vehicle locations, platoon locations
- List types of weapons the enemy has and his fire sacks
- Discuss all enemy in AO and that can influence the AO
(3) Enemy most probable course of action
- What is the enemy's most dangerous COA
- What is the enemy's most likely COA
- Defend/Counterattack/withdraw/Level of Resistance/Assets
(4) Effects of weather and terrain
- Use OCOKA
- Terrain favors who?
- Weather favors who?
b. Friendly forces.
(1) Higher's mission and intent
(2) Adjacent units
- Give their mission
(3) Units supporting higher HQs
- What is their priority of effort/support
c. Attachments and Detachments.
- say See Task Organization
- State the time that they are effective
d. Assumptions. (OPLAN only).
- Ensure assumptions are logical, realistic, and stated positively
2. MISSION
- Clear, concise, statement of Who, When, Where, Task and Purpose
- Essential tasks identified during mission analysis
- Do not include "be prepared" missions in statement
3. EXECUTION
- Identify Annex for the OPS overlay
OPORD ________ -- TF 1-12 Cavalry

INTENT:
- Commander's vision
- Defines success
87
- Purpose, End state, General method the TF is going to get there
- Does not summarize the concept of operation
- Does not describe subunit missions
a. Concept of Operation. Annex __ (Operation Overlay).

(1) Maneuver
- Must address Reserve, Security, Close, Rear
- Use phases from LD to Consolidation/Reorg on the OBJ
- Comply with TF CDR guidance and assigned missions
- Use Companies on enemy platoons
- Breach forces position forward
- Address scouts
- Identify TF movement technique
- Use support by fire positions
- Id TRPs near adjacent units to coord their fires
- Sectors of fire and orientation identified
- Linked to graphics
- This and graphics could stand alone
- Do not duplicate information that will be listed in unit subparagraphs
(2) Fires
- Use the same phases as maneuver
- Include prep fires
- Who has priority for FA and Mortars in each phase
- Who has priority targets
- Give FPF to units on their OBJ for Consolidation phase
- Identify CAS in the Bde
- Heading for the Fire support overlay:
Annex ____, (Fire Support Overlay) to OPORD ___,
TF #-##, # Bde, 1st Cav Div
References: {Map sheet and scale}
Overlay
- Have Two grid register marks on overlay
- Include higher graphics
- PLs, Passage points, Contact points, OBJs, Boundaries....
- Heading:
Annex ____, (Operation Overlay) to OPORD ___,
TF #-##, # Bde, 1st Cav Div
References: {Map sheet and scale}
- Use proper symbols
- Graphics provide for effective Command and Control
(3) Counter air operations.

- overall concept of counter air operations
- Establish priority of air defense for GS units
- Provide air defense weapons status and warning status
(4) Intelligence.
- Focus of intelligence collection activities of the command
- Priorities of collection effort for GS elements
88
(5) Electronic warfare.

- Establish priority of collection and jamming as to type of tgts
(6) Engineer.
- Id priority of mission (Mob, CMob, Surv) and Priority of spt
- Id when and if the priority changes in a phase
(7) (others as needed)
- for example: Deception
b. Tasks to Maneuver Units.

- Do not list the same task for two or more units - put in 3a(1)
or coordinating instructions
- Id Co locations and orientations on the OBJ
- Id Co's responsible for Security and coordination
- List critical tasks not covered in 3a(1)
- Tasks are clear
- Scout platoon
- Time to cross LD
- Recon missions
- Deployed early
- Not over tasked
- Mortar platoon
- Location during operation
- Support requirement
- Consolidation reorganization
c. Tasks to Combat Support Units.

- Each unit under TF control is addressed
- All units given mission
- Listed as in Task Organization
d. Coordinating instructions
- Include any necessary descriptions of phase lines.
- Tactical instructions when two or more units involved
- PIR, MOPP level, OEG, ADA weapons control and warning
- Antiterrorism actions, Time or cond when plan is effective
- Movement instructions to LD
- Location of passage points
- Passage point times
- Order of march
- Same info for road marches
- Address any be prepared missions for entire TF
4. Service Support
a. General Concept of Support
- Echeloned trains
- Give locations
- All locations should be tactically sound
- CBT Trains 4 - 10 Km from FLOT
- UMCP 800 - 1000m from CBT Trains
- BAS can be consolidated in the CBT Trains
- Give specific procedures to evac: KIA, WIA, EPW, Vehicles
- If the CSS overlay is separate show the LD/LC, and OBJ
b. Civil-Military Operations
5. Command and Signal

a. Command
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- Address TAC, TOC and alternate CPs
- Address at least one additional location
b. Signal
- Provide back up signals for lifting support fire
Acknowledge.
Commander's last name

Rank
OFFICIAL:
S3 Signature
S3's Last name
Rank
Annexes: A-- Task Organization

B--Intelligence
C--Operation Overlay
D--Contingency Plans
E--Fire Support
F--Air Defense
G--Engineer
H--Electronic Warfare
I--Deception (may be restricted distribution)
J--Army Aviation
K--Rear Operations
L--Operations Security
M--Psychological Operations
N--Airspace Management
O--Service Support
P--Civil Affairs
Q--Signal
Distribution:
TF Cdr 1 TM A 15,16
TF XO 2 TM B 17,18
TF S3 3 TM C 19,20
BDE CDR 4 TM D 20,21
TF CSM 5 TF FSO 22
TOC 6 TF ENGR 23
Battle Captain 7 TF Air Def 24
TF S2 8 TF ALO 25
ALOC 9 FLANK UNITS 26,27
UMCP 10 SPARE (SGM) 28-30
FTCP 11-12
SCT PLT 13
Mortar PLT 14
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LNO Operations
1. Responsibilities:
- Keep unit abreast of the tactical and intelligence situation of the unit to which sent.
- Keep the unit to which sent abreast of you unit's tactical and intelligence situation.
- LNOs will attend daily briefings at the units to which sent.
- LNOs will brief on their unit's current S2/S3 situations.
- Checklist.
Vehicle w/camouflage net
Radio w/secure capability
TACSOP and TIRS of parent unit
CEOI of parent unit
Maps and overlays
ID card and verification of authority to enter security area
Crypto variable for secure equipment
- Before departing parent unit, obtain a briefing from the S2/S3 sections to include:
How to get to the CP of the adjacent or higher unit
Status of parent unit's communications capabilities
The current enemy situation
Parent unit's mission readiness
Any significant problem areas
- Report to the S3 or XO of the gaining unit.
- Establish communications with your parent unit by any available means.
- Determine the time of the next briefing and attend it. Be prepared to discuss:
Changes in task organization, if any
Requirements for SOPs and CEOIs
Contact points for coordination and passing of command and control, to include
communication problem areas
Logistics support, to include current equipment status
Assembly areas and sector of responsibility for your unit
Artillery and engineer support
Present enemy disposition, strength and combat efficiency
Enemy front line trace
- Visit all staff sections and be prepared to:
Relay urgent information to your unit
Attend all staff meetings
Coordinate with available liaison officers to adjacent units
Obtain an out-briefing from the operations officer upon departure
Notify S3 and XO of your planned departure and volunteer to carry messages or
documents to your parent unit
- Upon return to parent unit:
Notify the S3 or S3 representative of your return
Brief the staff
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Operational Terms
A
air control point (ACP)-An easily identifiable point on the terrain or an electronic nav aid used to provide necessary ctrl
during air movement. ACPs are generally designated at each pt where the flt rte makes a definite change in
direction & any other pt deemed necessary for timing or ctrl of the opn.
air corridor-A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft & established to prevent friendly aircraft
from being fired on by friendly forces.
air defense warning-A degree of air raid probability according to the following codes:
YELLOW. Air attack probable. Hostile aircraft &/or missiles are enroute toward an area.
RED. Air attack imminent or in progress. Hostile aircraft &/or missiles are w/in or are in the immediate vic of
an area w/high probability of entering the area.
WHITE. Air attack not probable. May be declared before or after YELLOW or RED.
air defense weapons control status-The degree of fire ctrl imposed upon Army units having assigned, attached, or
organic air defense wpns. Wpns ctrl status terms normally used are:
WEAPONS FREE. Weapons may be fired at any aircraft not positively identified as friendly. This is the least
restrictive of the weapons controls.
WEAPONS TIGHT. Weapons may be fired ONLY at aircraft positively identified as hostile according to the
prevailing hostile criteria.
WEAPONS HOLD. Weapons are NOT TO BE FIRED except in self-defense.
air liaison officer (ALO)-The senior Air Force officer at each tactical air control party (TACP). Advises the Army Cdr
& staff on the capabilities, limitations, & employment of tactical air ops. He operates the Air force request net.
He coord CAS missions w/ the FSE, and assists in planning the simultaneous employment of air & surface
fires. He supervises forward air controllers (FACs) & will assist the FIST in directing airstrikes in the absence
of a FAC.
air coordination area (ACA)-A block of airspace in the target area in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from
friendly surface fires. It may occasionally be a formal measure (a three dimensional box in the sky). More often,
it is informal. The purpose of the ACA is to allow the simultaneous attack of targets near each other by multiple
fire support means, one of which normally is air, Formal ACAs are usually established by a separate brigade or
higher level command. Informal ACAs may be established as low as the task force (TF) level.
air support operations center(ASOC)-The ASOC plans, coordinates, & directs tactical air control center (TACC) &
provides fast reaction to immediate requests for (CAS). Normally the ASOC is collocated w/ a corps TOC, but
may also be deployed w/ an independent operating division or brigade. An ASOC is primarily concerned w/the
exchange of combat data between air & ground forces concerning the planning, coordination, & execution of
tactical air support of ground operations. Provisions are made w/in the ASOC for G2 & G3 air representation as
required for multi-service operations.
alternate position-The position given to a weapon, unit, or individual to be occupied when the primary position becomes
untenable or unsuitable for carrying out its task. The alternate position is located so that the individual can
continue to fulfill his original task.
area of influence-A geographical area wherein a Cdr is directly capable of influencing operations by maneuver or fire
support systems normally under his command or control.
area of interest-That area of concern to the Cdr, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, & extending into
enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area also includes areas occupied by
enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission.
area of operation (AO)-That portion of an area of conflict necessary for military operations. Areas of operations are
geographical areas assigned to Cdrs for which they have responsibility and in which they have authority to
conduct military operations.
area reconnaissance-A directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning the terrain or enemy activity w/in a
prescribed area such as a town, ridge line, woods, or other feature critical to operations.
Army airspace command and control (A2C2)-The effort necessary to coordinate airspace users for concurrent
employment in the accomplishment of assigned missions.
assault-1. The culmination of an attack which closes with the enemy. 2. In an amphibious operation, the period of time
from the crossing of the line of departure (LD) by the first scheduled wave to the seizure of the initial
objectives. 3. A phase of an airborne or air assault operation beginning with delivery of the assault force into
the objective area and extending through the attack of objectives and consolidation of the initial airhead. 4. In
river crossings, the period of time from the launching of the first crossing effort until the initial bridgehead has
been secured and responsibility passed to the crossing area commander. 5. To make a short, violent, but well-
ordered attack against a local objective, such as a gun emplacement or fortified area.
assembly area-An area in which a force prepares or regroups for further actions.
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assign-To place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively permanent and/or where such
organization controls, administers, and provides logistical support to units or personnel for the primary function,
or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or personnel.
attach-The temporary placement of units or personnel in an organization. Subject to limitations imposed by the
attachment order, the Cdr. of the formation, unit, or organization receiving the attachment will exercise the
same degree of command and control (C2) there over as he does over units and persons organic to his
command. However, the responsibility for transfer and promotion of personnel will normally be retained by the
parent formation, unit, or organization.
attack-An offensive action characterized by movement supported by fire.
Deep Attack. See deep battle; envelopment.
Deliberate attack. An attack planned & carefully coordinated w/ all concerned elements based on thorough
reconnaissance, evaluation of all available intelligence & relative combat strength, analysis of various courses
of action, & other factors affecting the situation. It generally is conducted against a well-organized defense
when a hasty attack is not possible or has been conducted & failed. Replaces coordinated attack.
Frontal attack. An offensive maneuver in which the main action is directed against the front of the enemy
forces, and over the most direct approaches.
Hasty attack. An offensive operation for which a unit has not made extensive preparations. It is conducted w/
the resources immediately available in order to maintain momentum or to take advantage of the enemy
situation.
Main attack. The principal attack or effort into which the Cdr. places the bulk of the offensive capability at his
disposal. An attack directed against the chief objective of the campaign or battle.
Spoiling attack. A limited-objective attack made to delay, disrupt, or destroy the enemy's capability to launch
an attack.
Supporting attack. An attack designed to hold the enemy in position, to deceive him as to where the main
attack is being made, to prevent him from reinforcing the elements opposing the main effort, and/or to cause
him to commit his reserves prematurely at an indecisive location.
attack by fire: A task assigned to a unit requiring a continuous and consistent rate of direct fire aimed at an
enemy position or moving enemy force. The tasked unit uses its superior weapon standoff verses the enemy’s
to destroy the enemy. The friendly force attacks the enemy only through the use of direct and indirect fires not
in conjunction with a maneuvering force.
attrit: To reduce the combat effectiveness to enemy forces by loss of personnel and materiel. Normally
expressed in terms of percentage or force size.
attack position-The last position occupied or passed through by the assault echelon before crossing the LD.
avenue of approach-An air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or to
key terrain in its path.
axis of advance-A general route of advance, assigned for purposes of control, which extends toward the enemy.
An axis of advance symbol graphically portrays a Cdr.’s intention, such as avoidance of built-up areas or
envelopment of an enemy force. It follows terrain suitable for the size of the force assigned the axis & is often a
road, a group of roads, or a designated series of locations. A commander may maneuver his forces and
supporting fires to either side of an axis of advance provided the unit remains oriented on the axis & the
objective. Deviations from an assigned axis of advance must not interfere w/ the maneuver of adjacent units
w/o prior approval of the higher Cdr. Enemy forces that do not threaten security or jeopardize mission
accomplishment may be bypassed. An axis of advance is not used to direct the control of terrain or the
clearance of enemy forces from specific locations. Intermediate objectives normally are assigned for these
purposes.
B
base-1. A locality from which operations are projected or supported. 2. An area or locality containing installations that
provide logistic or other support. 3. A unit or multi-unit position that has a definite perimeter. Army, other
services, or host nation units may establish a base. A base defense operation center (BDOC) is established to
coordinate rear battle functions.
base cluster-Bases in the rear area grouped for rear battle or mission-related purposes. A base cluster has no clearly
defined perimeter. A base cluster operations center (BCOC) is established to perform the coordination functions
of the rear battle.
basic load (ammunition)-That quantity of nonnuclear ammunition authorized and required to be on hand in a unit to
meet combat needs until resupply can be accomplished. The basic load is specified by the theater army & is
expressed in rounds, units, or units of weight as appropriate.
battlefield air interdiction (BAI)-Air action against hostile surface targets which are in a position to directly affect
friendly forces & which requires joint planning & coordination. While BAI requires coordination in joint
planning, continuous coordination may not be required during the execution stage.
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battle position (BP)-A defensive location oriented on the most likely enemy avenue of approach from which a unit may
defend or attack. Such units can be as large as battalion task forces & as small as platoons. A unit assigned a
BP is located w/in the general outline of the BP. Security, CS, & CSS forces may operate outside a BP to
provide early enemy detection & all-around security.
beginning morning nautical twilight (BMNT)-Begins when the sun is 12o below the horizon. It is the start of that
period where, in good conditions & in the absence of other illumination, enough light is available to identify the
general outlines of ground objects, conduct limited military operations, & engage in most types of ground
movement w/o difficulty.
block: A task assigned to a unit which requires it to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent enemy advance
in a given direction. It may be for a specified time. Units assigned this task may have to retain terrain and
accept decisive engagement. A unit so tasked has great freedom of action to achieve the desired result, but the
tasker must indicate whether the enemy is to be denied access to a given area or a specific direction
blocking position-A defensive position so sited as to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent his advance in
a given direction.
bound-1. Single movement, usually from one covered & concealed position to another by dismounted troops or combat
vehicles. 2. Distance covered in one movement by a unit which is advancing by bounds.
boundary-A control measure normally drawn along identifiable terrain features & used to delineate areas of tactical
responsibility for subordinate units. W/in their boundaries, units may maneuver w/in the overall plan w/o close
coordination w/ neighboring units unless otherwise restricted. Direct fire may be placed across boundaries on
clearly-identified enemy targets w/o prior coordination, provided friendly forces are not endangered. Indirect
fire also may be used after prior coordination.
breach: The employment of any means available to break through or secure passage through an enemy defense,
obstacle, minefield, or fortification. The intent is to create a passage for a force or element through the
obstacle.
breakout-An offensive operation conducted by an encircled force. A breakout normally consists of an attack by a
penetration force to open a gap through the enemy for the remainder of the force to pass.
breakthrough-A rupturing of the enemy's forward defenses that occurs as a result of a penetration. A breakthrough
permits the passage of an exploitation force.
brigade support area (BSA)-A designated area in which CSS elements from DISCOM & COSCOM provide logistic
support to a brigade. The BSA normally is located 20 to 25 km behind the FEBA.
bypass-Maneuvering around an obstacle, position, or enemy force to maintain the momentum of advance. Previously
unreported obstacles are reported to higher HQ. Bypassed enemy forces are reported to higher HQ.
C
canalize: More precisely it means to channel the enemy into a particular direction, therefore, the desired direction must
be stated in the tasking.
check fire-A command to cause a temporary halt in firing.
checkpoint-A predetermined point on the ground used as a means of coordinating friendly movement. Checkpoints are
not used as reference points in reporting enemy locations.
clear: A task which anticipates and requires the destruction of an enemy force, seizure of key terrain, and the reduction
of obstacles; all of which would collectively delay or preclude the movement of following forces. As such, a
forward passage of lines is inherent in the tasking. Additionally, a unit so tasked requires engineers and/or
infantry to clear an area, route, road, etc.
clear enemy in zone-A requirement to eliminate organized resistance in an assigned zone by destroying, capturing, or
forcing the withdrawal of enemy forces that could interfere w/ the unit's ability to accomplish its mission.
close air support (CAS)-Air action against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces & that requires
detailed integration of each air mission w/ the fire & movement of those forces.
combat effectiveness-The ability of a unit to perform its mission. Factors such as the status of fuel, ammunition,
weapons systems, & personnel are assessed & rated from 1 to 4 (1 being the highest rating).
combat power-A complex combination of tangible & intangible factors which are transitory & reversible on the
battlefield. Combat power is comprised of the effects of maneuver, the effects of firepower, the effects of
protection, & the effectiveness of leadership. The skillful combination of these elements in a sound operational
plan will turn potential into actual power.
combat service support (CSS)-The assistance provided to sustain combat forces, primarily in the fields of
administration & logistics. It includes administrative services, chaplain services, civil affairs, food services,
finance, legal services, maintenance, medical services, supply, transportation, & other logistical services.
combat support (CS)-Fire support & operational assistance provided to combat elements. Includes artillery, air defense
artillery, engineer, military police, signal, military intelligence, & chemical.
command & control (C2)-The exercise of command that is the process through which the activities of military forces
are directed, coordinated, & controlled to accomplish the mission. This process encompasses the personnel,
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equipment, communications, facilities, & procedures necessary to gather & analyze information, to plan for
what is to be done, & to supervise the execution of operations.
commander's intent-Commander's vision of the battle-how he expects to fight & what he expects to accomplish.
concept of operations-A graphic, verbal, or written statement in broad outline that gives an overall picture of a Cdr’s
assumptions or intent in regard to an operation or series of operations; includes at a minimum the scheme of
maneuver & fire support plan. The concept of operations is embodied in campaign plans & operations plans
particularly when the plans cover a series of connected operations to be carried out simultaneously or in
succession. It is described in sufficient detail for the staff & subordinate Cdrs to understand what they are to do
& how to fight the battle w/o further instructions.
contact point-A designated, easily identifiable point on the terrain where two or more units are required to physically
meet.
contain: To restrict enemy movement by stopping, holding,, or surrounding his forces or causing them to center their
activity in a given direction to prevent the movement of any part of his forces for use elsewhere. The limits of
the containment may be expressed in terms of geography or time. A task which restricts an enemy’s freedom of
action within a defined area. As in “block”, it may be for only a specific period of time.
controlled supply rate (CSR)-The rate of ammunition consumption that can be supported, considering availability,
facilities, & transportation. It is expressed in rounds per unit, individual, or vehicle per day. The theater Army
announces the CSR for each item of ammunition, and, in turn, the Cdr of each subordinate tactical unit
announces a CSR to his Cdrs at the next lower levels. a unit may not draw ammunition in excess of its CSR w/o
authority from its next higher HQ.
coordinated fire line (CFL)-A line beyond which conventional surface fire support means (mortars, field artillery, naval
gunfire ships) may fire at any time w/in the zone of the establishing HQ w/o additional coordination. It is
usually established by brigade or division, but may be established by a maneuver battalion.
coordinating point-A control measure that indicates a specific location for the coordination of fires & maneuver
between adjacent units. They usually are indicated whenever a boundary crosses the FEBA, and may be
indicated when a boundary crosses report lines or phase lines (PLs) used to control security forces. In NATO
physical contact between adjacent units is required.
counterattack-Attack by a part or all of a defending force against an enemy attacking force, for such specific purposes
as regaining ground lost or cutting off or destroying enemy advance units, & with the general objective of
regaining the initiative & denying to the enemy the attainment of his purpose in attacking. In sustained
defensive operations, it is undertaken to restore the battle position (BP) & is directed at limited objectives.
course of action-1. Any sequence of acts that an individual or unit may follow. 2. A possible plan open to an individual
or Cdr that would accomplish or is related to accomplishment of the mission. 3. A feasible way to accomplish a
task or mission which follows the guidance given, will not result in undue damage/risk to the command, & is
noticeably different from other actions being considered.
cover: To intercept opposing forces at a considerable distance from the main body force; a combination of screen and
guard missions will deceive the enemy, causing the enemy to deploy prematurely, provide the main body
commander with space and time for maneuver; can accept decisive engagement.
covering force area (CFA)-In the defense, the operational area between the FEBA & the FLOT.
D
deception-Actions which mislead the enemy & induce him to do something counter to his interests. It includes
manipulating, distorting, to falsifying information available to the enemy to ensure security to REAL plans,
operations, or activities.
deception operations-A military operation conducted to mislead the enemy. A unit conducting a deception operation
may or may not make contact w/ the enemy. Includes demonstrations, displays, feints, & ruses.
decisive engagement-An engagement in which a unit is a considered fully committed & cannot maneuver or extricate
itself. In the absence of outside assistance, the action must be fought to a conclusion & either won or lost w/ the
forces at hand.
decisive terrain-Key terrain is decisive terrain if it has an extraordinary impact on the mission. Decisive terrain is rare &
will not be present in every situation. To designate terrain as decisive is to recognize that the successful
accomplishment of the mission, whether offensive or defensive, depends on seizing or retaining it. The Cdr
designates decisive terrain to communicate its importance in his concept of operations, first to his staff &, later,
to subordinate Cdrs.
dedicated battery-A cannon battery whose total firepower is immediately available to suppress enemy weapons which
threaten a designated company/team during a movement to contact.
deep battle-All actions which support the friendly scheme of maneuver & which deny to the enemy Cdr the ability to
employ his forces not yet engaged at the time, place, or in the strength of his choice.
95
defeat: This task may or may not entail the destruction of any part of the enemy army. It requires the assigned unit to
disrupt or nullify the enemy’s plan and/or subdue his will to fight so he is either unwilling or unable to pursue
his mission.
defense-a coordinated effort by a force to defeat an attacker & prevent him from achieving his objectives. Typical
defense missions are:
Defend in Sector. A mission which requires a defending unit to prevent enemy forces from passing beyond the
rear boundary of the sector, while retaining flank security, & ensuring integrity of effort w/in the parent unit's
scheme of maneuver. Initial positions generally are established as far forward as possible, but a commander
may use any technique to accomplish the mission.
Defend a battle position. A mission which places a unit in a battle position (BP) to concentrate its fires, to limit
its maneuver, or to place it in an advantageous position to counterattack. The BP is a general location on the
ground. The Cdr positions his forces on the best terrain w/in & in the vicinity of the BP. The Cdr may position
security forces forward of and about the BP. He can also locate (CS) & (CSS) elements outside the BP. The Cdr
can maneuver his forces freely w/in the BP & seize the initiative to maneuver outside of the BP to attack
enemy forces.
Defend a Strongpoint. A mission which implies retention of the position at all costs. Repeated assaults must
be expected & repelled. CS & CSS assets may be employed outside the strongpoint.
defilade-Protection from hostile observation & fire provided by an obstacle such as a hill, ridge, or bank. To shield from
enemy fire or observation by using natural or artificial obstacles.
delay from alternate positions-A technique involving two maneuver units in a single sector. While the first is fighting,
the second occupies the next position in depth & prepares to assume responsibility for the operation. The first
force disengages and passes through or around the second. It, then, prepares to resume the delay from a position
in greater depth, while the second force takes up the fight.
delay from successive positions-A technique which occurs when a sector is so wide that available forces cannot occupy
more than a single tier of positions. Maneuver units delay continuously on & between positions throughout their
sectors, fighting rearward from one position to another, holding each as long as possible or for a specified time.
delaying operation-An operation usually conducted when the commander needs time to concentrate or withdraw forces,
to establish defenses in greater depth, to economize in an area, or to complete offensive actions elsewhere. In
the delay, the destruction of the enemy force is secondary to slowing his advance to gain time. Delay mission
are:
Delay in sector. A low risk mission which requires a unit to slow & defeat as much of the enemy as possible
w/o sacrificing the tactical integrity of the unit. This mission can be given to forces in the covering force area
(CFA) or in the MBA.
Delay forward of a specified line for a specified time or specified event. This is a high risk mission which
requires a unit to prevent enemy forces from reaching the specified area earlier than the specified time or event,
regardless of the cost. This mission can be given to units in the CFA or in the MBA.
demonstrate: This tasking, when given to a unit at the task force level, requires the unit to be observed by the
enemy beyond the range of direct fire weapons. As a result, this is not a common task, except in terrain which
provides virtually unobstructed observation, such as some deserts or mountains.
destroy: To physically disable the majority of enemy vehicles and to kill the majority of the enemy soldiers. A
task focused solely on the enemy force rendering them physically incapable of combat.
detachment left in contact (DLIC)-A DLIC is used in a withdrawal not under pressure. It is normally organized from
the platoons of forward companies & commanded by the battalion XO although it may be a mission assigned to
a single reinforced company. The DLIC may comprise as much as a third of the battalion's maneuver elements.
The primary purpose of the DLIC is to deceive the enemy into believing the battalion is still in position as the
majority of units withdraw. If the withdrawal is discovered & the enemy attacks, the DLIC defends/delays w/in
its capability. It disengages & withdraws after the main body has begun movement to the next mission.
direction of attack-A specific direction or route that the main attack or the main body of the force will follow. If used, it
is normally at battalion & lower levels. Direction of attack is a more restrictive control measure than axis of
advance, & units are not free to maneuver off the assigned route. It usually is associated w/ infantry units
conducting night attacks, or units involved in limited visibility operations, & in counterattacks.
direct support (DS)-1. A mission requiring a force to support another specific force & authorizing it to answer directly
the supported force's request for assistance. 2. In NATO, the support provided by a unit or formation not
attached to, nor under command of, the supported unit or formation, but required to give priority too the support
required by that unit or formation.
direct support (DS) artillery-Artillery whose primary task is to provide fire requested by the supported unit.
disengage: To break contact with the enemy and move to a point where the enemy can neither observe or engage the
unit by direct fire.
disengagement-Breaking contact w/ the enemy & moving to a point where the enemy can neither observe nor engage
the unit by direct fire.
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displace-To leave one position & take another. Forces may be displaced laterally to concentrate combat power in
threatened areas.
doctrinal template-A model based on postulated enemy tactical doctrine. It generally portrays frontages, depths, echelon
spacing, & force composition, as well as his disposition of combat, CS, & CSS units for a given type of
operation. It portrays how the enemy would like to fight if he was not constrained.
double envelopment-A form of enveloping maneuver executed by forces which move around both flanks of an enemy
position to attack the flanks or objectives in the rear of the enemy. The enemy normally is fixed in position by a
supporting frontal attack or by indirect and/or aerial fires.
E
economy of force-The allocation of minimum-essential combat capability or strength to secondary efforts, so that forces
may be concentrated in the area where a decision is sought. A principle of war.
emergency risk (nuclear)-A degree of risk where anticipated effects may cause some temporary shock & casualties, &
may significantly reduce the unit's combat efficiency. Emergency risk is accepted only when absolutely
necessary. It includes risks to unwarned, exposed personnel; & too warned, protected personnel.
end evening nautical twilight (EENT)-Occurs when the sun has dropped 12o beneath the horizon, & is the instant of
last available daylight for the visual control of limited ground operations. At the EENT, there is no further
sunlight available.
engagement area-An area in which the Cdr intends to trap & destroy an enemy force w/ the massed fires of all available
weapons. Engagement areas are routinely identified by a target reference point in the center of the trap area or
by prominent terrain features around the area. Although engagement areas may also be divided into sectors of
fire, it is important to understand that defensive systems are not designed around engagement areas, but rather
around avenues of approach. Engagement areas & sectors of fire are not intended to restrict fires or cause
operations to become static or fixed; they are used only as a tool to concentrate fires & to optimize their effects.
envelopment-An offensive maneuver in which the main attacking force passes around or over the enemy's principal
defensive positions to secure objectives to the enemy's rear.
essential elements of friendly information (EEFI)-The critical aspects of a friendly operation that, if known by the
enemy, would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation, &, therefore, must be
protected from enemy detection.
event template-A model against which enemy activity can be recorded & compared. It represents a sequential projection
of events that relate to space & time on the battlefield, & they indicate the enemy's ability to adopt a particular
course of action. Event templates differ from doctrinal/situational templates. They are not graphics inscribed on
plastic or drawings of force dispositions, but lists of enemy action in chronological sequence. This template
details significant enemy maneuver during the period from 7 days to 1 hour before attack, w/ each enemy
action being an indicator of his intent.
exfiltrate: To move from an enemy area with maximum stealth. A task which can be time consuming. additionally, the
level of command may be controlled to limit the freedom of action in execution.
exploit: Not an exploitation, rather a task focusing a force on the development of enemy actions, or development of a
friendly situation to achieve a higher commander’s goal or intent. Exploit is the most unrestricted task an
element may receive. Normally, it is issued in a FRAGO during execution when committing a reserve. The
commander so tasked must be able to act independently, guided only by his higher commander’s intent and his
own assessment of what can be accomplished as a result of the opportunities inherent with the current situation.
exploitation-An offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack to take advantage of weakened or collapsed
enemy defenses. Its purpose is to prevent reconstitution of enemy defenses, to prevent enemy withdrawal, & to
secure deep objectives.
F
feint-An offensive operation intended to draw the enemy's attention away from the area of the main attack, which
induces the enemy to move his reserves or to shift his fire support in reaction to the feint. Feints must appear
real; therefore, some contact w/ the enemy is required. Usually a limited-objective attack ranging in size from a
raid to a supporting attack is conducted.
final coordination line-A line close to the enemy position used to coordinate the lifting & shifting of supporting fires w/
the final deployment of maneuver elements. It should be recognizable on the ground. It is not a fire support
coordination measure.
final protective fire (FPF)-An immediately available preplanned barrier of direct & indirect fire designed to provide
close protection to friendly positions & installations by impeding enemy movement into defensive area.
fire support coordination line (FSCL)-A line established by the appropriate ground Cdr to ensure coordination of fire
not under his control but which may affect current tactical operations. The FSCL is used to coordinate fires of
air, ground, or sea weapons systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets. The FSCL should
follow well defined terrain features. The establishment of the FSCL must be coordinated w/ the appropriate
tactical air Cdr & other supporting elements. may attack targets forward of the FSCL, w/o prior coordination w/
97
the ground force Cdr, provided the attack will not produce adverse surface effects on, or to the rear of, the line.
Attacks against surface targets behind this line must be coordinated w/ the appropriate ground force Cdr.
fix: Actions taken to prevent the enemy from moving any part of his force from a specific location and/or for a specific
period of time by holding or surrounding them to prevent their withdrawal to use elsewhere. Generally a task
given to one element to allow another friendly element to move to a position of advantage in relation to the
enemy force “fixed”, or to prohibit the “fixed” force from interfering and/or moving to fire on another friendly
force.
follow and support force-A committed force which follows a force conducting an offensive operation, normally an
exploitation or pursuit. Such a force is not a reserve but is committed to accomplish any or all of these tasks:
destroy bypassed units; relieve in place any direct pressure or encircling force which has halted to contain the
enemy; block movement of reinforcements; secure lines of communication (LOC) ; guard prisoners, key areas,
and installations; secure key terrain; & control refugees.
forward edge of the battle area (FEBA)-The forward limit of the main battle area (MBA).
forward line of troops (FLOT)-A line that indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any kind of military
operations at a specific time. The FLOT may be at, beyond, & short of the FEBA, depicting the nonlinear
battlefield.
free fire area (FFA)-A specific designated area into which any weapon systems may fire w/o additional coordination w/
the establishing headquarters.
G
general support (GS)-Support that is given to the supported force as a whole & not to any particular subdivision.
general support (GS) artillery-Artillery that executes the fire directed by the Cdr of the unit too which it organically
belongs or is attached. It fires in support of the operation as a whole rather than in support of a specific
subordinate unit.
general support reinforcing (GSR)-A tactical artillery mission. GSR artillery is assigned the mission to support the
force as a whole & provide reinforcing fires for another artillery unit.
group of targets-Two or more targets on which fire is desired simultaneously. A group of targets is designated by a
letter-number-letter combination or a nickname.
guard: Accomplishes all the tasks included in screen. Additionally, a guard force prevents ground observation, direct
fire, or surprise attack of the main body. Operates within the indirect fire range of the main body and can
accept decisive engagement.
H
handover line-A control measure (usually a phase line) preferably following easily defined terrain features, at which
responsibility for the conduct of combat operations is passed from one force to another.
high payoff target (HPT)-High value targets (HVTs) which, if successfully attacked, would contribute substantially to
the success of our plans.
high value target (HVT)-A target whose loss to the enemy can be expected to contribute to substantial degradation of
an important battlefield function.
I
infiltration-1. The movement through or into an area or territory occupied by either friendly or enemy troops or
organizations. The movement is made, either by small groups or by individuals, at extended or irregular
intervals. When used in connection with the enemy, it implies that contact is avoided. 2. When used in
conjunction w/ a tactical vehicular march, vehicles are dispatched individually or in small groups at irregular
intervals to reduce density & prevent undue massing of vehicles.
interdict: The purpose must clearly delineate what the interdiction must achieve. Is it to “isolate” or “seal off” an area;
or to prevent, hinder or delay the use of an area or route by enemy forces? The purpose can not be ambiguous.
intervisibility-The condition of being able to see one point from another. This condition may be altered or interrupted by
weather, smoke, terrain masking, dust, or debris.
J
joint air attack team (JAAT)-A combination of US Army attack & scout aircraft & US Air Force close air support
(CAS) aircraft operating together to locate & attack high priority, lucrative targets such as tanks & other targets
of opportunity. It normally operates in a coordinated effort w/ fire support, air defense artillery, & ground
maneuver forces against enemy armored formations, command vehicles, & enemy air defense weapons
systems.
joint task force (JTF)-A force composed of assigned or attached elements of the Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps, &
the Air Force, or two or more of these Services, which is constituted & so designated by the Secretary of
Defense (SECDEF), or by the Cdr of a unified command, a specified command, or an existing JTF.
K
key terrain-Any locality or area the seizure, retention, or control of which affords a marked advantage to either
combatant.
98
L
light line (LL)-A designated line forward of which vehicles are required to use black-out lights at night.
limit of advance-An easily recognized terrain feature beyond which attacking elements will not advance.
line of contact (LC)-A general trace delineating the location where two opposing forces are engaged.
line of departure (LD)-A line designated to coordinate the commitment of attacking units or scouting elements at a
specified time. A start line.
M
main battle area (MBA)-That portion of the battlefield extending rearward from the FEBA & in which the decisive
battle is fought to defeat the enemy attack. Designation of the MBA includes the use of lateral & rear
boundaries. For any particular command, this area extends from the FEBA to the rear boundaries of those units
comprising its main defensive forces.
meeting engagement-A combat action that occurs when a moving force, incompletely deployed for battle, engages an
enemy at an unexpected time & place. The enemy force may be either stationary or in motion.
minimum safe distance (MSD)-The minimum distance in meters from desired ground zero (DGZ) at which a specific
degree of risk & vulnerability will not be exceeded w/ a 99% assurance.
moderate risk (nuclear)-The measure of troop safety involving the medium degree of risk to friendly troops used in
computation of minimum safe distance (MSD) from a nuclear detonation. It is associated w/ a maximum of 2.5
% incidence of casualties or a 5% incidence of nuisance effects. Moderate risk should not be exceeded if troops
are expected to operate at full efficiency after a friendly burst. Expressed in terms of risk to unwarned , exposed
personnel; warned, exposed personnel; warned , protected personnel.
movement technique-Manner of traversing terrain used by a unit (such as traveling, traveling overwatch, & bounding
overwatch). The likelihood of enemy contact determines which of the following technique are used:
Traveling. A movement technique used when speed is necessary & contact with enemy forces is not likely. All
elements of the unit move simultaneously w/ the unit leader located where he can best control.
Traveling overwatch. A movement technique used when contact w/ enemy forces is possible. The lead
element & trailing element are separated by a short distance which varies w/ the terrain. The trailing element
moves at variable speeds & may pause for short periods to overwatch the lead element. It keys its movement to
terrain & the lead element. The trailing element overwatches at such a distance that should the enemy engage
the lead element, it will not prevent the trailing element from firing or moving to support the lead element.
Bounding overwatch. A movement technique used when contact w/ enemy forces is expected. The unit moves
by bounds. One element is always halted in position to overwatch another element while it moves. The
overwatching element is positioned to support the moving unit by fire or fire & movement.
movement to contact-An offensive operation designed to gain initial ground contact w/ the enemy or to regain lost
contact.
N
named areas of interest (NAI)-A point or area on the ground, along a particular avenue of approach, through which
enemy activity is expected to occur. Activity or lack of activity w/in an NAI will help to confirm or deny a
particular enemy course of action.
negligible risk (nuclear)-The measure of troop safety providing the least risk to friendly troops used in the computation
of minimum safe distance (MSD) from a nuclear detonation. It is associated w/ a maximum of 1% incidence of
casualties or 2.5% incidence of nuisance effects. Negligible risk should not be exceeded unless significant
tactical advantage will be gained. Expressed in terms of risk to unwarned, exposed personnel; warned, exposed
personnel; warned, protected personnel.
neutralize: When tasked, a unit must clearly understand what must be “neutralized”. It is ambiguous to simply state
“neutralize enemy preparation” or “neutralize enemy security forces”. The tasker must state what is to be
rendered ineffective or unusable or incapable of interfering with the operation.
neutralization fire-Fire that is delivered to hamper & interrupt movement &/or the firing of weapons.
no-fire area (NFA)-An area in which no fires or effects of fires are allowed. Two exceptions are (1) when establishing
headquarters approves fires temporarily w/in the NFA on a mission basis, & (2) when the enemy force w/in the
NFA engages a friendly force, the Cdr may engage the enemy to defend his force.
O
obscuration smoke-Smoke employed on or near the enemy to minimize his vision both w/in & beyond his position area,
or to cause an enemy force to vary speed, inadvertently change direction, deploy prematurely, or rely on
nonoptical means of communication.
obstacle-1. Any natural or man-made obstruction that canalizes, delays, restricts, or diverts movement of a force. The
effectiveness of an obstacle is enhanced considerably when covered by fire. Obstacles can include abatis,
antitank ditches, blown bridges, built-up areas, minefields, rivers, road craters, terrain, & wire. Obstacles are
classified as either existing or reinforcing.
99
Existing obstacles. Those natural or cultural restrictions to movement that are part of the terrain when battle
planning begins.
Reinforcing obstacles. Obstacles specifically constructed, emplaced, or detonated to tie together, strengthen, &
extend existing obstacles.
2. Standard obstacles are designed to simplify & expedite planning & logistical support; however, they will be
employed in multiples as necessary to conform to a specific target site. They are listed in a guide normally
prepared by the division engineer as an enclosure to the division SOP or annex to the OPLAN. The guide lists
ass the types of obstacles which the unit may employ & includes a drawing, a bill of materials, & special
instructions.
occupy: To task a unit to move and physically position itself in a specified area. The command issuing the task does not
envision the unit to have to fight to accomplish the task.
on-call target-In fire support, a planned target other than a scheduled target on which fire is delivered when requested.
operational control (OPCON)-The authority delegated to a Cdr to direct forces assigned so that the Cdr may
accomplish specific missions or tasks that are usually limited by function, time, or location; to deploy units
concerned, & too retain or assign tactical control of those units. It does not of itself include administrative or
logistic control. In NATO, it does not include authority to assign separate employment of components of the
units concerned.
operational exposure guide (OEG)-The maximum amount of nuclear radiation which the Cdr considers his unit may be
permitted to receive while performing a particular mission or missions.
organic-Assigned to & forming an essential part of a military organization; an element normally shown in the unit's table
of organization & equipment (TOE).
P
passage lanes-Areas along which a passing unit moves to avoid stationary units & obstacles.
passage of lines-Passing one unit through the positions of another, as when elements of a covering force withdraw
through the FEBA, or when an exploiting force moves through the elements of the force that conducted the
initial attack. A passage may be designated as a forward or rearward passage of lines.
passage point-A place where units will pass through one another either in an advance or withdrawal. It is located where
the Cdr desires subordinate units to physically execute a passage of lines.
penetrate: To gain or force physical entry into an enemy’s defensive position or area. This requires the force to
physically enter the enemy’s position or area.
penetration-A form of offensive maneuver that seeks to break through the enemy's defensive position, widen the gap
created, & destroy the continuity of his positions.
primary position-A place for a weapon, unit, or individual to fight which provides the best means to accomplish the
assigned mission.
priority of fires-Direction to a fire support planner to organize & employ fire support means according to the importance
of the supported unit's missions.
priority of support-Priorities set by the Cdr in his concept of the operation & during execution to ensure that CS & CSS
are provided to subordinate elements in accordance w/ their relative importance to accomplishing the mission.
priority target-A target on which the delivery of fires takes precedence over all the fires for the designated firing
unit/element. The firing unit/element will prepare, to the extent of possible, for the engagement of such targets.
A firing unit/element may be assigned only one priority target.
program of targets-A number of planned targets of a similar nature, A program of targets identified by a code name
may be initiated on call, at a specified time, or when a particular event occurs. Targets are fired in a
predetermined sequence.
pursue: Not a pursuit. To task a unit to maintain contact with an enemy force. A limitation can be given as to how or
where it can it accomplish contact.
pursuit-An offensive operation against a retreating enemy force. It follows a successful attack or exploitation & is
ordered when the enemy cannot conduct an organized defense & attempts to disengage. Its object is to maintain
relentless pressure on the enemy & completely destroy him.
Q
quartering party-A group of unit representatives dispatched to a probable new site of operations in advance of the main
body to secure, reconnoiter, & organize an area prior to the main body's arrival & occupation.
R
rear area-The area in the rear of the combat & forward areas. Combat echelons from the brigade through the field army
normally designate a rear area. For any particular command, that area extending rearward from the rear
boundary of their next subordinate formations or units deployed in the main battle or defense area to their own
rear boundary. It is here that reserve forces of the echelon are normally located. In addition, CS & CSS units &
activities locate in this area.
100
rear battle-Those actions, including area damage control, taken by all units (combat, CS, CSS, & host nation), singly or
in a combined effort, to secure the force, neutralize or defeat enemy operations in the rear area, & ensure
freedom of action in the deep & close-in battles.
rear battle response forces-Rear battle response forces are MP response forces & tactical combat forces.
MP response forces-Those MP forces the Cdr assigns the mission of responding to & conducting operations to
close w/ & destroy attacking enemy forces beyond the capability of base defenses.
Tactical combat forces-Those forces the Cdr assigns the mission of defeating enemy airborne, air assault,
amphibious, or ground infiltration attacks in the rear area.
rear battle threat levels-Attacks in the rear area that are categorized as follows:
Level I. Enemy controlled agent activity; sabotage by enemy sympathizers; activities conducted by terrorist
organizations.
Level II. Diversionary operations & sabotage & reconnaissance missions conducted by tactical units of less
than battalion size.
Level III. Airborne, air assault, amphibious operations, or infiltration operations of battalion size or larger.
recon: A task undertaken to obtain information by visual observation, or other detection methods, about the activities
and resources of an enemy or about the meteorological, hydrolgraphic, or geographic characteristics of a
particular area.
reconnaissance by fire-A method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position to cause the
enemy to disclose his presence by movement or return fire.
reinforcing (artillery)-In artillery usage, a tactical mission in which one artillery unit augments the fire of another
artillery unit.
relief in place-An operation in which a unit is replaced in combat by another unit. Responsibilities for the combat
mission & the assigned sector or zone of action of the replaced unit are assumed by the incoming unit.
required supply rate (RSR)-The amount of ammunition, expressed in terms of rounds per weapon per day for
ammunition items fired by weapons, & in terms of other units of measure per day for bulk allotment & other
items estimated to be required to sustain operations of any designated force w/o restriction for a specified
period.
reserve-That portion of a force withheld from action at the beginning of an engagement so as to be available for
commitment at a decisive moment.
restrictive fire area (RFA)-An area in which specific restrictions are imposed & into which fires that exceed those
restrictions may not be delivered w/o prior coordination w/ the establishing headquarters.
restrictive fire line (RFL)-A line established between converging friendly forces (one or both may be moving) that
prohibits fires or effects from fires across the line w/o coordination w/ the affected force. It is established by the
Cdr of the converging forces.
retain: A task orienting a friendly force on specific terrain, usually key or decisive, with the desire to preclude enemy
occupation and use of the terrain. This task assists in shaping the battlefield, protecting flanks, or as a position
through which a counterattack can be launched. The purpose of the retention is key in fulfilling this task.
Directing units to “retain a battle position” is incorrect: the battle position is merely a control measure which
limits the freedom of action of a unit to a specific area.
retirement-A retrograde operation in which a force out of contact moves away from the enemy.
retrograde-An organized movement to the rear or away from the enemy. It may be forced by the enemy or may be made
voluntarily. Such movements may be classified as withdrawal, retirement, or delaying operations.
rupture: To create a gap in enemy defensive positions quickly. Generally, the tasked unit is operating as a part of a
force executing a breakout operation.
S
scheduled target-In artillery & naval gunfire support, a planned target on which fire is to be delivered at a specified
time.
scheme of maneuver-That part of a tactical plan too be executed by a maneuver force to achieve its assigned objectives
or to hold its assigned area.
screen: A task to provide early warning to the main body, impedes and harasses the enemy with supporting indirect fire,
and destroys enemy reconnaissance elements within its capability. Its freedom of action is limited in its
physical proximity to the friendly force it’s securing.
screening smoke-Smoke employed in areas of friendly operation or in areas between friendly & enemy forces to conceal
ground movement, breaching, & recovery operations, key assembly areas, supply routes, & logistic facilities. It
degrades enemy ground & aerial observation.
sector-An area designated by boundaries w/in which a unit operates & for which it is responsible. Normally, sectors are
used in defensive operations.
101
secure: The command issuing the task during an attack does not anticipate the unit to have to fight to gain the terrain to
be secured. The terrain is not yet in possession of the friendly force or in the control of the enemy. After
securing the area the unit may then have to fight to prevent its loss. This task offers more freedom of action
than does retain.
security operations-Those operations designed to obtain information about the enemy & provide reaction time,
maneuver space, & protection to the main body. Security operations are characterized by aggressive
reconnaissance to reduce terrain & enemy unknowns, gaining & maintaining contact w/ the enemy to ensure
continuous information, & providing early & accurate reporting of information to the protected force. Security
operations include screening operations, guard operations, covering force operations, & area security
operations. Area security operations normally are associated w/ rear battle operations. The other types of
security operations may be oriented in any direction from a stationary or moving force.
A screening force maintains surveillance, provides early warning to the main body, impedes & harasses the
enemy w/ supporting indirect fires, & destroys enemy reconnaissance elements w/in its capability.
A guard force accomplishes all the tasks of a screening force. Additionally, a guard force prevents enemy
ground observation of & direct fire against the main body. A guard force reconnoiters, attacks, defends, &
delays as necessary to accomplish its mission. A guard force normally operates w/in the range of the main body
indirect fire weapons.
A covering force accomplishes all the tasks of screening & guard forces. Additionally, a covering force
operates apart from the main body to develop the situation early & deceives, disorganizes, & destroys enemy
forces. Unlike screening or guard forces, a covering force is a tactically self-contained force (that is, it is
organized w/ sufficient CS & CSS forces to operate independently of the main body).
The requirements of an area security force are delineated by the HQ assigned the mission. Area security
operations are normally associated w/ rear battle operations. Rear battle forces neutralize or destroy enemy
forces to defeat enemy attacks in the rear area.
seize: A task which is intended to take control of an area or terrain from an enemy force. The enemy must be destroyed,
or so it is envisioned, in order to “seize” terrain. Although consolidation is accomplished, “seizing” anticipated
other taskings in addition to merely seizing the objective area. As in other cases, the purpose of the seizure is
necessary to allow initiative by subordinates.
series of targets-In fire support, a number of targets &/or group(s) of targets planned in a predetermined time sequence
to support a maneuver phase. A series of targets is indicated by a code name or nickname.
show of force-A mission carried out to demonstrate US resolve, whereby US forces are deployed to defuse a situation
that may be detrimental to US interest or national objectives.
situational template-A series of projections that portray, based on enemy doctrine, the most probable disposition &
location of enemy forces w/in constraints imposed by weather & terrain.
strong point (SP)-A key point in a defensive position, usually strongly fortified & heavily armed w/ automatic weapons,
around which other positions are grouped for its protection.
successive positions-Defensive fighting positions located one after another on the battlefield. A force can conduct a
delaying action from successive delay positions.
support by fire: A description of how a unit is limited in producing specific results (suppress, fix, destroy, etc.) by fire
only from a general area. The specific results must be stated as well. This task is done in conjunction with a
maneuvering force. Support by fire is accomplished in one of two ways: overwatching or establishing a base
of fire.
suppress: A unit so tasked must bring its organic direct fires, supporting indirect fires, and smoke to bear on enemy
personnel, equipment, or weapons to prevent effective fire on friendly forces.
suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD)-That activity that neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades enemy air
defense systems in a specific area by physical attack &/or electronic warfare (EW) to enable tactical air
operations to be successfully conducted. Joint suppression of enemy air defenses (J-SEAD) is that portion of
SEAD which requires joint interaction to suppress enemy surface-to-air defense systems having an influence on
the tactical air-land battle area.
T
tactical air control center (TACC)-The principle air operations installation (land or ship-based) from which all aircraft
& air warning functions of tactical air operations are controlled.
tactical air control party (TACP)-The TACPs are collocated at each appropriate command echelon to the supported
ground force, normally battalion through corps. They advise & assist the Cdr, request & coordinate tactical air
support, & meet other requirements of the individual ground force echelon supported. A TACP consists of
experienced air crews & technicians, ground &/or airborne vehicles, & the communications equipment required
to obtain, coordinate, & control tactical air support of ground operations.
102
target area of interest-An area or point along a mobility corridor, the successful interdiction of which will cause the
enemy to either abandon a particular course of action or require him to use specialized engineer support to
continue.
time on target (TOT)-1. The method of firing on a target in which various artillery units, mortars, &/or naval gunfire
support ships fire their initial rounds too strike the target simultaneously at the time required. 2. The time at
which aircraft are scheduled to attack/photograph the target. 3. The actual time at which aircraft
attack/photograph the target. 4. The time at which a nuclear detonation is planned at a specified desired ground
zero (DGZ).
turning movement-A variation of an envelopment in which the attacking force passes around or over the enemy's
principal defensive positions to secure objectives that are deep in the enemy's rear. In doing so, it forces the
enemy to abandon his positions, to divert major forces to meet the threat, & to fight in two directions
simultaneously.
U
uncommitted force-A force that is not in contact w/ an enemy & is not already deployed on a specific mission or course
of action.
W
withdrawal-A retrograde operation in which a force in contact w/ the enemy frees itself for a new mission.
Z
zone of action-A tactical subdivision of a larger area, the responsibility for which is assigned to a tactical unit; generally
applied to offensive action.
zone reconnaissance-A directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning all routes, obstacles (to include
chemical or radiological contamination), terrain, & enemy forces w/in a zone defined by boundaries. A zone
reconnaissance normally is assigned when the enemy situation is vague or when information concerning cross-
country trafficability is desired.
Army Operations
Offense Defense
Framework Framework
Deep Deep
Recon/Security Security
Main Attack Main Battle Area
Supporting Attack Reserve
Reserve Rear
Rear
Characteristics
Characteristics Prepared Positions
Surprise Security
Concentration Disruption
Tempo
Audacity Alternative Defensive
Patterns
Forms of Tactical Offense Mobile
Movement to Contact Area
Attack
Exploit
Pursuit
Forms of Maneuver
Frontal Attack
Penetration
Envelopment
Turning Movement
Infiltration
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Lancer Staff Planning Battle Book
104

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Staff Planning Battle Book

Tactical Logistical Functions

Staff Planning Book

Decision Making Process (time constrained) 5

Mission Analysis Brief

Receive COA Development

COA Analysis, Comparison, and Recommendation

Backbrief Rehearse Execute

Critical Timeline 7 Hour Timeline (18-72 16 hour Timeline (72+

Troop Leading Procedures

Mission Analysis Steps

1. Intent of higher command two levels above.

See the Terrain

See the Enemy

Step 1: Analyze the intent of higher command two levels above:

Step 1a. Conduct Nesting Analysis

Key to situational awareness and mission attainability.

The Y Bn Commander must :

The Y Bn Commander must :

Staff Preparation of the Battlefield

Develop MCOO within the AO & AI

Terrain & weather are neutral--don’t focus entirely on the enemy.

Terrain Factor Overlays

Overlays can be prepared with info not found on military maps.

Soil characteristics that limit mobility.

Slope and other surface conditions that impede cross-country movement.

Vegetation and surface roughness (micro relief).

Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay

Identify Restricted Terrain Black Outline/Green Hatch

Identify Mobility Corridors Blue or Red arrows w/Unit size

Identify Avenues of Approach Blue or Red w/Unit Size

Identify Key and Decisive Terrain Circle K # in Purple or black

Identify Inter-visibility Lines Highlight highlighter

- Wind speed and direction.

- Temperature. Temperature affects personnel and equipment.

Staff Preparation of the Battlefield

- Enemy information the staff should maintain is the following:

Enemy Rates of March

Decision Support Template

Average Speeds of Vehicles (KM/MIN)

Average March Rates for Mixed Columns

See the Enemy

Step 3. Identify Specified and Implied Tasks

Step 4. Identify Combat Potential

Step 5. Identify Limits on Possible COAs

Step 6. Command and Control Warfare

Step 7. Conduct Risk Analysis

Step 8. Determine Facts and Assumptions

An assumption is considered valid if:

Step 9. Identify Time Available

Purpose = Why it must be done

PURPOSE takes precedence over TASK

Step 11. Restated Mission Statement

Task and Purpose

Purpose: in order to...

Allow Deceive Draw Influence Protect

Enemy Terrain Friendly

Assault Clear Breach

Attack Counterattack Defend

S2 (w/ Staff input)

Fire Support Officer

Mission Analysis Products

T:_____ T:_ T:_______

T:_____ T:_ T:_______

T:_____ T:_ T:_______

T:_____ T:_ T:_______

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