Arado Ar 234

The Arado Ar 234 Blitz (English: lightning) was the

world's first operational jet-powered bomber, built by the
Ar 234 Blitz
German Arado company in the closing stages of World
War II.

Produced in limited numbers it was used almost entirely

in the reconnaissance role. In its few uses as a bomber it
proved to be nearly impossible to intercept. It was the last
Luftwaffe aircraft to fly over the UK during the war, in
April 1945.[1]

Contents Arado Ar 234 B-2 at the National Air and Space

Design and development Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
Background Role Reconnaissance jet bomber
Landing gear design challenges Manufacturer Arado Flugzeugwerke
Ar 234B
Designer Walter Blume
Ar 234C
First flight 15 June 1943
Ar 234D
Ar 234P Introduction September 1944
Status Retired
Variants
Primary user Luftwaffe
Operators
Number built 214
Surviving aircraft
Specifications (Ar 234B-2)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links

Design and development

Background

In late 1940, the Reich Air Ministry (German: Reichsluftfahrtministerium, abbreviated RLM) offered a
tender for a jet-powered high-speed reconnaissance aircraft with a range of 2,156 km (1,340 mi). Arado was
the only company to respond, offering their E.370 project, led by Professor Walter Blume.[2] This was a
high-wing conventional-looking design with a Junkers Jumo 004 engine under each wing.
Arado estimated a maximum speed of 780 km/h (480 mph) at 6,000 m (20,000 ft), an operating altitude of
11,000 m (36,000 ft) and a range of 1,995 km (1,240 mi). The range was short of the RLM request, but they
liked the design and ordered two prototypes as the Ar 234. These were largely complete before the end of
1941, but the Jumo 004 engines were not ready, and would not be ready until February 1943.[2] When they
did arrive they were considered unreliable by Junkers for in-flight use and were cleared for static and taxi
tests only. Flight-qualified engines were finally delivered, and the Ar 234 V1 made its first flight on 30 July
1943 at Rheine Airfield (presently Rheine-Bentlage Air Base).[3]

By September, four prototypes were flying. The second prototype, Arado Ar 234 V2, crashed on 2 October
1943 at Rheine near Münster after suffering a fire in its port wing, failure of both engines and various
instrumentation failures. The aircraft dived into the ground from 1,200 m (3,900 ft), killing pilot
Flugkapitän Selle.[4] The eight prototype aircraft were fitted with the original arrangement of trolley-and-
skid landing gear, intended for the planned operational, but never-produced Ar 234A version.

Differences between the pair of four-
engined Ar 234 prototype aircraft
The sixth and eighth of the series were powered with four BMW 003
jet engines instead of two Jumo 004s, the sixth having four engines
housed in individual nacelles,[5] and the eighth flown with two pairs
of BMW 003s installed within "twinned" nacelles underneath each
wing. These were the first four-engine jet aircraft to fly. The twin-
Jumo 004 powered Ar 234 V7 prototype made history on 2 August
1944 as the first jet aircraft ever to fly a reconnaissance mission,
flown by Erich Sommer.[6]
Landing gear design challenges

The projected weight for the aircraft was approximately 8 tonnes

(7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). To reduce the weight of the aircraft and maximize the internal fuel, Arado did
not use the typical retractable landing gear. Instead, the aircraft was to take off from a jettisonable three-
wheeled, tricycle gear-style trolley[7] known as a Bugradstartwagen (nosewheel takeoff-carriage in English,
as-described in an Ar 234A Typenblatt factory drawing for the Ar 234 V8 prototype) and land on three
retractable skids, one under the central section of the fuselage, and one under each engine nacelle. This
central main skid beneath the fuselage was originally intended to fully retract into the fuselage with skid-bay
doors enclosing it, and was originally shown in a 1942-dated Arado engineering drawing, under its overall E
370 airframe factory development designation, as intended to be made from a three-sided channel-section
component, featuring a set of nine triple-beaded wooden rollers within the channel-section mainskid, for
ground contact purposes.[8] However, as with the operational Messerschmitt Me 163B rocket fighter which
used a landing skid, it was discovered that such a skid-format landing gear for the Ar 234A design's
prototypes did not allow mobility after the end of the landing run, which would have left aircraft scattered
widely over an airfield's acreage, unable to taxi off the runway without remounting every aircraft on a
trolley for towing off the landing area. Erich Sommer himself once noted for late 20th-century television
that the landing skid-equipped prototypes, when touching down on a wet-turf airstrip, had a landing run
characteristic that "was like greased lightning" and "like [landing on] soap", from the complete lack of
braking capability of the landing skid system.[9]

Ar 234B

The RLM had already seen the promise of the design and in July had asked Arado to supply two prototypes
of a Schnellbomber ("fast bomber") version as the Ar 234B. Since the original skid-equipped Ar 234A's
fuselage design was very slender and filled with fuel tanks, there was no room for an internal bomb bay and
the bombload had to be carried on external racks.
Since the cockpit was directly in front of the fuselage, the pilot had
no direct view to the rear, so the guns were aimed through a
periscope, derived from the type used on German World War II
tanks, mounted on the cockpit roof. The defensive fixed rear gun
system intended for the Ar 234A's prototype series was generally
considered useless – much like similar rearward-firing, fuselage
mount guns placed on the fuselage of the first five prototypes of the
Heinkel He 219 night fighter – and such fixed, rearwards-mount
machine guns were omitted in production examples of the Ar 234B,
while still retaining the periscope for rearwards vision. The external
bombload, and the aforementioned presence of inactive aircraft Arado Ar 234 B-2 nose in the original
littering the landing field after their missions were completed (as 13 glazed-panels design, at the
with the similarly dolly/skid-geared Messerschmitt Me 163) made Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
the skid-landing system impractical, so the B version was modified
to have fully retractable tricycle landing gear, with the mid-fuselage
very slightly widened to accommodate the forward-retracting main gear units, the nosegear retracting
rearwards. The ninth prototype, marked with Stammkennzeichen (radio code letters) PH+SQ, was the
prototype Ar 234B, and flew on 10 March 1944.

Production B-series aircraft (like the Ar 234 V9) were slightly wider at mid-fuselage to house the main
landing gear, with a central fuel tank present (the middle one of a trio of fuel tanks) in the mid-fuselage
location on the eight earlier trolley/skid equipped prototype aircraft having to be deleted for the retracted
main gear's accommodation. The 1942-executed engineering drawing of the trio of fuel tanks in the
fuselage, when using a skid/trolley undercarriage design, showed a 1,430-litre (378 US gal) forward tank,
the aforementioned central tank of some 830 litres (219 US gal) capacity, and an aft tank of 1,540 litres (407
US gal) capacity.[10] - the V9 and later examples had enlarged forward (1,800-litre/476 US gal) and aft
(2,000-litre/528 US gal) fuel tanks to compensate for the omitted 830-litre central fuel tank.[11] Under tests
with maximum bombload consisting of three SC 500 bomb, the Ar 234 V9 aircraft could reach 672 km/h
(418 mph) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft).[12] This was still better than any bomber the Luftwaffe had at the time,
and made it the only bomber with any hope of surviving the massive Allied air forces. The normal
bombload consisted of two 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs suspended from the engines or one large 1,000 kg
(2,200 lb) bomb semi-recessed in the underside of the fuselage with maximum bombload being 1,500 kg
(3,310 lb). If the war had continued it is possible that the aircraft would have been converted to use
examples of the FuG 203 Kehl MCLOS radio guidance transmitter system to deploy and control one
Henschel Hs 293 air-to-surface missile, itself weighing some 1,045 kg. The Hs 293 would have needed to be
lengthened by 300 mm and be suspended at an angle in order to provide sufficient ground clearance. It could
also carry the heavier BT 1400 (1,510 kg unpowered bomb-torpedo), although ground clearance would be
very limited. In case the BT 1400 ordnance was to be deployed on an Ar 234B for an operational sortie, fuel
had to be reduced, and the jettisonable Starthilfe Walter liquid-fueled rocket booster pods needed to be used
for takeoff.

Production lines were already being set up, and 20 B-0 pre-production aircraft were delivered by the end of
June. Later production was slow, as the Arado plants were given the simultaneous tasks of producing aircraft
from other bombed-out factories hit during the USAAF's Big Week, and the ongoing license-building and
nascent phasing-out of Heinkel's heavy He 177A bomber, even as the Arado firm was intended to be the sole
subcontractor for the He 177B-series strategic bomber, meant to start construction at Arado as early as
October 1944.[13] Meanwhile, several of the Ar 234 prototypes - including a few of the surviving six twin-
engined Jumo 004-powered "trolley-and-skids" Ar 234A-series prototypes - were sent forward in the
reconnaissance role. In most cases, it appears they were never even detected, cruising at about 740 km/h
(460 mph) at over 9,100 m (29,900 ft), with the seventh prototype achieving the first-ever wartime
reconnaissance mission over the United Kingdom by a Luftwaffe-used jet aircraft.
The few 234Bs entered service in autumn and impressed their pilots. They were fairly fast and completely
aerobatic. The long takeoff runs led to several accidents; a search for a solution led to improved training as
well as the use of twin HWK-built, jettisonable liquid fueled monopropellant Starthilfe pioneering RATO
units, one mounted under each outer wing. The Jumo 004 engines were always the real problem; they
suffered constant flameouts and required overhaul or replacement after about 10 hours of operation.

The most notable use of the Ar 234 in the bomber role was the attempt to destroy the Ludendorff Bridge at
Remagen.[14] Between 7 March, when it was captured by the Allies, and 17 March, when it finally
collapsed, the bridge was continually attacked by Ar 234s of III/KG 76 carrying 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombs.
The aircraft continued to fight in a scattered fashion until Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945. Some were
shot down in air combat, destroyed by flak, or "bounced" by Allied fighters during takeoff or on the landing
approach, as was already happening to Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighters. Most simply sat on the airfields
awaiting fuel that never arrived.

Overall from mid-1944 until the end of the war a total of 210 aircraft were built.[2] In February 1945,
production was switched to the C variant. It was hoped that by November 1945 production would reach 500
per month.

In addition, it was intended to modify upwards of 30 Ar 234B-2

airframes for the night-fighting role, from a proposal dated 12
September 1944 between Arado director Walter Blume and
Goering's top aviation technologist, Siegfried Knemeyer.[15]
Designated Ar 234B-2/N and code named Nachtigall (Nightingale),
these aircraft were fitted with FuG 218 "Neptun" VHF-band radar,
Ar 234B-2/N night fighter adaptation with the appropriately reduced-dipole length version of the standard
Hirschgeweih eight-dipole element, VHF-band transceiving AI radar
antenna system, and carried a pair of forward-firing MG 151/20
autocannon within a Magirusbombe conformal gun pod on the ventral fuselage hardpoint. A second crew
member, who operated the radar systems, was accommodated in a very cramped compartment in the rear
fuselage. Two of these jury-rigged night fighters served with Kommando Bonow, an experimental test unit
attached to Luftflotte Reich. Operations commenced with the pair of 234Bs in March 1945, but Bonow's
team soon found the aircraft to be unsuited for night fighting and no kills were recorded during the unit's
very brief life.

Ar 234C

The Ar 234C was equipped with four lighter-weight (at

625 kg/1,380 lb apiece) BMW 003A engines, mounted in a pair of
twin-engine nacelles based on those from the eighth Ar 234
prototype. The primary reason for this switch was to free up the
720 kg weight Junkers Jumo 004s for use by the Me 262, but the
change improved overall thrust to nearly 3.2 tonnes (7,040 lbf) with
all four BMW jets at full takeoff power, especially useful for takeoff
and climb-to-altitude performance. An improved cockpit design, Two-view silhouette of basic Ar 234C
with a slightly bulged outline for the upper contour integrating a design
swept-back fairing for the periscope, also used a much-simplified
window design with far fewer glazing panels (8 in total), than the
total of 13 separate glazing panels of the Ar 234B cockpit – itself taken almost unmodified in form from the
eight A-series "trolley-skid" prototypes – for ease of production. The quartet of BMW jet engines gave the
C-series Ar 234s an airspeed that was found to be about 20% higher than the twin-Jumo 004 equipped B
series airframes, and the faster climb to altitude meant more efficient flight and increased range.
Although Hauptmann Diether Lukesch was preparing to form an operational test squadron, only 14 C-series
airframes had been completed by the war's end, and of that number fewer than half had been fitted with
engines, with a few of them found at the end of the war sitting out in the open, otherwise complete but with
empty engine nacelles – only about 500 examples of the BMW 003 jet engine were ever built, with priority
for their production going to the Heinkel He 162A Spatz emergency fighter's own production program.
Comprehensive flight testing of the new sub-type had yet to begin when Germany surrendered. Three basic
variants of the C-series were planned for initial construction, with several more laid out as detailed
proposals. Some of these would have had a pair of the higher-thrust, but heavier (at some 950 kg/2,095 lb
apiece) Heinkel HeS 011 jets for flight, while others were intended to feature swept or "crescent"-type
wings.

Ar 234D

The D model was a two-seat aircraft based on the B-series fuselage, but with a new, enlarged two-seat
cockpit possessing fewer glazing panels than the C version, intended to be powered by a pair of more
powerful Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet engines. The HeS 011 powerplant never reached quantity production,
with only 19 examples of the new powerplants ever created for test purposes, and no 234D was produced,
beyond a few wooden engineering mockups.

Ar 234P

The P model was a two-seat night fighter version with a variant of the D-series cockpit, differing in
powerplant options and several options of radar. Several were in the planning stage, but none made it into
production.

Variants
Data from: Aircraft of the Third Reich Vol.1[16]

Arado E 370
Draft proposal submitted to the
Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) for a fast jet
reconnaissance bomber.

Ar 234 V1 to V5
Initial prototypes of the Ar 234A with skid landing
gear, take-off tricycle gear trolley with trio of
retractable landing skids, and 2 x Jumo 004
engines.
Model of an Arado Ar 234 V21 carrying an
Arado E.381 at the Technikmuseum
Speyer

Ar 234 V6 & V8
Prototypes for four-engined designs for the Ar 234, meant to use the alternative choice of the
lower-thrust BMW 003 turbojet engines while retaining the A model skid/trolley
undercarriage. The V6 was fitted with the quartet of BMW 003s in individual nacelles, unlike
the V8 prototype which had the BMW jet engines in a pair of "twinned" nacelles, and
essentially "prototyped" what would become the four-engined Ar 234C's engine installation.

Ar 234 V7
Development aircraft for the Ar 234B production aircraft, retaining the A-series' intended skid
undercarriage, and saw active service.

Ar 234 V9 to V11
 Representative prototypes of the Ar 234B production aircraft, with the V9 being the first
retractable tricycle-geared airframe.

Ar 234 V13 & V20

A pair of B-series prototypes fitted with quartets of the BMW 109-003 engines for the C-
series aircraft, using the V8 prototype's "twinned" nacelle design, without the V8 example's
retractable wing-skids.

Ar 234 V15
A single B-series airframe fitted with 2 x BMW 003 engines for engine development testing,
and rumored to have been considered for new wing planform tests.

Ar 234 V21 to V30

C-series development aircraft. V26 and V30 had experimental thick section wooden and thin
section metal laminar flow wings.

Ar 234 V16
Intended to be fitted with an experimental crescent wing with sweep back lessening towards
the tips, evolved by Rüdiger Kosin and Walther Lehmann. The wing was constructed but was
destroyed before it could be fitted.

Ar 234 A
The first proposed production reconnaissance bomber fitted with skid undercarriage and
take-off tricycle gear trolley, built only as the series of eight trolley-and-skid undercarriage V1
through V8 prototypes.

Ar 234 B-0
20 pre-production aircraft.

Ar 234 B-1
Reconnaissance version, equipped with two Rb 50/30 or Rb 75/30 cameras. No serial
production, all reconnaissance variants were converted from B-2 aircraft with Rüstsatz b.

Ar 234 B-2
Bomber version, with a maximum bombload of 1,500 kg (3,307 lb).

Ar 234 B-2/N
Night fighter version, two aircraft converted from B-2.

Ar 234 C-1
Four-engined aircraft – all C-series Ar 234s powered with a quartet of BMW 003 jet engines
– as installed on the Ar 234 V8 prototype, otherwise similar to the Ar 234 B-1.

Ar 234 C-2
Four-engined aircraft similar to the Ar 234 B-2.

Ar 234 C-3
Multi-purpose version, armed with two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons beneath the nose.

Ar 234 C-3/N
Proposed two-seat night fighter version, armed with two forward-firing 20 mm MG 151/20
and two 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons, fitted with a mid-VHF band FuG 218 Neptun V
radar.

Ar 234 C-4
Armed reconnaissance version, fitted with two cameras, armed with four 20 mm MG 151/20
cannon.
Ar 234 C-5
Proposed version with side-by-side seating for the crew. The 31st prototype was converted
into this variant. [17]

Ar 234 C-6
Proposed two-seat reconnaissance aircraft. The 32th prototype was converted into this
variant.[18]

Ar 234 C-7
Night fighter version, with side-by-side seating for the crew, fitted with an enhanced FuG 245
Bremen O cavity magnetron-based centimetric (30 GHz) radar.

Ar 234 C-8
Proposed single-seat bomber version, powered by two 1,080 kg (2,380 lb) Jumo 004D
turbojet engines.

Ar 234 D-1
Proposed reconnaissance version. Not built.

Ar 234 D-2
Proposed bomber version. Not built.

Ar 234 P-1
Two-seater with four BMW 003A-1 engines; one 20 mm MG 151/20 and one 30 mm (1.18 in)
MK 108.

Ar 234 P-2
Also a two-seater, with redesigned cockpit protected by a 13 mm (0.51 in) armour plate.

Ar 234 P-3
HeS 011A powered P-2, but with two cannon.

Ar 234P-4
as P-3 but with Jumo 004D engines.

Ar 234P-5
Three-seat version with HeS 011A engines, one 20 mm MG 151/20 and four 30 mm (1.18 in)
MK 108 cannon.

Ar 234 R
Rocket-powered short range high-altitude reconnaissance version[19] It had a rocket engine
in its tail, while the turbojets had been discarded. It would be towed by a He 177 to 8 km
altitude after which it would propel itself to 17 km altitude over the target after which it would
glide back unpowered. Project only.

Ar 234 Berlin N
Two-engined aircraft, this was a wind tunnel test aircraft based on Ar 234 B-2 with Berlin N
radar installed on top. [20]

Operators
France

French Air Force - Two captured Luftwaffe aircraft.

 Nazi Germany

Luftwaffe
1./Versuchsverband OKL, headquarters unit
Sonderkommando Götz (named for pilot Horst Götz), Two prototype aircraft, was then
increased in size and became;
Sonderkommando Sperling, carried reconnaissance on western front and UK and helped
to train crews of;
1./Fernaufklärungsgruppe (FAGr) 123 (Long-Distance Reconnaissance unit)
Sonderkommando Hecht, carried out reconnaissance of southern portion of Western Front
and also intended to train crews of;
1./FAGr 100 (Reconnaissance unit)
Sonderkommando Sommer (named for pilot Erich Sommer), carried out reconnaissance in
Italy and also intended to train crews of;
1./FAGr 33 (Reconnaissance unit)
Sonderkommando Bonow, (nightfighter unit)
Kampfgeschwader 76 (Bomber unit)

Surviving aircraft
Only one Ar 234 survives today. The aircraft is an Ar 234 B-2
bomber variant carrying Werknummer (manufacturer's serial
number) 140312, and was one of nine Ar 234s surrendered to British
forces at Sola Airfield near Stavanger, Norway. The aircraft had
been operating with 8. Staffel III./Kampfgeschwader 76 (later
reorganised as Einsatzstaffel) during the final weeks of the war,
having operated previously with the 8th squadron, carrying the full-
four-character Geschwaderkennung military code of "F1+GS" on the
fuselage sides, with the wing code of "F1" painted on in a much 140312 on display at the Steven F.
reduced size for sanctioned, late-war "low-visibility" requirements. Udvar-Hazy Center in 2007

This aircraft and three others were collected by "Watson's Whizzers"

of the USAAF to be shipped to the United States for flight testing. Two aircraft were given freely but a
further two had been traded to Watson by Eric "Winkle" Brown (test pilot and CO of the Enemy Aircraft
Flight at the RAE) in exchange for an interview with Hermann Göring who was then being held by the
Americans.[21][22]

The aircraft was flown from Sola to Cherbourg on 24 June 1945 where it joined 34 other advanced German
aircraft shipped back to the U.S. aboard the British aircraft carrier HMS Reaper. Reaper departed from
Cherbourg on 20 July, arriving at Newark, New Jersey eight days later. Upon arrival two of the Ar 234s
were reassembled (including 140312) and flown by USAAF pilots to Freeman Army Airfield, Indiana for
testing and evaluation. 140312 was assigned the foreign equipment number FE-1010. The fate of the second
Ar 234 flown to Freeman Field remains a mystery. One of the remaining two was reassembled by the United
States Navy at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, for testing, but was found to be in unflyable
condition and was scrapped.[23]

After receiving new engines, radio and oxygen equipment, 140312 was transferred to Wright Field near
Dayton, Ohio and delivered to the Accelerated Service Test Maintenance Squadron (ASTMS) of the Flight
Test Division in July 1946. Flight testing was completed on 16 October 1946 though the aircraft remained at
Wright Field until 1947. It was then transferred to Orchard Place Airport in Park Ridge, Illinois, and
remained there until 1 May 1949 when it, and several other aircraft stored at the airport were transferred to
the Smithsonian Institution. During the early 1950s, the Ar 234 was moved to the Smithsonian's Paul Garber
Restoration Facility at Suitland, Maryland for storage and eventual restoration.[23]

The Smithsonian began restoration of 140312 in 1984 and completed it in February 1989. All paint had been
stripped from the aircraft before the Smithsonian received it, so the aircraft was painted with the markings of
an aircraft of 8./KG 76, the first operational unit to fly the "Blitz". The restored aircraft was first displayed at
the Smithsonian's main museum building in downtown Washington D.C. in 1993 as part of a display titled
"Wonder Weapon? The Arado Ar 234". In 2005 it became one of the first aircraft moved to the new Steven
F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Dulles International Airport. Today, 140312 is displayed next to the last
surviving Dornier Do 335, an aircraft that accompanied it on its voyage across the Atlantic Ocean aboard the
Reaper over 60 years earlier.[23]

This aircraft is displayed with a pair of Hellmuth Walter designed, liquid-fueled Starthilfe RATO units
mounted under its wings. These World War II-era German liquid fueled RATO units may be the only
surviving examples to be mounted on an aircraft design that actually used them during the war.

Specifications (Ar 234B-2)

Data from Aircraft of the Third Reich Vol.1.[16]

General characteristics
Crew: 1
Length: 12.64 m (41 ft 6 in)
Wingspan: 14.41 m (47 ft 3 in)
Height: 4.29 m (14 ft 1 in)
Wing area: 26.4 m2 (284 sq ft)
Empty weight: 5,200 kg (11,464 lb) Technical drawing of Ar 234B
Max takeoff weight: 9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
Powerplant: 2 × Junkers Jumo 004B-1 axial flow turbojet
engines, 8.83 kN (1,990 lbf) thrust each
Powerplant: 2 × Walter HWK 109-500A-1 Starthilfe liquid fuelled jettisonable JATO rocket
pods, 4.905 kN (1,103 lbf) thrust each (optional)

Performance
Maximum speed: 742 km/h (461 mph, 401 kn) at 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 700 km/h (430 mph, 380 kn) at 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
Range: 1,556 km (967 mi, 840 nmi) with 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb load
Service ceiling: 10,000 m (33,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 13 m/s (2,600 ft/min)

Armament
Guns: 2 × 20 mm MG 151 cannon in tail firing to the rear (installed in prototypes only; never
used in military service)
Bombs: up to 1,500 kg (3,309 lb) of disposable stores on external racks
See also
Related development

Arado E.560

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Heinkel He 343
North American B-45 Tornado
Junkers Ju 287
Ilyushin Il-22

Related lists

List of aircraft of World War II

List of bomber aircraft
List of aircraft of Germany in World War II
List of World War II jet aircraft

References

Notes
1. Boyne 1994, p. 325.
2. Ford, Roger (2013). Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II. London, United Kingdom:
Amber Books. p. 224. ISBN 9781909160569.
3. Ems-Köppken mittleres Transporthubschrauberregiment 15, Münsterland(II/2006)
4. Price 2008, pp. 109–110.
5. "Today in WW II History." (http://www.luftarchiv.de/flugzeuge/arado/ar234.jpg) luftarchiv.
Retrieved: 7 October 2012.
6. "Arado Ar 234". Wings of the Luftwaffe. Event occurs at 19:30. Discovery Military Channel.
7. "Aerostories: Arado 234, July - August 1944: no ordinary missions." (http://aerostories.free.fr/e
vents/juvin/ar234-01.JPG) Aerostories. Retrieved: 16 March 2016.
8. Sengfelder, Günther (1993). German Aircraft Landing Gear. Atglen, PA USA: Schiffer
Publishing. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-88740-470-7. "Skizze - Längschnitt E 370 - Fahrwerk -
captioned "The preliminary design of the Ar 234 featured a very unique landing gear
arrangement"."
9. Wings of the Luftwaffe – Arado Ar 234 (https://web.archive.org/web/20140624222125/https://w
ww.youtube.com/watch?v=9O_jcI4fQVw) (YouTube). sabbathian. Event occurs at 17:10.
Archived from the original (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O_jcI4fQVw) (YouTube) on 24
June 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
10. Sengfelder, Günther (1993). German Aircraft Landing Gear. Atglen, PA USA: Schiffer
Publishing. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-88740-470-7.
11. Wood, Tony; Gunston, Bill. Hitler's Luftwaffe (https://archive.org/details/hitlersluftwaffe0000woo
d/page/128). London: Salamander Books. pp. 128–129 (https://archive.org/details/hitlersluftwaf
fe0000wood/page/128). ISBN 0-517-22477-1.
12. Griehl, Manfred (2003). Strahlflugzeug Arado Ar 234 Blitz: Technik und Einsatz 1944/45.
Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch-Verlag. p. 169. ISBN 3613022877.
13. Griehl and Dressel 2004, p. 165.
14. "Arado Ar 234 B-2 Blitz (Lightning)". (http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A196
00312000) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160505235006/http://airandspace.si.edu/c
ollections/artifact.cfm?id=A19600312000) 5 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Smithsonian
National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: 27 May 2013.
15. Smith and Creek 1982, p. 281.
16. Green 2010, pp. 64–84.
17. seweryn fleischer, marek rys ar 234 blitz
18. seweryn fleischer, marek rys ar 234 blitz
19. Michel Van Pelt, Rocketing into the Future: The History and Technology of Rocket Planes, p.
100
20. Arado Ar 234 by Manfred Criehl p.131+p.135
21. Teichert, Ernest John III, Major, USAF. "Captain Eric Brown: Wedded to German Aviation for
Better or Worse." (https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/q_mod_be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670
c0822a153/q_act_downloadpaper/q_obj_8f344cd8-def6-4cf0-8f09-b1ae3d0bb216/display.asp
x?rs=enginespage) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110724225301/https://www.afres
earch.org/skins/rims/q_mod_be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153/q_act_downloadpaper/q
_obj_8f344cd8-def6-4cf0-8f09-b1ae3d0bb216/display.aspx?rs=enginespage) 24 July 2011 at
the Wayback Machine Air Command and Staff College Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base,
Alabama, April 2007. Retrieved: 12 March 2011.
22. Brown 2006, p. 115.
23. Boyne 1982, p. 184.

Bibliography
Bateson, Richard P. Arado Ar 234 Blitz (Aircraft in Profile 215). Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile
Publications Ltd., 1972.
Boyne, Walter J. The Aircraft Treasures of Silver Hill: The Behind-The-Scenes Workshop of
our Nation's Air Museums. New York: Rawson Associates, 1982. ISBN 978-0-89256-216-9.
Boyne, Walter J. Clash of Wings. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. ISBN 0-684-83915-6.
Brown, Eric. Wings on My Sleeve: The World's Greatest Test Pilot Tells his Story. London:
Orion Books, 2006, ISBN 0-297-84565-9.
Ethell, Jeffrey L. Aerei della II guerra mondiale (in Italian). Milan: A. Vallardi, 1996. ISBN 88-
11-94026-5
Fleischer, Seweryn and Marek Ryś. Ar 234 Blitz (Aircraft Monograph 10). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-
Press, Second expanded edition, 2004. ISBN 83-8620-851-1.
Green, William. Aircraft of the Third Reich, Vol. 1. London: Aerospace Publishing Limited,
2010. ISBN 978-1-900732-06-2.
Griehl, Manfred. Arado Ar 234 (Luftwaffe Profile Series no. 15). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer
Books, 2001. ISBN 0-7643-1431-9.
Griehl, Manfred and Joachim Dressel. Heinkel He 177 - 277 - 274. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife
Publishing, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85310-364-3.
Griehl, Manfred. Strahlflugzeug Arado Ar 234 'Blitz' (in German). Stuttgart, Germany:
Motorbuch Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-613-02287-7.
Kobel, Franz. The World's First Jet Bomber: Arado Ar 234. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer
Books, 1991. ISBN 0-88740-203-8.
Kranzhoff, Jörg Armin. Arado, History of an Aircraft Company. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer
Books, 1997. ISBN 0-7643-0293-0.
 Murawski, Marek J. Arado Ar 234 Blitz (Kagero Monograph 33) (bilingual Polish/English).
Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2007. ISBN 978-8360445242.
Myhra, David. Arado Ar 234C: An Illustrated History. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Books,
2000. ISBN 0-7643-1182-4.
Price, Dr. Alfred. "Arado Ar 234". International Air Power Review, Volume 24, 2008. Westport,
Connecticut: AIRTime Publishing Inc. ISSN 1473-9917.
Smith, J. Richard and Eddie J. Creek. Arado Ar 234B (Monogram Close-Up 23). Boylston,
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Smith, J. Richard and Eddie J. Creek. Arado Ar 234 Blitz (Monogram Monarch Series No. 1).
Boylston, Massachusetts: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-914144-51-0.
Smith, J. Richard and Eddie J. Creek. Military Aircraft in Detail: Arado Ar 234A. Hinckley,
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External links
Air Vectors - Arado Ar 234 (http://www.airvectors.net/avar234.html)
Sole surviving example of the Ar 234-Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum (https://web.
archive.org/web/20120103231159/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A196003
12000)
Video of Walter Starthilfe RATO units in use on Ar 234s, both trolley and landing gear versions
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0eElcG3YgoY)
Captured original German film featuring Ar 234 V9 prototype (first with retractable gear) and
closeups of a trolley/skid Ar 234A prototype (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1drFCJ3a8
U)

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