RESEARCH IN THE

21ST CENTURY
THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC HAS AFFECTED US IN A HUGE WAY.
WE ARE NOW LIVING IN THE NEW NORMAL. 2
 AS OF JULY 24, 2020 3
[https://www.doh.gov.ph/covid19tracker]
Most of what we know about CoVID-19 and ways
to prevent its spread is backed by science.
Transmission of viruses was lower with physical
distancing of 1 m or more, compared with a distance of
less than 1 m […] protection was increased as distance is
lengthened. Face mask use could result in large
reduction in risk of infection, with stronger associations
with N95 or similar respirators compared with disposable
surgical masks or similar. Eye protection also was
associated with less infection.
Chu, D., et.al., (2020). Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection
to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a
systematic review. Lancet 395: 1973-87. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-
6736(20)31142-9

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HOWEVER, SOME PEOPLE DO NOT UNDERSTAND THIS AND
REFUSE TO COMPLY. THIS STEMS FROM A LACK OF
UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE RESEARCH/ SCIENTIFIC
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PROCESS.
1 RESEARCH PROCESS
Research is a process of inquiry.

Research reflects an innate human sense to

inquire about the things around us.
In elementary, we are trained to think using
the scientific method as a means to verify
the reality around us.

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Research is a process of inquiry.

The scientific method is not only exclusive to

scientific problems, but to our problems as
teachers as well. We know this as either
thinking inductively or deductively.

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Research is a process of inquiry.

In research, we offer solutions to what we

observe, if we see something can be improved.

Science is not perfect, but it is the best way

we can understand the world around us.

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 Conceptualization
Phase

Dissemination
Designing Phase
Phase

Analysis Phase Empirical Phase

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Conceptualization Phase
Researcher gets to intellectualize about a
topic and present a concrete topic/ problem

Involves the following

Literature review (conflicts and gaps)
Hypothesis Formulation
Statement of the Problem

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Designing Phase
Researcher plans the methods of the study to
efficiently investigate and solve the problem.

Involves the following

Methods and Techniques of the Study
Data Gathering Procedure
Ethical Compliance
Instruments, Respondents, etc.
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Empirical Phase
Researcher implements the methodology they
have planned for earlier, following ethical
compliance

Involves the following

Data Gathering Procedure
Ethical Compliance

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Analysis Phase
Researcher formulate findings and
interpretations based on gathered data

Involves the following

Data Analysis and Interpretation
Conclusions and Recommendations

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Dissemination Phase
Researcher presents and/or publishes the
findings to the public

Dissemination also involves publication that

would inevitably become a reviewed study for
another problem, completing the cycle of the
research process.

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2 TYPES OF RESEARCH
 HOW DO WE KNOW THE THINGS WE
KNOW?

WHILE A SCIENTIFIC PROCESS, RESEARCH IS ALSO AN ART;

WE USE DIFFERENT TOOLS TO EXPLORE VARIOUS
INQUIRIES 18
Basic vs. Applied Research
Basic research “uses the scientific method to answer
questions that address theoretical issues about
fundamental processes and underlying mechanisms
related to the behaviors and events being studied”

Basic research is also “used to address theoretical

questions regarding the mechanism and processes of
behavior”

Privitera, G. and Ahlgrim-Delzell, L. (2019). Research Methods in Education.

SAGE Publications: California, USA.
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“The current study implements Brain Based Learning Approach
to improve listening skills of Business students, vocabulary
retention, and establish positive attitudes…” 20
Basic vs. Applied Research
Applied research “uses the scientific method to answer
questions concerning practical problems with potential
practical solutions”

Applied research is also “used to address questions

that can lead to immediate solutions to practical
problems”

Privitera, G. and Ahlgrim-Delzell, L. (2019). Research Methods in Education.

SAGE Publications: California, USA.
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“Surprisingly, little research
focuses on what schools can
do to increase and sustain
students’ attendance, and
even fewer studies explore
how family-school-community
partnerships may contribute
to this goal”

Epstein, J. and Sheldon, S. (2000). Present and accounted for: Improving student attendance
through family and community involvement. Journal of Educational Research 95:5, pp. 308-318. 22
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Quantitative research “uses the scientific method to
record observations as numeric data.”

Qualitative research “uses the scientific method to

make nonnumeric observation, from which conclusions
are drawn without the use of statistical analysis”

Privitera, G. and Ahlgrim-Delzell, L. (2019). Research Methods in Education.

SAGE Publications: California, USA.
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“Data was collected through an online questionnaire, involving
159 participants from lower and upper secondary schools in
Indonesia” 24
EXAMPLE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

“Data was collected through an online questionnaire, involving

159 participants from lower and upper secondary schools in 25
Indonesia”
EXAMPLE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

“Relying on data gathered through extended field observation and in-

depth interviews, this study seeks to uncover the distinctive
characteristics of EFL teacher culture as well as its underlying influencing 26
factors.”
 CHOOSING A RESEARCH
3 TOPIC
 GENIUS COMES IN MANY
FORMS.

Research topics come from different

sources. Some topics come from
very stringent reviews of related
studies, while some come from
inspiration or happenstance.

Newton’s Law of Gravity, for

example, happened because of a
fallen apple.

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 GENIUS COMES IN MANY
FORMS.

Archimedes, a Greek philosopher, was

once known to have risen from his bath
hurriedly, shouting “Eureka!” when he
had an epiphany.

Thus, also the origin of the term

“Eureka!”, an expression we associate
when we have an epiphany of an idea.

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Choosing a Research Topic
One defining trait of a researcher is curiosity. A
researcher is always curious of everything: curious of
what to improve, or even of how things work.

However, a research topic does not just come from a

tree. You need to conduct a literature review to come
up with a topic and make it coherent.

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Choosing a Research Topic

Is it interesting?
Is it novel?
Is it helpful/ necessary to your school or community?
Is it a solution to an existing problem?

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Choosing a Research Topic
Research topics must also be aligned with global/ local
research topics and agenda.

A research agenda is a set of standard research topics/

fields that is aimed towards fulfilling a common goal.
Examples include the National Higher Education
Research Agenda (NHERA), UN Sustainable
Development Goals, and our LCUP Research Agenda.

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DepEd Order No. 39 s. 2016: Adoption of the Basic Education Research 34
Agenda
Next meeting, we will discuss how to
conduct a literature review.

For your assignment, start looking for

a topic you will be working on for
your proposal.

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