Propulsion and Power Research 2014;3(1):41–47

http://ppr.buaa.edu.cn/

Propulsion and Power Research

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Approximate solution of the nonlinear heat

transfer equation of a fin with the power-law
temperature-dependent thermal conductivity
and heat transfer coefficient
Sobhan Mosayebidorcheha,n, D.D. Ganjib, Masoud Farzinpoorc

a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Babol, Iran
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Khomeini-Shahr Branch, Isfahan, Iran

Received 23 October 2013; accepted 10 January 2014

Available online 18 March 2014

KEYWORDS Abstract In this paper, differential transform method (DTM) is used to solve the nonlinear
heat transfer equation of a fin with the power-law temperature-dependent both thermal
Differential transform
method; conductivity and heat transfer coefficient. Using DTM, the differential equation and the related
Nonlinear heat transfer boundary conditions transformed into a recurrence set of equations and finally, the coefficients
equation; of power series are obtained based on the solution of this set of equations. DTM overcame on
Power-law temperature nonlinearity without using restrictive assumptions or linearization. Results are presented for the
dependent; dimensionless temperature distribution and fin efficiency for different values of the problem
Temperature distribu- parameters. DTM results are compared with special case of the problem that has an exact
tion; closed-form solution, and an excellent accuracy is observed.
Fin efficiency & 2014 National Laboratory for Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
All rights reserved.

n
1. Introduction
Corresponding author: Tel.: þ98 919 743 0343.
E-mail address: sobhanmosayebi@yahoo.com Fins are used to increase the heat transfer of heating
(Sobhan Mosayebidorcheh).
systems such as, refrigeration, cooling of oil carrying pipe,
Peer review under responsibility of National Laboratory for Aeronautics
cooling electric transformers, cooling of computer processor
and Astronautics, China.
and air conditioning. A review about the extended surfaces
and its industrial applications is presented by Kern and
Krause [1]. Numerous researches have been done to inves-
tigate the heat transfer of the fins.

2212-540X & 2014 National Laboratory for Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jppr.2014.01.005
42
Group classification of the differential equation of fin has
been analyzed using symmetry analysis [2,3]. In another work,
Pakdemirli and Sahin [4] investigated nonlinear equation of fin
with general temperature-dependent thermal conductivity.
A simple state which the thermal conductivity and heat
transfer coefficient are constant, the exact analytical solu-
tion is existent. But if a large temperature difference exists
within a fin, heat transfer coefficient and thermal conduc-
tivity are not constant. Because of this, in general, thermal
conductivity and heat transfer coefficient are functions of
temperature.
It is clear that obtaining the exact solutions of these nonlinear
problems are usually difficult. Because of this, researchers used
the numerical techniques and semi-analytical methods such as
the perturbation method (PM), homotopy perturbation method
(HPM), variational iteration method (VIM), homotopy analysis
method (HAM), decomposition method (DM) and differential
transform method (DTM).
In this section, a short review about the related works is
presented. This report specially includes the solution of the
heat transfer equation of a fin with temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity and/or temperature-dependent heat
transfer coefficient using semi-analytical methods.
The oldest works in this subject have been done by Aziz
and Hug [5] and Aziz and Benzies [6]. They solved the heat
transfer equation of a convective fin with linear temperature-
dependent thermal conductivity using perturbation method.
Heat transfer equation of a fin with linear temperature-
dependent thermal conductivity and power-law tempera-
ture-dependent heat transfer coefficient has been considered
by some researchers. Its differential equation and boundary
conditions are in the following form [7]:

2
d2 θ dθ
ð1 þ βθÞ 2  M θ 2 nþ1
þβ ¼ 0;
dx dx
( equations [23], nonlinear ordinary differential equations
θ'ð0Þ ¼ 0
BC's- : ð1Þ
θð1Þ ¼ 1
This problem has been investigated using HAM [7],
Taylor transformation and Adomian decomposition method
(ADM) [8]. Khani et al. [7] says that solutions of HPM
and ADM fail when M increases to a large number but
HAM solution remains accurate. Peculiar case of Eq. (1) for
n¼  1 solved by Rajabi et al. using HPM [9]. Nonlinearity
of the Eq. (1) reduces when the thermal conductivity is a
constant (β ¼ 0 in Eq. (1)):
d2 θ
 M 2 θnþ1 ¼ 0;
dx2 ( m
θ'ð0Þ ¼ 0
BC's- : ð2Þ
θð1Þ ¼ 1
Lesnic and Heggs [10] and Chang [11] investigated the
above equation with DM and ADM, respectively. Chowdhury
et al. [12] solved the Eq. (2) using the HPM and HAM and a
Sobhan Mosayebidorcheh et al.
comparison between these results and ADM solution pre-
sented. Their study shows that ADM and HPM are the
peculiar cases of the HAM concerning this problem. Eq. (2)
for special example (n¼ 3) indicates the radiation heat transfer
of a fin to a free space. Solution of This case has been studied
using PM, HPM [13] and VIM [14]. Perturbation results are
much different with the exact solutions rather than HPM,
because the small parameter in PM exists.
Another special case of the Eq. (1) occurs when the heat
transfer coefficient is a constant and the thermal conductiv-
ity is a linear function of temperature (n¼ 0 in Eq. (1)). This
case has been solved with some semi analytical methods,
such as PM [15], HPM [15,16], VIM [15,17], HAM
[16,18], DTM [19] and ADM [20].
In this work, a nonlinear fin with the power-law
temperature-dependent both thermal conductivity and heat
transfer coefficient is considered. Then DTM is used to
obtain an approximation solution of the problem. The
results are validated for a special case that exact closed-
form solution of the problem is existent in [21]. Accuracy
check of the proposed method is presented by increasing the
number of the Taylor series components. At the end, results
of DTM demonstrated as the temperature distribution and
fin efficiency for different values of the problem parameters.
2. Differential transform method
Zhou [22] introduced the concept of differential trans-
form method to solve linear and nonlinear initial value
problems. He used DTM to present the approximate
solution for electrical circuit analysis. DTM is an iterative
method to obtain the Taylor series of the solution. In recent
years, the DTM has been used for solving a wide range
of the differential equations, such as differential algebraic
[24–27], partial differential equations [28–30], fractional
differential equations [31,32], and integral equations [33].
The differential transform is defined as follows:
 
1 dh f ðtÞ
FðhÞ ¼ : ð3Þ
h! dt h t ¼ t0
Where, f ðtÞ is an arbitrary function and FðhÞ is the trans-
formed function. The inverse transformation is as follows
1
f ðtÞ ¼ ∑ FðhÞðt  t 0 Þh : ð4Þ
h¼0
Substituting Eq. (3) into the Eq. (4), we have
f ðtÞ  ∑ FðhÞðt  t 0 Þh : ð5Þ
h¼0
The function f ðtÞ is usually expressed as a finite series and
Eq. (5) can be rewritten as
m
f ðtÞ  ∑ FðhÞðt  t 0 Þh : ð6Þ
h¼0
Approximate solution of the nonlinear heat transfer equation of a fin 43

Table 1 Properties of one dimensional DTM. Here, the following dimensionless parameters are used:
hb PL2 X T Ta
Original function Transformed function M2 ¼ ; x¼ ; θ¼ : ð10Þ
KbA L Tb Ta
f ðtÞ ¼ gðtÞ7kðtÞ FðhÞ ¼ GðhÞ7KðhÞ
f ðtÞ ¼ cgðtÞ FðhÞ ¼ cGðhÞ
Regarding to Eqs. (7)–(10), dimensionless heat transfer
dn gðtÞ ðh þ nÞ! equation and boundary conditions can be obtained
f ðtÞ ¼
dtn
FðhÞ ¼
h!
Gðh þ nÞ  
d β dθ
f ðtÞ ¼ gðtÞkðtÞ h
FðhÞ ¼ ∑ GðrÞKðh rÞ
θ  M 2 θnþ1 ¼ 0; 0 r xr 1:
dx dx
r¼0
( ð11Þ
f ðtÞ ¼ tn 1 if h ¼ n dθ
FðhÞ ¼ δðh nÞ ¼ ð0Þ ¼ 0; θð1Þ ¼ 1:
0 if han dx
The rate of heat transfer from the surface of the fin can be
expressed as follows:
Where, m indicates the number of Taylor series' compo-
ZL
nents. Some basic properties of one-dimensional differential
Q¼ phðTÞðT  T a ÞdX: ð12Þ
transform are listed in Table 1.
0

The ratio of the actual heat transfer to the ideal heat

3. Formulation of the problem transfer is the efficiency of the fin.
RL Z1
Consider a straight one dimensional fin which has a Qactual 0 phðTÞðT  T a ÞdX
constant cross-sectional area A which is subjected to the η¼ ¼ ¼ θnþ1 dx: ð13Þ
Qideal pLhb ðT b  T a Þ
fluid with temperature Ta. Assume that the fin has the length 0
L, perimeter P and base temperature Tb. Temperature-
dependent thermal conductivity and the heat transfer
coefficient are K(T) and h(T), respectively. It can be
assumed that the amount of heat transfer through the tip 4. DTM solution
end is negligibly small. The heat transfer equation and
boundary conditions are given by: In this section, DTM is used to obtain the analytical

 solution of the heat transfer equation (Eq. (11)). As we
d dT hðT Þp 
k ðT Þ  T  T f ¼ 0 ; 0r X r L: ð7Þ know, DTM usually can be applied on the initial value
dx dx A problems, not boundary value problems. Here, we replace
one of the boundary conditions (θð1Þ ¼ 1) with an unknown
dT initial condition (θð0Þ ¼ a). Now, there are two initial
ðat x ¼ 0Þ ¼ 0; Tðat x ¼ LÞ ¼ T b : ð8Þ
dx conditions for the problem:
8 (
< θð0Þ ¼ a DTM Θð0Þ ¼ a
There are different types of boundary conditions for one dθ ! : ð14Þ
dimensional heat transfer of a simple fin, such as prescribed : ð0Þ ¼ 0 Θð1Þ ¼ 0
dx
temperature (Dirichlet condition), prescribed heat flux
(Neumann condition) and convective boundary condition At the end, the unknown parameter (a) can be determined
(the Robin condition). For boundary conditions of this from the boundary condition at x ¼ 1. Using this technique,
problem, we assumed that there is no heat transfer at the tip power series of the solution can be obtained easily.
of the fin (Neumann condition) and base temperature of the Eq. (11) can be rewritten as below:
fin is Tb (Dirichlet condition). sθ″ þ βgθ02  M 2 f ¼ 0: ð15Þ
We considered the power-law temperature-dependent for
both thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient as where


 s ¼ θβ ; g ¼ θβ  1 ; f ¼ θnþ1 : ð16Þ
T Ta β T Ta n
KðTÞ ¼ K b ; hðTÞ ¼ hb : ð9Þ By applying the DTM on Eq. (15) at x ¼ 0, the following
Tb  Ta Tb Ta
series equation is derived:
where, Kb and hb are the thermal conductivity and heat
h
transfer coefficient at the base temperature, respectively. ∑ ðr þ 1Þðr þ 2ÞΘðr þ 2ÞSðh rÞ
The power n in Eq. (9) depends on the heat transfer mode. r¼0
Typical values of n are -1/4 for condensation or laminar h r
film boiling, 1/4 for laminar natural convection, 1/3 for þβ ∑ ∑ ½ðp þ 1ÞΘðp þ 1Þðr p þ 1ÞΘðr  p þ 1ÞGðhrÞ
r ¼ 0p ¼ 0
turbulent natural convection, 2 for nucleate boiling and 3
for radiation heat transfer [8,21].  M 2 FðhÞ ¼ 0: ð17Þ
44 Sobhan Mosayebidorcheh et al.

After simplification, recursive relation for calculating the Combining Eqs. (14), (18), (21), (22), (23) and (24) coefficients
series solution coefficients is obtained as follows: of Taylor series can be obtained.
1 M 2 n  βþ1
Θðh þ 2Þ ¼ Θð2Þ ¼ a
Sð0Þðh þ 1Þðh þ 2Þ 2
 h1 Θð3Þ ¼ 0


 M 2 FðhÞ ∑ ðr þ 1Þðr þ 2ÞΘðr þ 2ÞSðh  rÞ n β 1
r¼0
#
Θð4Þ ¼ M 4 a2ðn  βÞþ1  þ
h r
24 8 24
 β ∑ ∑ ðp þ 1Þðr  p þ 1ÞΘðp þ 1ÞΘðr p þ 1ÞGðh  rÞ : Θð5Þ ¼ 0
r¼0p¼0
Θð6Þ ¼ M 6 a3ðn  βÞþ1
ð18Þ

1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
 β  βn βþ n þ nþ
Now, the values of SðhÞ, GðhÞand FðhÞshould be obtained, 24 40 240 180 144 720
so we use a similar manner which applied in Ref [24]. Θð7Þ ¼ 0
Regarding Eq. (16) we have:
Θð8Þ ¼ M 8 a4ðn  βÞþ1
ds dθ ds dθ 0 1
¼ βθβ  1 -θ ¼ βs : ð19Þ 1 3 89 2 67 2 1 11

B 64 β þ β n  β  βn 2
 βn
dx dx dx dx 6720 13440 192 6720 C
B@ 11 17 3 13 2 1 1 A
C
 βþ n þ n þ nþ
Taking differential transform on above equation 6720 20160 13440 6720 40320
h Θð9Þ ¼ 0: ð25Þ
∑ ðr þ 1ÞSðr þ 1ÞΘðh  rÞ
r¼0
h
And so on. In the same way, the other coefficients of power
¼ β ∑ SðrÞðh r þ 1ÞΘðh  r þ 1Þ: ð20Þ series can be calculated. Substituting the obtained ΘðhÞ into
r¼0 the Taylor series, we can find temperature distribution as:
m
and so θðxÞ ¼ ∑ ΘðhÞxh : ð26Þ
 h
h¼0
1
Sðh þ 1Þ ¼ β ∑ SðrÞðh  r þ 1ÞΘðh  r þ 1Þ
Θð0Þðh þ 1Þ r ¼ 0 We can obtain the unknown parameter in solution (a)
h1
 from the second boundary condition in Eq. (11) and sub-
 ∑ ðr þ 1ÞSðr þ 1ÞΘðh  rÞ : ð21Þ stituting x ¼ 1 in Eq. (26):
r¼0
m
In the same manner and regarding to Eq. (16), we have θð1Þ ¼ ∑ ΘðhÞ
h¼0
1

Gðh þ 1Þ ¼ M 2 n  βþ1 n β 1
Θð0Þðh þ 1Þ 1¼aþ a þ M 4 a2ðn  βÞþ1  þ þ ::: ð27Þ
 h
2 24 8 24
 ðβ  1Þ ∑ GðrÞðh r þ 1ÞΘðh  r þ 1Þ
r¼0
h1

 ∑ ðr þ 1ÞGðr þ 1ÞΘðh rÞ : ð22Þ By solving the Eq. (27), the value of a can be
r¼0 determined.

1
Fðh þ 1Þ ¼
Θð0Þðh þ 1Þ
 h
 ðn þ 1Þ ∑ FðrÞðh r þ 1ÞΘðh  r þ 1Þ
r¼0
h1

 ∑ ðr þ 1ÞFðr þ 1ÞΘðh  rÞ : ð23Þ
r¼0
The values of Sð0Þ, Gð0Þand F ð0Þ are determined as follow

sð0Þ ¼ θð0Þβ ¼ aβ -Sð0Þ ¼ aβ :

gð0Þ ¼ θð0Þβ  1 ¼ aβ  1 -Gð0Þ ¼ aβ  1 :
f ð0Þ ¼ θð0Þnþ1 ¼ anþ1 -Fð0Þ ¼ anþ1 : ð24Þ Figure 1 Comparison of DTM results with exact solution for M¼1/2.
Approximate solution of the nonlinear heat transfer equation of a fin 45

Table 2 Accuracy check for different Taylor series components for M ¼1 and β ¼ n ¼ 1=4.

x Exact DTM (m¼6) DTM (m¼ 8) Error (m¼6) Error (m¼ 8)

0 0.6390920342 0.6391478029 0.6390870185 5.58E-5 5.02E-6

0.1 0.6422914901 0.6423475379 0.6422864492 5.60E-5 5.04E-6
0.2 0.6519378696 0.6519947589 0.6519327530 5.69E-5 5.12E-6
0.3 0.6681756929 0.6682339933 0.6681704490 5.83E-5 5.24E-6
0.4 0.6912474592 0.6913077177 0.6912420351 6.02E-5 5.42E-6
0.5 0.7214961582 0.7215587549 0.7214905046 6.25E-5 5.65E-6
0.6 0.7593689096 0.7594336298 0.7593630033 6.47E-5 5.90E-6
0.7 0.8054218393 0.8054868828 0.8054157616 6.50E-5 6.08E-6
0.8 0.8603263270 0.8603863435 0.8603204743 6.00E-5 5.85E-6
0.9 0.9248767665 0.9249193621 0.9248723386 4.26E-5 4.43E-6
1.0 1 1 1 0 0
η 0.8075387894 0.8075311772 0.8075334085 7.61E-6 5.38E-6

Figure 2 Temperature distributions with n ¼ 1=4 and β ¼ 1=4.

Figure 3 Temperature distributions with M ¼ 1 and n ¼ 1=3.
Regarding to Eqs. (13) and (16), the efficiency of the fin
can be obtained.
Z1 Z1
m
 m FðhÞ
η¼ f dx ¼ ∑ FðhÞx dx ¼ ∑
h
: ð28Þ
h¼0 h¼0h þ 1
0 0

5. Results
The exact solution of the Eq. (11) for the special case
β ¼ n is given by [21]:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
coshðM n þ 1xÞ nþ1 Figure 4 Temperature distributions with M ¼ 2 and β ¼  1=2.
θðxÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð29Þ
coshðM n þ 1Þ
the method. As it can be seen, error of DTM is about in
Substituting Eq. (29) into the Eq. (13), the fin efficiency order of 1E-6 to 1E-5.
for this special case can be obtained as: Figure 2 depicts the effect of the thermo-geometric fin
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi parameter M on the temperature. The tip end temperature
1
η ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tanhðM n þ 1Þ: ð30Þ and the mean temperature decrease when the fin parameter
M nþ1 M increases. In regard to the Eq. (10) and the Figure 2. It
Here, In order to validate the DTM solution and find the can be concluded that the ratio of hb =K b has much effect
accuracy, we compare our results and exact solution of the on temperature distribution along the fin length. As hb
problem where β ¼ n in Figure 1. The results presented for increases (or Kb decreases), the ratio of the convection heat
the different number of the Taylor series components in transfer to conduction heat transfer increases in the base of
Table 2. A good agreement between the DTM results and the fin and this causes that the temperature along with the
exact solution is observed, which confirms the validity of fin, especially at the end of fin (x ¼ 0), to have lower value.
46 Sobhan Mosayebidorcheh et al.

Table 3 Coefficients of series solution of DTM for β ¼  1=4 and n ¼ 1/3 (ΘðhÞ ¼ 0 for h ¼ 1,3,5,7,9).

M¼ 1/4 M¼ 1/2 M ¼1 M ¼2 M¼3 M¼ 4 M¼ 5

Θð0Þ 0.96990 0.89144 0.68398 0.37013 0.21215 0.13143 0.08694

Θð2Þ 0.02977 0.10420 0.27402 0.41456 0.38644 0.32188 0.26144
Θð4Þ 0.00032 0.00422 0.03811 0.16122 0.24441 0.27371 0.27298
Θð6Þ 0.0 0.00011 0.00353 0.04181 0.10308 0.15522 0.19007
Θð8Þ 0.0 0.0 0.00031 0.01036 0.04154 0.08411 0.12647
Θð10Þ 0.0 0.0 0.00002 0.00189 0.01235 0.03362 0.06207

the problem has exact closed-form solution, and a good

accuracy is observed.

Figure 5 Fin efficiency variation with thermo-geometric fin para-
meter M for β ¼  1=2.
The decrease of the ratio hb =K b has inverse consequences,
and this increases the temperature along with the fin.
Figure 3 and Figure 4 illustrate the temperature distribution
along the fin for different values of β and n, respectively.
Table 3 shows the values of θð0Þ ¼ a for β ¼  1=4 and
n¼ 1/3. Substituting these values into Eq. (25), Taylor
series solution can be calculated.
Fin efficiency for different values of the thermo-
geometric parameter is exhibited in Figure 5. These values
for each case are obtained from Eq. (28). The fin efficiency
is the ratio of the actual heat transfer between the fin and the
surrounding fluid to the heat transfer who would be
transferred if all of the fin area were at the base temperature
(T b ). As we observed in Figure 2, the mean temperature
decreases when M increases, so according to Eq. (16) fin
efficiency decreases too.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, one dimensional heat transfer of nonlinear
fin with power-law temperature dependent both thermal
conductivity and heat transfer coefficient investigated via
the differential transform method. The proposed method
overcame on nonlinearity without using restrictive assump-
tions or linearization. DTM provided the solution in terms
of convergent series, which is easily computable. Using
the method, the differential equation and boundary condi-
tions are transformed into a recurrence set of equations.
Finally, the coefficients of power series are obtained based
on the solution of this set of equations. The results of DTM
validated with the exact solution for the special case which
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