VARGAS, Kathleen F.

RR32
Module 3
1. Enumerate and discuss the factors implicated or known to induce carcinogenesis
Significant external factors that add to enlistment of malignant growth incorporates

 natural and synthetic chemicals,

 environmental exposures to ultraviolet and medical radiation,
 diet and lifestyle, and
 Infectious agents, such as viruses, parasites, and bacteria.
1. Physical factors
1) Ionized radiation
It is well known that ionized radiation may cause gene mutation or chromosome aberration.
The results of an epidemiological survey of carcinogenesis in atomic bomb victims show increased
incidence of leukemia, lung cancer, etc. in the population
Proof for a causal relationship between exogenous components and neoplasia is gotten from investigations
of the study of disease transmission, occupationally basic tumors, and creature models.
2) Ultraviolet light
Ultraviolet light is an environmental factor that is closely associated with skin cancer.
Although the incidence of skin cancer is extremely low in Japan, it is frequently the most or second most
prevalent cancer in Europe and America. Ultraviolet irradiation may modify DNA base pairs, resulting in
the formation of pyrimidine dimers. Moreover, ultraviolet light contributes to the production of a reactive
oxygen species, which directs cells toward carcinogenesis.

2. Chemical factors
1) Benzo pyrene
Smoking is most clearly associated with the increased risk of cancer. Smoking-associated
cancers include lung cancer, head and neck cancer such as laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers, esophageal
cancer, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer as well as uterine cervix cancer.
2) Ethyl alcohol
Heavy drinking is also associated with the incidence of head and neck cancer as well as
gastrointestinal cancer. With regard to esophageal cancer in particular, alcohol intake has been shown to
trigger carcinogenesis cooperatively with tobacco smoke.
 3) Heterocyclic amine
Heterocyclic amine is known to be a carcinogenic substance in overcooked meat and fish.
In experiments using rats, the substance has been reported to induce both colon and prostate cancer in
male animals, and breast cancer in female animals.
3. Biological factors
Biological carcinogenic factors incorporate different infections. For instance, constant hepatitis and hepatic
cirrhosis attributable to determined disease with hepatitis B infection or hepatitis C infection have been
epidemiologically demonstrated to be identified with the event of liver malignancy.

2. Create a Mind Map:

a. Normal Immune Response
Immune System

Acquired Innate

T-cell Physical barrier

B-cell Bloodbourne
(cell mediated immunity)
(humoral immunity)
1. Skin
Comple Phagocyt 2. Mucuous
Whole T-cells Antigen exposure ment es membranes
released into: cascade 3. Saliva
4. Flushing
action of urine
Lymphoblasts 1. Neuthrophils and tears
Alternati
Suppres Helper Cytotoxic 2. Macrophages 5. Stomach aid
ve
sor T- T-cells 3. Basophils
T-cells pathway
cells 4. Eosinophils
Plasma Clonal B-
5. Natural killer Stops
cells cells cells infection
before it
enters the
Death of the Antibodi Memory
body
body’s cells that es B-cells Death of
are infected with a dangerous
virus or otherwise Complement organisms
damaged cascade

Direct killing
Classical of bacteria
pathway
b. Immune System Evasion

Immune Evasion

Mechanism Parasites examples

Trypanosoma brucei
Antigenic variation Plasmodium merozoites

Evasion from macrophages Toxoplasma gondii

Prevention of lysosome-
phagosome action Leishmania amastigotes

Prevention of lysosomal
toxic action Trypanosoma cruzi

Escape into cytoplasm

Leishmania T. brucei, T.cruzi

Resistance to complement Filariae

lysis

Immune suppression Parasitic nematodes,

schistosomes

Surface and secreted

antioxidant enzymes