QA – Even and Odd

EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

Even function
A function y = f (x) is said to be an even function if ( ) ( )
In other words, when x changes sign, the value of the function does not change sign.
Example: f(x) = x2 + 6
f(4) = 16 + 4 = 20
f(-4) = 16 + 4 = 20.
f(x) = f(-x)
Other examples: | |

Graph of an even function is symmetric about y-axis.

Odd function

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QA – Even and Odd

A function y = f (x) is said to be odd function if ( ) ( )

In other words, when x changes sign, the value of the function also changes sign.
Example: f(x) = x3 + x
f(4) = 64 + 4 = 68
f(-4) = -64 – 4 = -68.
f(x) = -f(-x).
Other examples:
Graph of an odd function is symmetric about origin

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QA – Even and Odd

Properties of even and odd functions

1. Sum : Even + Even = Even
Odd + Odd = Odd
Even + Odd = (neither even nor odd)
Odd + Even = (neither even nor odd)
2. Difference : Even – Even = Even
Odd – Odd = Odd
Even – Odd = (neither even nor odd)
Odd – Even = (neither even nor odd)
Any function y = f (x) can be expressed uniquely as the sum of an even and an odd function:
f (x) = [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
3. Product : Even × Even = Even
Odd × Odd = Even
Even × Odd = Odd
Odd × Even = Odd
NOTE If the number of odd functions in the product is odd → odd function.
If the number of odd functions in the product is even → even function.
4. Division : Even ÷ Even = Even
Odd ÷ Odd = Even
Even ÷ Odd = Odd
Odd ÷ Even = Odd
5. Composition : Even (Even) = Even
Even (Odd) = Even

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QA – Even and Odd

Odd (Even) = Even

Odd (Odd) = Odd
If all the functions in the composition are odd → Odd function
If at least one of the functions in the composition is even → even function.

Generally speaking if the two images are:

a) Water images of each other, the relationship is: f(x) = –g(x)
b) Mirror images of each other, the relationship is: f(x) = g(–x)
c) Mirror + Water images of each other, the relationship is: f(x) = –g(–x)

Solved Examples:

1) Given below are two graphs, f(x) and g(x). You need to find the relationship between
the two graphs.

Mark (a) : If f(x) = –g(x) Mark (b) : If f(x) = g(–x)

Mark (c) : If f(x) = –g(–x) Mark (d) : If there is no relation.

(3, 3) (–3, 3)
i) f(x) g(x)
(–1,2) (1, 2)

(0, 0) (0, 0)

f(–1) = +2 g(–3) = +3

f(0) = 0 g(0) = 0

f(+3) = +3 g(+1) = +2

Thus we see that, the relation that satisfies all the three points is: f(x) = g(–x). or (b)

ii)
(4, 5)

f(x) g(x)
(–2,2)
(0, 2)

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(2, 0)
QA – Even and Odd

f(–2) = +2 g(–4) = –5

f(0) = +2 g(–2) = 0

f(+2) = 0 g(0) = –2

f(+4) = +5 g(+2) = –2

Thus we see that, the relation that satisfies all the three points is: f(x) = –g(–x). or (c)

iii)

f(x) g(x)
(0, 1) (2, 1)
(–2,1)
(–1, 0)
(–1,0)
(–2, –
(0, –1) (2, –1)
1)

f(–2) = +1 g(–2) = –1

f(–1) = 0 g(–1) = 0

f(0) = –1 g(0) = +1

f(+2) = –1 g(+2) = +1

Thus we see that, the relation that satisfies all the three points is: f(x) = –g(x). or (a)

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