CHAPTER 1

Lesson 1

Morphology The study of the structures and forms of organisms

Anatomy The study of the parts or the structure of organisms

Physiology The study of the normal functions of the parts of the organisms

Cytology The study of the structure and function of cells

Histology
Study of tissues
The study of the growth and development of organisms
Embryology
The study of the environment and the interrelationships of organisms in it.
Ecology
The study of the classification and naming of plants and animals.
Taxonomy
The study of heredity or how organism’s characteristics are transmitted from parent to
Genetics offspring
Evolution The study of the origin and differentiation of different kinds of organisms

Paleontology The study of fossils of living things and their distribution in time.

Microbiology The study of microorganisms

Biochemistry The study of chemistry of living things

Agriculture The science and practice of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of
the earth.

Entomology The study of insects ( entomon- insects)

Helmintology The study of worms ( helmis , worms)

Ichthyology Study of fishes ( ichthys, fishes)

Ornithology The study of birds ( ornis, birds)

Mammalogy The study of mammals ( mamma breast)

Conchology The study of shells ( concha , mussel)

Parasitology - Study of organisms that live and subsist on ectoparasite or in endoparasite

Primatology The science that deals with primates

Mycology Study of fungi

Physics Study of matter and its behavior

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 Chemistry Study of matter , its composition and the changes it undergoes

Meteorology Study of atmospheric condition

Volcanology Study of volcanoes and their activity

Mineralogy Study of minerals, their nature and properties and distribution

Astronomy Study of heavenly bodies

Geology Study of earth’s surface, rocks and minerals.

Brief history of the study of biology :

1. Early Greeks based their beliefs in nature and different gods.

2. Aristotle ( 384- Father of biology
322) -( natural philosophers) – people who study nature and the physical universe.
- studied the hearts and brains of animals, he correlated the functions of the heart and brain to

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 human emotions.
3. Galen ( 129- - Obtained knowledge on anatomy from the dissection of animals.
200)
4. Andreas - Founder of modern anatomy
vesaulius - Dissected corpses himself instead of relying on assistants
( 1514- 1564)
5. William - Married to Queen Elizabeth’s physician
Harvey ( 1578- - Physician of King Charles I
1657) - Developed a theory of how the heart and the circulatory system work- that blood
circulates continuously from the heart back to the heart.
6. Marie Francois - Discovered that organs are made of tissues.
Bichat ( 1771-
1802)
7. Rene Dutrochet - Cell is the basic unit of life
( 1776- 1847)
8. Robert Hooke
9. Anton van - Made the first microscope
Leeuwenhoek Which consisted of the first lenses that were invented by the Jansen brothers

Other scientists :

10. Carl Linnaeus ( Carl von Linne) / Carolus Linnaeus

- Father of taxonomy ( science that deals with systematic naming and classifying organisms.
11. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
- Was famous for his theories on evolution
12. Robert Brown
- Brownian movement
- Cell nucleus
13. Charles Darwin
- Theory of natural selection
14. Rosalind franklin, Maurice wilkins, francis crick, james Watson
- Studied DNA

Lesson 2.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 The scientific method is an organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information.
 The goal of any scientific method is to solve a problem or to better understand an observed event.
 is a logical method of undergoing a study used by scientists in solving problem or answering a question.

I. Observation

 observation is done using your senses

 qualitative data- data gathered through senses.

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  quantitative data- data gathered through tools ( ruler, balance)
 inference- getting an idea from observation. this is th basis of making a model.
 tries to xplain something not easily seen or understood.

II. MAKING A QUESTION

After evaluating your observations, ask a question. What do you want to find out? State the problem as a question.
Make the question as specific as possible.

III. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a proposed answer to the question you formulated.
A hypothesis is an educated guess at the possible answer to the question.
What do you think is the cause of the problem you are studying? State a logical answer to your question. This
answer, which is your hypothesis, should give one possible explanation for the cause.

IV. Experiment
 Scientist perform experiments to test their hypothesis.
 An experiment must be accurate and précised in order to be reproducible.

Accuracy – the closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is measured.

Precision – is a gauge of how exact a measurement is. In other words, to you get the same results each time or are the
measurement values very close each time you measure.

Plan Your Experiment

The goal of an experiment is to test your hypothesis. What is the variable? What will be the control? Write a clear
step-by-step procedure so that another person can repeat the same process

Components of an Experiment
 Variable – in an experiment any factor that can change is called a variable.
 Manipulated Variable – the variable that causes a change in another.
 Responding Variable – the variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable.
 Control Experiment – has two test groups- the control group and the experimental group. The control group
is the standard by which any change can be measured.

Vocabulary

Constant – The factors that are kept the same.

Variable – The factor that is changed by the person doing the experiment
Investigative tools

 The experimental setup differs from the control set up by one variable – the factor that you hypothesize to affect
the experiment.
 It is important to change only the variable being tested and keep the others constant. When the experiment is
completed, the experimental setup is compared with the control set up.
 This time the scientists determine if the variable that has been tested affects or does not affect the result of the
experiment.
 The variable being manipulated is the independent variable; the one being measured to determine its response is
the dependent variable; and all variables that do not change ar constants.

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 V. Analyze Data
Evaluate – Do you see any trends or patterns in the data? Do the data support your hypothesis or prediction? Do you
need more information?
- Chart, graphs
VI. Drawing a Conclusion
State your conclusion based on your data. Your data should either support your conclusion or lead you to another
hypothesis. Have any new questions or problems come up?

SAMPLE PROBLEM:

One day, while enjoying a sunny weather in the garden, you observed that the grasses were greener and longer.
However on one part of the garden the grasses were brown which was unusual because rainy season has started. You
became curious so you planned to investigate

The first question that came into your mind was what caused the browning of grasses. . You thought of several
reasons. You thought that maybe a solution spilled on that area killing the grasses. So you took a container and got a
sample of the soil . What liquids could have spilled there? You thought of several acids like vinegar, alcohol,
gasoline, oil orv any hazardous liquid.

You tested for the presence of acid by dissolving the soil in water and testing with litmus paper. The result was
negative. Likewise you tested for the presence of other solutions. All proved negative. Then you tried to dig deeper
and you discovered that there was a termite colony again.
You hypothesized again that the termites caused the browning of the grasses. You thought of further investigating.
You looked for a similar condition of browning of grasses. Then digging again, you discovered that there was a
termite colony again.

So you concluded that the presence of termite colony underneath the killed plants above it.

Lesson 3: Scientific Traits

1. Curiosity- always try to seek to inquire and to discover.

2. Determination- be persistent in your endeavors
3. Open mindedness-n open yourself to new ideas. Do not be one sided
4. Acceptance of failure- consider failure as a step toward success because it gives you additional scientific
information on what to avoid.
5. Objectivity- do not be influenced by anything but pertinent physical observations.
6. Humility- you should not be arrogant.
7. Skepticism – do not accept things blindly without questioning develop the doubting attitude unless presented with
reliable data.
8. Patience – wait clamly with the result of the investigation since most scientific studies take time.

LESSON 4: ATTRIBUTES OF LIFE

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

1. Living things are composed of cells and exhibit organization even at cellular level.
2. Living things require a constant supply water as a vital component of the cell.
3. Living thing needs supply of water as a vital component of the cell.

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 4. Living things maintain a state of stability called homeostasis.
5. Living things undergo growth and development.
6. Living things respond to the environment.
7. Living things are capable of movement.
8. Living things can reproduce and transmit genetic characteristics to their offspring.
9. Living things adapt and evolve to survive.

1. CELLS AND CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

 The cells was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665, observed under the microscope by Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek in 1674, and studied more extensively by Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann in 1838.
 Cell theory-
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3. Cells com from pre existing cells or are reproductions of existing cells.
 All living things are made up of either one cell ( unicellular ) or many cells ( multicellular).
 Multicellular – life begins with one cell, which later on divides several times until differentiation or specialization
is attained.
 CELLS- TISSUES- ORGANS- ORGAN SYSTEMS- ORGANISM

2. CONSTANT USE OF ENERGY

 Living things obtain energy from their surroundings.
 Plants obtain energy from sunlight through the process of Photosynthesis and release energy from the
breakdown of food molecules in the process of respiration.
 Both plants and animals require the use of energy compound called ATP, adenosine triphosphate.

3. WATER REQUIREMENT;
 The protoplasm, a vital part of the cell. Provides an organized activity of a complex system of substances
to establish a living condition.
 Water is an inorganic component o f the protoplasm.
 Living things need water for transport of nutrients and other substances/
4. INTERNAL BALANCE- HOMEOSTASIS
 Stability
 Thermostat- Maintains a constant internal temperature.
 When you start to feel hot, you sweat and your body cools off.
 Homeostasis enables you to survive long, hot summer or a strenuous activity.
5. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
 Growth is an increase in size and volume.
 Accretion – growth by external addition
 Intussusception- growth from within, growth by addition of substances into existing cells.
 Development – changes that an organism undergoes in its life cycle.
 Life cycle- consists of the stages through which an organism passes from the time it starts as a fertilized
egg to the time it matures.
 Lifespan- period or time between the beginning of an organ ism and its death.

Stages/ lifespan
 Beginnning
 Growth
 Maturity
 Decline
 Death

6. RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT- IRRITABILITY

 Stimuli- anything that causes a response
 Tropism- response of an organism toward a stimulus.
 Phototropism- sensitivity to light
 Thigmotropism- sensitivity to touch

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  Gravitropism- sensitivity to gravity
 Hydrotropism- sensitivity to water
 Chemotropism- sensitivity to chemicals

7. MOVEMENT
 Plants do not seem to move the way animals do.
 Plants can move by bending or by having their roots extended to a wider area as they grow.
 Animals- can walk, crawl, jump, hop or swim.
 Locomotion- a characteristic of animals that is distinct from the kind of movement observed in plants
8. ABILITY TO REPRODUCE AND TRANSMIT GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS TO OFFPSRING
 Sexual reproduction: combining genetic information from both parents
- New individual or offspring will have some characteristic from the father and the mother
 Asexual reproduction: splitting an organism into two to produce the same species.
1. Fission/ budding
2. Fragmentation
3. Regeneration
4. Gemmules
9. ADAPTATION / EVOLUTION
 Structural adaptation – refers to the physical features or special body parts that help an organism does in
order to survive in its natural habitat.
e.g: bill of a bird and the hair of a bear
 Behavioral adaptation – refers to what an organism does in order to survive in its environment.
e. g. migration of birds during winter or summer, or hibernation of bears during winter.
 When organisms are fit to live in their environment, they survive and reproduce in their natural habitats
and if they survive , they continue to reproduce their species.
 Evolution – slow process of change over time.

Organization of life
1. Subatomic particles- parts of an atom
2. Atom – the smallest unit of an element
3. Molecule- two or more atoms joined together through chemical bonding
4. Organelles- parts or compartments that make up a cell
5. Cell- the basic and smallest unit of life
6. Tissue- composed of a group of specialized cells
7. Organ- composed of groups of tissues performing a similar task
8. Organ system- consists of group of organs performing a common task
9. Multicellular organism- an individual composed of manay cells that from tissues and organs
10. Population- composes of group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
11. Ecosystem- composed of community and its physical environment
12. Biosphere- consists of region on earth (soil, water, and air) where living things are found.

Introduction to systematics ( printed)

Historical background ( notebook)

Activity classification

1. Acacia
2. Malunggay
3. Papaya
4. Santan
5. Acapulco
6. Lagundi
7. Bougainvillea

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 8. Bamboo
9. Banana
10. Squash

Common names ( notebook)

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