RATIO AND PROPORTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Formulate and solve problems involving ratio and proportion and
use the concept of proportion in making life-decision.

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Compare and differentiate ratio and rate.

2. Write proportions illustrating real-life situation.

3. Identify the different kinds of proportion and give examples for each.

4. Solve problems involving direct, inverse and partitive proportion.

Review about the difference between Ratio and Rate

A ratio is simply the quotient of two numbers, while a rate is the ratio of two measurements
that have different units (like miles and hours, or dollars and ounces). A rate is usually expressed
in per unit form, where the denominator is 1

Examples of Ratio:

1. The ratio of 1 to 2 is equivalent to the ratios 3 to 6 and 120 to 240.

2. The ratio of 2 to 3 is equivalent to the ratios 8 to 12 and 160 to 240.

3. The ratio of 5 to 3 is equivalent to the ratios 15 to 9 and 200 to 120.

a
Ratio of a to b can be expressed in several ways:ato b, a:b, a out of b, and
b
Examples of Proportion

4. Steve drove his car 90 miles to visit his grandparents. It took him 2 hours to drive this
distance. Express the ratio of the miles he drove to the number of hours it took him as a rate
in per unit form.
Solution:

The example below shows how rates can be used to make comparisons.

5. A fast-food restaurant sells a 12-ounce soda for $1.20 and a 16-ounce soda for $1.40. Which
of these sodas has a lower cost per ounce?
Solution:

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Definition 1. RATIO
Ratio is the relation between two numbers or two magnitudes of the same kind.
The expression 1:2 ( read as ”one is to two”), 21 , 1÷2, indicate ratios. We are actually comparing
or showing the relationship between 1 and 2. When we say, for example , that there are twice as
many married employees as single employees, we mean that the ratio of married to single employees
is 2 : 1, where 2 represent married employees and 1 represents single employees.
There are two ways of finding the ratio:
1. Division
If there are 20 boys and 30 girls, we find the ratio by dividing 20 boys by 30 girls and reduce
it to lowest terms, that is
20 2
= =2:3
30 3

2. Comparing numerators of fractions with tha same denominator

If we have a total of 100 T-shirts of 30 small-sized, 50 medium-sized, and 20 large-sized T-
shirts, we have
30 50 20
small, meduim, large
100 100 100

To get the ratio, we compare the numerators; hence, we say that the ratio of small:
meduim: large is 30:50:20 or 3:5:2. Adding all the numerators shoiuld give us the denomina-
tor. To check, 30 + 50 + 20 = 100. This is because the total of the parts equal the whole.

Examples
1. Albert and William are candidates. Albert received 2,500 votes while William received 3,000
votes. What is the ratio of Albert’s vote against William’s?
Solution:

2. Liezel, Maricel, and Snooky are partners. Their capital balances are P10,00, P 20,000, and P
30,000, respectively. What is their capital ratio?
Solution:

1 3 1 2
3. A, B, C, and D divided a pie in such a way that A got ; B got ; C got ; and D got .
5 10 10 5
Find the ratio in which the four divided the pie.
Solution:

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4. Tony has three times as many red marbles as his black marbles. If he has a total of 24 marbles,
how many are red and how many are black?
Solution:

Definition 2. PROPORTION
Proportion refers to the equality between ratios.
The following are proportion
1. 1:2=8:16
where: 1 and 16 are Extremes and 2 and 8 are Means
The rule concerning proportions is that ”the product of the means equals the product of the
extremes”
In (1) above, 2 × 8 = 1 × 16
16 = 16
9 81
2. =
3 27

Applying the rule to (2) above, cross-multiply the means and the extremes.
9 × 27 = 3 × 81

243 = 243
Cross multiplication is the same as multiplying the means and multipliying the xetremes.
Expressing the fraction above as proportion, we have:

9 : 3 = 81 : 27
9 × 27 = 3 × 81 multiply the means and the extremes to obtain
243 = 243
Proportions are of three types:
1. Direct Proportion - a number is directly proportionate to another when as one value
increase, so does the other.
2. Indirect/Inverse Proportion - a number is indirectly proportionate to another when as
one value increase, the other decreases.
3. Partitive Proportion- involves identifying parts of a whole based on a given ratio of these
parts.

Definition 3. DIRECT PROPORTION

Two values x and y are directly proportional to each other when x and y will either increase
or decrease together, such that when one increases, the other increases or when one decreases, the
other decreases as well.

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 Example:
If three notebooks cost P 15.00, how many notebooks can you buy with P 60,00?
Solution:

Definition 4. INVERSE/INDIRECT PROPORTION

Two values x and y are inversely proportional to each other such that if x increases, y decreases
or if x decreases, y increases.

Examples of Inversely proportional quantities

1. The relationship between the time it takes to dig a well and install a water pump to supply
the house with water and the number of people needed to build it. The more you people you
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have, the less time it takes. If it takes 3 people to do the job in 1 month, it will take only
2
month if you have 6 people working. If you double the number of workers, the time is halved.
If you triple tha number of workers, the time becomes to a third.

2. The lengths and widths of rectangles with the same area. As the length of one side doubles,
the width has to be halved for the area to stay the same. A 5cm × 4cm rectangle has an area
of 20 squared cm. If the 5 cm side becomes 10 cm (doubled), and the 4 cm side becomes 2
cm (halved), 10cm × 2cm is still equal to 20 cm2 .

Definition 5. PARTITIVE PROPORTION

Partitive Proportion is taking a whole didivide into parts.

Example:

When a partnership agreement stipulates an agreed capitalization of P 100,000.00 and the pa

rtners are to divide the said capitalization in the ratio off 1:2:2. Assuming the partners are X¡Y¡and
Z, what would be their contribution?
Solution:

Additional Examples:

1. A baker uses a ratio of 1 egg for every 4 cups of flourin a certain recipe. If he/she uses a
dozen eggs, how many cups of flour will he or she need?

2. To produce a certain perfume, Eugene uses two basic elements, A and B, and combine them
in the ratio of 2:7. If he has 91 parts of element B, how many parts of element A should he
use?

3. Janine and John share profits of their partnership in the ratio 2:3. If Janine’s share in the
profit for last year was P 30,000, how much was John’s share in the profit fo the business?

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4. Jed and Ej decided that their profit and loss sharing ratio should be equal to their initial
capital investment. If Jed and Ej had capital balances of P 200,000.00 and P 100,000.00
respectively, how much profit would EJ get if Jed got P 50,000.00 for last year?

Practice:

1. Of the total students in a certain town, the ratio of elementary students, high school students,
and college students is 4:3:1. If there is a total of 540 students, how many are elementary
students? High school students? College students?

2. A recipe uses 12 cups of water for every 5 cups of chocolate. If one wants to make a recipe
using 8 cups of water, how much chocolate does one need?

3. You decided to join the partnership of August and April. August has a capital of P 50,000.00
while April puts up a capital of P 75,000.00. The three of you decided that your profit and
loss ratio would be 1:2:3 for August, April, and yourself, and you further agreed to make your
capitallization equal to your profit sharing ratio. How much additional capital should April
and yourself make to make your capital contributions equal to your profit and loss sharing
ratio?

4. The partnership of M.A. Sikap,P.A. Ngarap, and I.N. Tegridad earned a profit of P 87,500.00
for the current year. If the profit and loss sharing ratio is in accordance with their capital ratio
and their respective capital balances are M.A. Sikap, P 50,000.00; P.A. Ngarap, P 100,000.00,
and I.N. Tegridad, P 150.000.00, compute for the share of each of the partners in their profit.