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Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1686 – 1693

International Conference on Industrial Engineering, ICIE 2016

Flat Axisymmetrical Problem of Thermal Creepage for Thick-

Walled Cylinder Made Of Recyclable PVC
S.V. Litvinova, L.I. Trusha, S.B. Yazyeva,*
a
Rostov State Univercity of Civil Engineering, Sotsialisticheskaya, 162, Rostov-on-Don, 344022, Russia

Abstract

The complete cycle of flat asymmetrical problem solving is given in this paper: from getting the main resolving equation to
solving the practical problem of polymeric tube creepage. Two non-linear laws of “stress-deformation” union are used: Maxwell-
Gurevich law and Maxwell-Tomson law. The comparison and analysis of the obtained data are given, as in some cases it is
enough to use Maxwell-Tomson equation than to use more complex Maxwell-Gurevich union equation. The problem solution is
given with the use of numerical method — finite difference method. In the case of the temperature field, all physical-mechanical
parameters of the material (elastic and relaxation) are taken as the temperature function. Thus, the non-uniformity of the material
is considered. To determine the temperature field Furje heat transfer equation is used.
© 2016
© 2016TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICIE 2016.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICIE 2016
Keywords: axisymmetrical problem; non-uniformity; creepage; Maxwell-Gurevich union equation; Maxwell-Tomson union equation

1. Introduction

Polymeric material are in great demand at the market of building products due to their lightness, firmness and
convenient usage. Recyclable polyvinylchloride (further PVC) is one of such materials. Its great advantage lies in
the fact, that it is manufactured from technical and domestic garbage, that makes it profitable both from economic
point of view and from ecological one. PVC is used for production of insulation, coatings, heavy-walled tubes and
many other building components. The task of competent, quick and non-labour-consuming analysis of such
structures is often put up before designers.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-928-130-6045.

E-mail address: litvstep@gmail.com

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICIE 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.156
 S.V. Litvinov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1686 – 1693 1687

Axisymmetrical flat strained state (further FSS) of single-layer tube made of PVC taking into account the
properties of creepage is considered in this paper. There are a lot of equations to describe creepage, but the best
equations to deseribe the behavior of material in the most correct way are the equations of Maxwell-Gurevich and
Maxwell-Tomson. And designer should use such equations, that are rather simple, but describe the behavior of
material in a maximum way.

2. The problem and its topicality

The aim of this research was to investigate stress-stained state (further SSS) of polymeric tube in terms of
different equations of creepage with subsequent comparison of results. This problem is topical, as the PVC tubes, as
a rule, are subjected either to inside heating, or inside pressure. Academician V.I. Andreev, professor R.A. Turusov,
professor B.M. Jasyev investigated stress-strained state of cylindrical bodies [1–16], but they don’t examined such
material, as PVC.

3. Output of the main resolving equation

In spite of the fact, that the laws of creepage are different, the general resolving equation is single. The presence
of axial symmetry in the flat problem greatly simplifies the main equation. For sufficiently long cylinder (in case of
FSS) the general resolving equation can be derived from differential equation of balance (1),conditions of combined
deformations (2) and the law of Guk (3), taking into account that full deformation is equal to the sum of elastic,
temperature and high-elastic deformations.

wV r V r  V T
 0; (1)
wr r

wH T H T  H r
 0; (2)
wr r

1 1
Hr ªV r  Q V T  V z  º¼  H T  H r* ; HT ªV T  Q V r  V z  º¼  H T  H T* ;
E¬ E¬

1
Hz ªV z  Q V r  V T  º¼  H T  H z* . (3)
E¬

where H r , H T , H z — full deformations along the corresponding axes r , T , z ; V r , V T , V z — normal stress along
the corresponding axes r , T , z ; H T — temperature deformation; H r* , H T* , H z* — deformation of the creepage
along the corresponding axes; E — modulus of elongation; Q — Poisson’s ratio, which is equal to Q 0, 3 .
The task is to solve linear second differential equation relative to radial stress:

w 2V r § 3 1 wE · wV r 1  2Q 1 1 wE E wH T E § wH z* wHT* HT*  H r* ·
¨  ¸  Vr   ¨Q   ¸, (4)
wr 2 © r E wr ¹ wr 1  Q r E wr r (1  Q ) wr r (1  Q 2 ) © wr wr ri ¹

will boundary conditions:

VN  PN , V1  P1 (5)

where r1 and r2 — internal and external radius of cylinder, P1 and P2 — internal and external pressure.
1688 S.V. Litvinov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1686 – 1693

4. The law of creepage

Two laws: Maxwell-Gurevich law and Maxwell-Tomson law are used to describe the deformation of creepage.
The equation of stress union according ti Maxwell-Gurevich law have the following form:

wH rs* f rs* wHT*s fT*s wH zs* f zs*

, , , (6)
wt Ks* wt Ks* wt Ks*

where

3 3 3
f rs* V r  p   EfsH rs* ; fT*s V T  p   EfsHT*s ; f zs* V z  p   EfsH zs* ;
2 2 2

1 Ks* 1 K0*s exp f * ^ max

`
ms* ; p V r  V T  V z  3. (7)

In equations (6) and (7) wH rs* wt , wH T*s wt , wH zs* wt — speed of creepage deformation along the corresponding
axes r , T , z ; f rs* , fT*s , f zs* — stress function; Efs — modulus of high elasticity; K s* — modulus of relaxation
viscosity; ms* — modulus of speed; p — average stress.
The task is limited to little time, that is why only the first relaxation time spectrum is examined and H rs* H r* ,
HT s HT* , H zs* H z* .
*

Maxwell-Tomson law:

wH * 1 §§ H · *·
1 ¸V  H ˜H ¸ , (8)
wt W E ¨© ¨© E ¹ ¹

where E and H — momentary and long coefficient of elasticity accordingly; W — stress relaxation time.

5. Elastic and rheologic parametrs and material

All elastic and rheologic coefficients are functions of temperature, i.e. for recyclable PVC they take the form:

E T  0, 2393T 2  8,3357T  1402,6 > MPa @ ; Ef1  T  0,0575T 3  11,095T 2  732T  16618 > MPa @ ;

K1* T  74633,33e 0,075T > MPa @ ; m1* T  0,0794T  15,134 > MPa @ ; W K1* T  E T  > s @ . (9)

Here T — temperature in Celsius degress.

There is dependence between momentary, long coefficient of elasticity. The full deformation can be given as the
sun of elastic and high elastic deformation:

H ı / E  ı / Ef . (10)

From the other side, the full deformation is the ratio of normal stress to long coefficient of elasticity:

H ı/H . (11)

When we equate these expressions, we prove that long coefficient of elasticity is the following function of
temperature:
 S.V. Litvinov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1686 – 1693 1689

H T  E  T  ˜ Ef T  ª¬ E T   Ef T º¼ . (12)

6. Streges of solving the problem

The problem is solved separately, in several stages. Temperature pattern is determined in the first stage; physical-
mechanical parameters of material are determined in the second stage; in the third stage stress straired state, i.e.
stress and deformation in cilinder, is determined.
To determine the temperature pattern heat transfer equation of Furie was used:

w 2T 1 wT 1 wT
 , (13)
wr 2 r wr ’ wt

where ’ O  U c  — thermal diffusivity; U — density of material; c — specific heat of material.

As the problem is axisymmetrical it is better to use FDM to solve it. We should introduce the grid in the interval [
a , b ] with the constant radius and temperature spacing:

Zr ^ri a  ihr `; hr b  a  N ;i 0,1, 2 } N ; Zt ^t  i  1 h ` ;

i t
ht Tmax N ; i 0,1, 2 } N . (14)

If we approximate the equation (4), we get:

w 2V ri § 3 1 wEi · wV ri 1  2Q 1 1 wEi Ei wH Ti Ei § wH zi* wHT*i HT*i  H ri* ·

¨  ¸  V ri   2 ¨
Q   ¸ . (15)
wr 2 © ri Ei wr ¹ wr 1  Q ri Ei wr ri (1  Q ) wr ri (1  Q ) © wr wr ri ¹

The obtained difference equation (15) can be introduced in the form:

§ 1 3 1 Ei 1  Ei 1 · § 2 1  2Q 1 Ei 1  Ei 1 ·
¨ 2  ¸ V r (i 1)  ¨ 2  ¸V ri 
© hr 2hr ri 2hr Ei 2hr ¹ © hr 1  Q ri Ei 2hr ¹
§ 1 3 1 Ei 1  Ei 1 ·
¨ 2  ¸ V r (i 1) (16)
© hr 2hr ri 2hr Ei 2hr ¹
Ei T T Ei § H z*(i 1)  H z*(i 1) H T*(i 1)  HT*(i 1) HT*i  H ri* ·
 D i 1 i 1  ¨Q   ¸¸ .
ri (1  Q ) 2hr ri (1  Q 2 ) ¨© 2hr 2hr ri ¹

Solving of this equation (16) is resulted in the matrix of the following form:

ª1 0 0 0 0 0 º ­  P1 ½
«a b2 c2 0 0 0 » ° f °
« 2 » ° 2 °
«0 a3 b3 c3 0 0 » ° f3 °
« » ® ¾ (17)
« ... ... ... ... ... ... » ° ... °
« 0 0 0 a N 1 bN 1 cN 1 » ° f N 1 °
« » ° °
¬ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ¼ ¯  PN ¿

The solving of this problem is conducted step by step in time. It means that rheologic are determined from solving
for the current moment:
1690 S.V. Litvinov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1686 – 1693

H t*1 wH * wt ˜ 't  H t* . (18)

It was solved the problem of determining SSS taking into account the following initial data: R1 8 mm ,
RN 28 mm . Internal and external pressure: P1 10 MPa , PN 0 MPa . Estimated time is equal to Tmax 3,6 h .
The solutions were obtained imber two conditions: 1) T1 TN 20 0C ; 2) T1 20, T2 50 0C . Temperature
growth is occurred within 1,2 hours.
System matrix is tridiagonal. The solving was done in the computer program “MATLAB”. The graphs of stress
and creepage deformation along the radius within the time flow are given on the fig. 1–10.

Fig. 1. Stress V r and V T under constant temperature: a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law

Fig. 2. Deformation İ*r under constant temperature: a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law

Fig. 3. Deformation HT* under constant temperature: a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law
 S.V. Litvinov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1686 – 1693 1691

Fig. 4. Deformation H z* under constant temperature: a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law

Fig. 5. Stress V r : a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law (under the change in temperature)

Fig. 6. Stress V T : a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law (under the change in temperature)

Fig. 7. Stress V z : a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law (under the change in temperature)
1692 S.V. Litvinov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1686 – 1693

Fig. 8. Deformation H r* : a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law (under the change in temperature)

Fig. 9. Deformation HT* : a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law (under the change in temperature)

Fig. 10. Deformation H z* : a — Maxwell-Gurevich law, b — Maxwell-Tomson law (under the change in temperature)

7. Analysis of the obtained data

The problem of stress distribution in homogeneous cylinder in well-know. Stredd does not depend on physical-
mechanical parameters of material, accordingly, doesn’t depend on the chosen theory of “stress-deformation” union.
Thus, stress, unoler the same temperature on the internal and external faces of cylinder, doesn’t change (Fig.1). In
this case, when we use Maxwell-Gurevich law in calculation, deformation turns to be one order higher, than when
we use Maxwell-Tomson law.
 S.V. Litvinov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1686 – 1693 1693

Solving the problem under the temperature field effect, the deformation pattern changes a little. But stress differs
greatly. We can explain it by the part, that Maxwell-Gurevich law takes into account riscositi as the function of
temperature, whereas Maxwell-Tomson law doesn’t cansider the change of relaxation viscosity.

8. Conclusion

Under the constante temperature solving of the problem is close to the solving of elastic problem. In other words,
if there is constant temperature in the statement of the problem, i.e. , the strength analisis is groatly simplified.
Maxwell-Tomson equation as the equation of
We can come to the conclusion, that to calculate stress state of the strucfure the use of “stress-deformation” anion
is quite enough. But if it is necessary to calculate the deformation of the structure, we should use Maxwell-Gurevich
equation.

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