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• Def-Internet of Things(IoT): Involves extension of • Baseband signals are usually not suitable for direct
internet connectivity to resource constrained devices transmission over a communication channel; modu-
and everyday objects to allow remote monitoring and lation is the process of converting signal from message
control of these devices and can communicate with source into a form suitable for transmission.
minimal or no human intervention.
• Demodulation is recovering the message signal from
• Applications of WSN and IoT: Precision agri-
the received signal and is performed at the receiver.
culture, smart healthcare, smart home, infrastructure
/machine monitoring and preventive maintenance,
• Carrier is the sinusoid of high frequency. During
environment monitoring,smart cities, intelligent traf-
modulation, one of the carrier parameter is varied as
fic and transportation systems, industrial automation
a function of the message signal.
2 Introduction
• The following are the reasons for modulation and the
• Def-Transducer: Device used to convert the non- demodulation:
electrical signal to an electrical signal or vice versa.
– Ease of Transmission, high frequencies reduce
• A basic electric communication block diagram: the size of antenna required
– Multiplexing: Simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals by mounting different signals to
different carries of different frequencies.
• Even though now we use digital communication ev-
erywhere, we are studying analog communication as
2.2 Noise and Distortion
concepts of analog are used in digital communication.
• In principle, infinite bits per symbol can be transmit-
ter in a hypothetical channel with no noise or inter-
ference.
1
– Energy and Power signals = |x(t)|2 dt
T0 −T0 /2
∗ Energy and power of a signal are defined as: Z T0 /2
1
Z Tm /2 = x(t)x∗ (t)dt
T0 0
Ex = lim |x(t)|2 dt ∞
Tm →∞ −Tm /2 X
= |cn |2
Z Tm /2 n=−∞
1
Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt
Tm →∞ Tm −Tm /2
• Dirichlet Conditions: Sufficient but not necessary for
∗ if Ex is finite, the signal is Energy signal else the Fourier series representation to exist.
it is a Power signal.
– Periodic signal x(t) has a finite no. of maxima,
∗ In reality, all signals are energy signals
minima and discontinuities per period.
∗ Not all energy signals have a finite dura-
tion. Example, a decaying exponential or – x(t) is absolutely integrable, i.e. x(t) has finite
sinc function. area per period.
– Fourier series exists and converges uniformly
sin(2πW t) wherever x(t) is continuous.
2W = 2W sinc(2W T ), Ex → 2W
2πW t
– If x(t) is square integrable, then the series con-
∗ if Ex < ∞, then Px =0, and if Px > 0, then verges in the mean.
Ex = ∞
Example, x(t) = A cos(2πfc t) Energy is infi- • Gibbs phenomenon: The Gibbs phenomenon involves
nite but power can be calculated. Px = A2 /2 the fact that Fourier sums overshoot and undershoot
at a jump discontinuity, and that this overshoot does
∗ In electrical systems, resistance R is assumed
not die out as more terms are added to the sum but
to be one ohm to calculate power and energy.
rather converge to about 9% of the value of the jump.
– Periodic and Aperiodic signals
∗ For periodic signals, x(t)=x(t+T0 ) for some
T0 6= 0
∗ All periodic signals are power signals.
∗ In practical case, signals are not periodic.
– Complex and Real signals
∗ Complex signals arise often in analysis and
design convenience, like Fourier transform
– Continuous and discrete time signals
∗ If the domain of the function defining the
signal contains intervals of the real line, con-
tinuous
∗ If the domain of the signal is a countable
subset of the real line, discrete.
where,
Z
1
cn = x(t)e−j2πnf0 t dt, cn ∈ C
T0 T0