Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BAR
C O M M E N TA RY
Journal V OLU M E 2 5 ■ NU M B E R 4 ■ F ALL 2 0 1 0
FEATURES
172 President’s Page: Gigi Sanchez 181 Maine’s New Limited Liability
Company Act
— by Kevan Lee Deckelmann
D E PA R T M E N T S Christopher McLoon
Aaron M. Pratt
176 Pro Bono Maine
Closing the Justice Gap:
188 The Virtues of Judge
Cy Pres Awards Hornby’s Courtroom No. 2
— by A.J. Hungerford
203 Silent Partners
lawyers helping lawyers 197 An Interview with the
Honorable D. Brock Hornby
216 Book Review — by Hon. Christina Reiss
Ordinary Injustice
204 “Spyer” Beware: The Pitfalls
223 Classified Advertising of Using Social Networking
Sites to Research Employees
229 Sustaining and Supporting the MSBA — by Katy Rand
MEMBERS WHO GIVE MORE 206 Maine’s Uniform Power of
Attorney Act
230 Calendar — by J. Colby Wallace
KEEPING UP WITH events
208 Introduction to Discovery
230 Advertisers Index and Criminal Law: Getting
Shopping made easy What You Need to Defend
Your Client in Maine State
Court
— by Robert Ruffner
On the cover: Edward T. Gignoux United States Courthouse,
Courtroom No. 2, located in Portland, Maine. Photo by Hannah 213 Supreme Quotes
E. Hungerford. — by Evan J. Roth
Issue editors:
A. J. Hungerford, John Mermin, 220 Beyond the Law:
Dan Murphy, Katy Rand
Jon Doyle, Truck Enthusiast
—Interview by Daniel J. Murphy
Citation note: According to Uniform Maine Citations (2010 ed.),
“[a]rticles in the Maine Bar Journal should be cited as follows: Paul
McDonald & Daniel J. Murphy, Recovery of Lost Profits Damages: All is 225 We Should All Be Judges
not Lost, 24 Me. Bar J. 152 (2009).”
— by Hon. Kermit Lipez
President’s Page
by Gigi Sanchez
Employee Rights Law
Unlawful Termination ● Discrimination ● Workers’ Compensation ●
Unpaid Wages/Overtime ● Whistleblower Claims ● Harassment ●
Medical Leave Disputes ● Disability Accommodations ● Benefit
Denials ● Severance Package Reviews
1-800-804-2004
92 Exchange St., Portland
23 Water St., Bangor
Statewide Practice
FREE CONSULTATION
www.Maine-Employment-Lawyers.com
Client-
Centered
Employment
Law Solutions
and retaliation
• Mediation of employment and other disputes
415 Congress Street, Suite 202 • Portland Maine 04101 •
207.699.1367 • mariafox@mfoxlawoffice.com
www.mfoxlawoffice.com
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FA L L 2 0 1 0 | maine bar journal 175
Pro Bono M aine
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of Maine’s legal aid nonprofits, like
Pine Tree, are able to meet the needs
of only about 25 percent of low-income
Mainers.
“Our commitment to formulating a
sound and responsible cy pres program
is part of a longstanding state bar tradi-
tion of seeking to ensure equal access to
the justice system for all, regardless of
income,” said Gigi Sanchez, President
of the Maine State Bar Association.
She added that, “Advocating on behalf
of greater state and federal government
funding of civil legal aid continues to
be one of our highest legislative priori-
ties to ensure no one is left behind,
unable to have their day in court.”
Speaking on behalf of the Maine
Trial Lawyers Association as its Pres-
ident, Kennebunk attorney Peter
Clifford noted, “The Maine trial bar is
uniquely situated to identify opportu-
nities in litigation cases where the Bar
Foundation would be an appropriate
recipient of funds that cannot other-
wise be distributed to their intended
recipients, especially in class action liti-
gation. While we are not required to
ask the Court to name the Maine Bar
Foundation by rule or statute, it will
make sense in many cases to ask the
Court to pay those funds over to the
Maine Bar Foundation to support legal
services to Maine’s poor.”
For more information about cy pres
awards and/or the Maine Bar Founda-
tion, contact Executive Director Calien
Lewis at MBF’s offices in Hallowell,
(207) 622-3477.
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FA L L 2 0 1 0 | maine bar journal 179
COPYRIGHT
&
TRADEMARK
Robert E. Mittel
MITTELASEN, LLC
MSBA Family Law
85 Exchange Street INSTITUTE
Portland, ME 04101
(207) 775-3101 May 6 and 7, 2011
Augusta Civic Center
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Maine’s New Limited Liability
Company Act
Article 1 in a Series of 3
by Kevan Lee Deckelmann
Christopher McLoon
Aaron M. Pratt
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New Act, in addition to providing that Act, with very few limited exceptions and therefore inhibit the ability of one
it is an entity formed in accordance (all of which are clearly set forth in a party to unfairly disadvantage another.
with the New Act, emphasizes that an single section, §1522), the LLC Agree- In this way, the LLC Agreement looks,
LLC must have at least one member ment can modify the provisions of the acts and is like any other contract.
and an LLC Agreement. This defini- New Act governing the relations among The preceding paragraphs make it
tion tracks the formation requirements members and between the members and clear that the overarching theme of
in the New Act.4 The new defini- the limited liability company, making it the New Act is the power accorded the
tion encompasses those entities formed the primary document addressing the LLC Agreement. The default rules of
under the New Act or the Current Act. affairs of the LLC. It is distinct from the New Act apply only if and when
The term “limited liability company the Current Act not only because it the LLC Agreement cannot or does not
agreement”, of course, did not exist spotlights the LLC Agreement at center otherwise address an issue with regard
in the Current Act; its role is served stage, but also because it is precise to the affairs of the members and the
by the “operating agreement,” which about when and where the LLC Agree- members and the LLC. Section 1521
is succinctly defined in the Current ment does not and cannot trump the sets forth the scope of the LLC Agree-
Act as “an agreement among all of the New Act. Rather than preface certain ment and qualifies the power of the
members of a limited liability company sections with “[e]xcept as provided in members to form a binding agreement
governing the conduct of its business the operating agreement,” we elected by providing that the members may
and affairs.”5 Its updated counterpart is to forego the ambiguity and confu- not eliminate the implied contractual
more expansive, incorporating within sion the presence (or absence) that covenant of good faith and fair dealing;
its scope any agreement, regardless of preamble sometimes generates and state otherwise, the members are free to
how it is referenced or whether it is oral the following only once: expand upon, limit or even eliminate
or written, provided such agreement Agreement Governs. Except as other- the duties and liabilities flowing there-
is by and among the members of an wise provided in subsection 3 and from in the LLC Agreement.10
LLC and governs its affairs and activi- section 1522, the limited liability As noted above, § 1522 sets forth
ties.6 It also removes any doubt that an company agreement governs relations those discrete areas where the New
LLC Agreement is valid, appropriate among the members as members and Act expressly trumps the LLC Agree-
and enforceable even if there is only between the members and the limited ment with regard to members relations
one member of the LLC, and concludes liability company.9 with one another and with the limited
that the term as used throughout the liability company. Namely, the LLC
New Act includes any amendments to Because the LLC Agreement plays Agreement may not vary the LLC’s
the LLC Agreement.7 such a paramount role, subchapter 2 of distinction from its members as a sepa-
the New Act (§§ 1521-1524) is of central rate legal entity,11 and as such may
The Importance of the importance. It establishes the LLC
Agreement as the determinative docu-
not vary the ability for the LLC to
sue and be sued.12 It may not over-
LLC Agreement ment with respect to the rights and ride the applicability of Maine law,13
obligations of the members and trans- seek to restrict the rights of any person
The New Act elevates the status of ferees of membership interest(s) in the other than a member or transferee14
the LLC Agreement, giving it a central LLC. Subchapter 2 of the New Act or alter the power of the Kennebec
role in the existence and operation of also permits members to shape duties, County Superior Court to compel the
each LLC. Under the New Act, an define liability for breach of fiduciary execution and/or delivery of limited
LLC cannot be formed without an LLC duty and establish whether and what liability company records to the Office
Agreement.8 This is a major departure extent members and officers can and of the Secretary of State.15 Just as
from the Current Act. Under the New will be indemnified against liability for the LLC Agreement cannot eliminate
Act, the LLC Agreement can be oral, actions and omissions arising from their the implied contractual covenant of
but the mere requirement that one company relationships. good faith and fair dealing, it cannot
exist at the time of formation provides The firm emphasis on the LLC vary the liability of a member acting
a legal backstop for practitioners to Agreement is indicative of the view in bad faith to the LLC and/or the
strongly encourage clients to memori- that the LLC, like other unincorpo- other members of the LLC for money
alize their agreements in writing at the rated organizations, is a contractual damages.16 Finally, the LLC Agreement
outset, and to have the sometimes diffi- entity. The New Act allows and facili- is prohibited from waiving the neces-
cult and complex conversations about tates parties and their counsel to mold sity that a membership contribution
the current and future relationships provisions to the contours of a partic- (or obligation to make a membership
members have with one another and ular deal or venture and the interests contribution) be in writing17 or that the
the LLC prior to drafting and finalizing of its participants, their relationships LLC wind up its business in accordance
each LLC Agreement. Under the New to one another and to the LLC. Ordi- with § 1597 of the New Act after filing
nary contract principles and equitable
doctrines apply to the LLC Agreement,
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Act permit shelf LLCs.35 Under these all of the requirements of the statute. assets.43 The series LLC type that has
statutes, an LLC becomes a legal entity For opinion purposes, the valid forma- generated the most interest is a series
upon the filing of certificate of forma- tion opinion should then relate to the LLC with one or more designated asset
tion or articles of organization with date that there has been substantial series. In such an LLC, one or more
a state and it exists without having compliance with the New Act. members may be associated with one
members or a limited liability company More fundamentally, the Drafting or more asset series, but not any other.
agreement. As a result, these states and Committee was concerned that shelf For example, assume A, B, and C are
the Uniform Act provide that LLCs are LLCs could undermine fundamental members of ABC LLC, a series LLC.
formed by statute rather than through aspects of the LLC as an unincor- A and B, and not C, may be associated
an agreement of the members making porated entity, namely, the ability to with the assets of Series 1, but C and B,
LLCs more like corporations than other choose who the members will be and not A, may be associated with Series 2.
unincorporated entities.36 the freedom of the members to negotiate If the LLC follows statutory require-
The primary reason for allowing their own agreement without interven- ments, the series LLC statutes provide
shelf LLCs appears to stem from tion of third parties and mandatory that the assets and liabilities of one
concerns about issuing third party legal rules. If LLCs were permitted to be series are segregated from the assets and
opinions.37 Supporters of the shelf LLC formed by an incorporator without the liabilities of the other series.
concept argue that due to inefficiencies need of members or an LLC Agree- The unique structure of the series
at local filing offices, it is advisable in ment, the LLC would be structurally LLC is particularly best suited for
some circumstances to file organizing indistinguishable from a corporation. mutual funds and investment funds.
documents before the composition of The committee was concerned that The series LLC format allows for the
ownership and the LLC Agreement without a clear differentiation between parent LLC44 to file a single registration
have been agreed upon.38 In such a corporations and LLCs, a court would under the Investment Company Act of
case, if shelf LLCs are not permitted question the public policy rationale for 1940, and then establish separate funds
by statute, the organization of the LLC allowing members of an LLC greater using the various underlying series. So,
may be defective. flexibility in creating and organizing instead of making multiple SEC filings,
The Drafting Committee did not their relationships than shareholders of the mutual fund makes one filing,
believe that the problem of an ineffi- a corporation.41 saving the mutual fund a lot of money.
cient filing office was issue in Maine. In addition, the committee in There are other uses of the series
On the contrary, the office of the Maine drafting the New Act embraced the LLC, but none is as fitting as the fund
Secretary of State allows for an LLC to principal that LLCs, unlike corpora- use. Moreover, each other use of the
be formed and effective on the same day tions, are products of the agreement series LLC has significant risks.45 There
the filing is made. among the members and not of statute. are risks that a court in a jurisdic-
The Drafting Committee did As a result, the New Act enforces the tion that does not have a series LLC
acknowledge that opinion issues could concept that LLCs are formed by and statute, or otherwise respect the series
arise if the filing was made prior to the operated in accordance with the agree- LLC form, will allow creditors of one
LLC having members or an LLC Agree- ment between the members.42 The series access to the assets of another
ment, but did not believe that allowing limited liability company agreement is series, ignoring the series LLC “liability
shelf LLCs was the most efficient way the central document for an LLC. As shield” between series. There are risks
to solve the problem raised. Instead, a result, it is antithetical to allow an that bankruptcy laws will be applied
the Drafting Committee addressed the LLC to be formed without at least one not to the series per se, but rather to the
concern about issuing third party legal member and without a limited liability LLC in general, because the series is not
opinions in the formation provisions company agreement. a “person” under the Bankruptcy Act.
of the statute.39 The statute provides Overall, the committee determined There also are additional burdens
that an LLC is only formed when there that the reasons for adopting shelf to forming and maintaining a series
has been substantial compliance with LLCs could be addressed by other LLC. Internal records need to be
the requirements in the statute.40 As means and that shelf LLCs could cause maintained for each series. The LLC
a result, the LLC is not formed upon more problems than they would solve. Agreement should define and prescribe
filing the certificate of formation, but duties, liability, and indemnification
on the latest to occur of the filing of
the certificate, the existence of an LLC
No Maine Series LLCs for the managers of each series sepa-
rately. Each series should have its own
Agreement and having one or more Another question that faced the allocation, distribution and liquidation
members. A practitioner may file the Drafting Committee was whether to provisions as well.
certificate of formation prior to the allow series LLCs to be formed in Last, but not least, there are signifi-
LLC having at least one member and an Maine. The series LLC is a type cant tax issues. While the Treasury
LLC Agreement, but the LLC is only of LLC whose formation documents Department has issued proposed regula-
formed when there is compliance with establish one or more designated series tions46 that, if finalized, would establish
of members, managers, interests, or
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25 Id. at § 1531(1)(A). 43 See Del. Code Ann. Tit. 6 § 18-215(a). associated with a series LLC, see McLoon
26 Id. at § 1531(1)(A)(1). As required under the 44 For convenience, we describe the series and Callaghan, “The Dangerous Charm of
rules promulgated pursuant to the Current LLC in this article as having a “parent,” and the Series LLC” __ Me. Bar Journal 226
Act, the name must be sufficiently unique to series that underlie the parent. However, it’s (Fall 2009).
be approved by the office of the Secretary of not clear that the “parent” is an entity with 46 Prop. Treas. Reg. § 301.7701-1, 75 F.R.
State. superior ownership of the series, as this ter- 55699 (2010).
27 Id. at § 1531(1)(A)(3). minology implies. The Delaware series LLC
28 Id. at § 1531(3). statute (6 Del. Code Ann. Tit. 6 § 18-215),
29 Id. at § 1541(4). upon which most of the other series LLC
30 Id. at § 1542. statutes are based, uses the terms the “series”
31 Id. at § 1542(3). and the “limited liability company generally.”
32 Id. at § 1542(2). 45 For a more complete discussion of the risks
33 Id. at § 1543.
34 See Del. Code Ann. Tit. 6 § 18-101 (6) and
§ 18-201.
35 See Uniform Act § 201.
36 For a discussion of the perceived shortcom-
ings of the RULLCA shelf LLC provisions,
See Larry E. Ribstein, An Analysis of the
Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company
Act, Illinois Law and Economics Research
Paper Series, Research Paper No. LE07-027,
http://papers.ssrn.com/pape.tar?abstract_id
37 Robert R. Keatinge, Shelf LLCs and Opin-
ion Letter Issues: Exegesis and Eisegesis of
LLC Statutes, 23-2 Pubogram 15 (2006).
38 Id.
39 31 MRSA § 1531.
40 31 MRSA § 1531(2).
41 Id. at 16.
42 See 31 MRSA § 1502(14); 31 MRSA § 1531(1).
is pleased to welcome
ROBERT E. CROWLEY
to the firm, following his retirement
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The Virtues of Judge Hornby’s
Courtroom No. 2 by A.J. Hungerford
Photos by Hannah E. Hungerford
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The allotted budget for the artwork
in the courthouse is mandated by law
and represented 5 percent of the total
budget for the project.
Essentially, Rockburne transposed
an allegory from the Middle Ages into
twentieth century luminescent geom-
etry. A patriarchal figure holding a
shield emblazoned with the Virgin
Mary became a red outline of a circle
filled with blue surrounded by a white
halo – to some, an all-knowing eye
balancing opposing interests; to others,
just a sphere. On the right, a floating
angel with raised open hands, who
represents hope, is depicted as a green
square and a seated woman below
personifying magnanimity is refor-
mulated into a magenta and yellow
trapezium. On the left, a floating angel
carrying the cross, who represents faith,
is transformed into a purple rectangle
and a seated woman below personifying
prudence is shown as a red and white
diamond.
Judge Hornby was pleased with
Rockburne’s substitution of humans
with forms because it is inherently
inclusive and in contrast with Court-
room No. 1’s more historical approach. Above: Judge D. Brock Hornby in his
In fact, in the new courthouse, the chambers.
only human form in the room is a bust
of Asher Ware, a U.S. District Court Right: Bust of Asher Ware, a U.S. District
Judge in Maine from 1822-1866. In the Court Judge from 1822-1866
end, Judge Hornby hoped that the new
courtroom would have a democratic Beow: Judge Hornby’s office in his
feel and it is hard not to conclude that chambers.
this aim was achieved.
While present in Courtroom No. 2,
it is easy to forget you are in a fortress-
like building with cameras monitored
by federal marshals watching your every
move. Still, Leer designed this court-
room for trials, which meant creating
sufficient space to accommodate lots
of people ranging from the lawyers to
the press. However, in recent years,
the jury trial has almost faded away.3
Few parties have the time or resources
to risk judgment by a random body
drawn from the community. In a given
year, Judge Hornby may only preside
over 6-8 jury trials for civil or criminal
matters. He spends much more time
now, sitting in front of his computer in
chambers drafting summary judgment
1 9 2 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
When you’re experiencing
serious health problems, the
last thing you need is a
runaround from your HMO or
disability insurance carrier.
josephdthornton@comcast.net
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FA L L 2 0 1 0 | maine bar journal 195
Learning from the Best, the
Brightest, and the Kindest:
An Interview with the
Honorable D. Brock Hornby
by Hon. Christina Reiss
Photos by Hannah E. Hungerford
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Most cases, criminal and civil, are learned to reserve judgment on many In your opinion, what is the biggest
resolved by agreement rather than of the important public issues of the challenge the federal judiciary faces
trial. Do you expect this trend to day, so that I do not pre-judge and can today?
continue? If so, do you think it is a consider freshly the arguments presented The lack of public understanding of
beneficial trend? to me if the matter comes to me for the role of the Third Branch, and the lack
I think it will continue. I understand decision as a federal judge. Second, of public knowledge of what we do. Most
(and I share) the trial lawyers’ and trial I have become much more aware of people’s beliefs about judges come from
judges’ regret at the decline in trials— my and my family’s good fortune as I Hollywood and talking-head television
they are my favorite part of the job—but see the extraordinary tribulations that shows. Many have no idea of the differ-
on the whole I think it is a salutary some people confront—to mention just ence between state and federal judges.
trend, at least on the civil side. Trials three examples, victims whose lives have Many courtrooms across the country
are satisfying for judges and lawyers, but been up-ended by a defendant’s crim- (mine included) seldom see a journalist
clients generally abhor the uncertainty inal behavior, in ways that can never be any more, seldom see court watchers any
and the all-or-nothing outcome. restored; motivated, hard-working and more, and seldom see lawyers who are
There are some civil disputes that otherwise honest aliens who have come not actually involved in the case being
have public implications and should go here illegally, hoping to get a green card tried or argued. We are becoming invis-
publicly to a judge or jury (e.g., civil and to support their families, but must ible except for the highest profile trials.
rights; accusations of police brutality; be imprisoned and deported back to the (A notable exception is Bangor where the
some product safety issues), but many poverty of their home countries; defen- Bangor Daily News still devotes a reporter
are simply private disputes and can be dants whose presentence reports recount to federal court coverage.) This problem,
better and less expensively resolved by for me how the deck was stacked against largely attributable to the economics
compromise or mediation. them from childhood, in how they were of newsgathering and of law practice,
For criminal trials, it is a more diffi- treated as children and the destructive as well as courthouse security which
cult question. If I thought that there influences to which they were exposed. deters some visitors, is exacerbated in
were guilty pleas where a defendant the era of the “new media,” where many,
might have won acquittal, then I Is judicial isolation real? If so, how do especially young people, rely on other
would be concerned. But despite recent you address it? devices for their information gathering,
national news media accounts about It is very real. My own method has whether social networking sites, Twitter,
serious federal prosecutorial misconduct, been to develop close professional and or otherwise. The federal judiciary must
I have not personally seen incidents social relationships with other federal find a way to reach out. A primary
that give me concern. I don’t know judges around the country, with former reason for what we do is deterrence and
that the decrease of criminal trials is law clerks of the judge I clerked for, if people don’t know what we do, how
an improvement, although it is true Judge John Minor Wisdom, (these clerks can there be deterrence? And as Justice
that the government could not afford live elsewhere and do not practice before Brandeis famously observed, sunshine
to prosecute as many cases if more me), with classmates from college and is the best disinfectant. Federal judges,
defendants insisted on trial, so it may law school who likewise are elsewhere, like all public officials, need scrutiny of
be necessary. Certainly, the Sentencing and most importantly, with family. what they do. And finally the Republic
Guidelines and the benefits that come depends upon public understanding of
to a defendant from cooperating with In your opinion, what is the biggest all three branches.
the government have led to a higher challenge the legal profession faces
proportion of guilty pleas. It is therefore today? Do you think taking “senior status”
important to take seriously the Federal I don’t know the biggest. But there will affect your day-to-day activities as
Criminal Procedural Rule 11 colloquy, to are many. Just a few are: the challenges a United States District Court judge?
ensure that each guilty plea is voluntary of e-discovery; how to deal with the If so, how? What new activities and
and informed, and has a factual basis. mountains of digital data that are out challenges do you plan to take on?
Finally, although trials have declined, we there, in terms of preservation, review I didn’t take senior status to cut back
federal judges spend far more time now and disclosure; providing legal services on my professional activities. I took it in
on the sentencing process itself. to the poor and the middle class, espe- order to create a vacancy so that the Presi-
cially in an environment where law has dent could find a worthy younger person
Do you think your career has changed become in some ways just another busi- to have this opportunity and experience.
you as a person? If so, how? ness focused on the bottom line and I am in good health, I love what I do,
Yes, in two ways. As my family knows without the “guild” protections of an and for the foreseeable future, I plan to
(sometimes it frustrates them), I have earlier era that allowed lawyers to see
themselves more as professionals with
attendant responsibilities; and dealing
with the ever-increasing complexity of
law and regulation.
2 0 0 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
were interested in me when they heard business at about the same time as the that year, Bonnie taught me how
I went to Harvard, until they learned hijackers. Eventually I reached her by to eat an artichoke and appreciate
that it was Harvard Graduate school, cell phone and learned that she had opera, among other things).
whereas they remained interested in left on an earlier flight and was safe.
others who went to Harvard Law The federal judges who served on the b. Learning firsthand the social and
School. That was the romantic compo- Judicial Conference were stranded in personal security costs to even an
nent. All told, I decided I needed to give DC because all flights were grounded. establishment judge who enforced
law a chance! I took the LSAT, applied The judiciary eventually was able to the rule of law in the deep South
to Harvard, and was admitted. It was a arrange vans, some going south, some as it pertained to desegregation.
great decision. west. Our Circuit Executive was able
to confirm that Amtrak was resuming c. Seeing the Judge’s commitment
What has been the most memorable service. So I got on a train a day or two to law, to justice, to the English
event of your legal career? later, reached my wife by cell phone, language and to clear expression.
Perhaps September 11, 2001. At the she joined me in Philadelphia (she had
time I was on the Judicial Conference been in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania), and d. Travelling in the region and seeing
of the United States, and that morning we took the train. Pulling into Newark firsthand the nature of life in Loui-
I and twenty-five other federal judges we could see the plume of smoke still siana and Mississippi in 1969 and
were with Chief Justice Rehnquist rising from the World Trade Center. 1970, fifteen years after Brown v.
in the Supreme Court of the United When we reached Boston, we got a bus Board of Education.
States at our semi-annual meeting. the rest of the way home. I declined
I was sitting only one seat removed to talk to the people at the car rental What have been the unexpected plea-
from Chief Justice Rehnquist. We had agency where my wife had parked her sures of the position?
expected Senator Schumer to speak to car because by then I had heard that a. Law clerks. The opportunity to
the Conference but were told at the the hijackers also went through that work with dedicated young people
last moment that he would not appear agency, and I had no idea whether who are committed to the law, to
because a small plane had flown into there would ever be any proceedings mentor them, maybe excite them
the World Trade Center. At the time in federal court in Portland. (There about a legal career, and then to
we thought it was probably an accident. weren’t.) I had to empanel a jury for a maintain lifelong relationships
Then another visitor arrived (I forget lengthy criminal trial a few days later. with them has been an unsung
whether a Senator or Congressman) When I asked if any juror could not perquisite of being a judge.
from another state, announced that serve the required three weeks, not a
a second plane had done the same, single juror raised a hand, an unheard- b. The lay participants. Hearing from
and that it appeared to be an act of of experience in empanelling a jury. The defendants whom I have sentenced
terrorism. I watched the U.S. Marshal’s jury engaged in lengthy deliberations or private litigants in my court
deputies deliver a series of notes to the following the trial, despite the concern (not a lot of either, but enough to
Chief Justice while the proceedings of many citizens about the security notice), telling me what mattered
continued, and finally the Chief Justice of federal buildings. The commitment at their hearing or sentencing,
announced that we must evacuate the of American citizens immediately learning of their progress, and real-
building. When I exited the building after that event was demonstrable and izing the importance to them of
with other federal judges, we could memorable. Like others, I wish that we the judge’s fairness and careful
see smoke rising in the distance. We could recapture some of that sense of listening.
thought it was from downtown D.C. (it unity as Americans, rather than fixate
was actually the Pentagon). The streets on our fractious partisan divisions. c. Jurors. Talking with jurors after
were thronged with people running a trial, finding them sometimes
and television cameras were everywhere You clerked for the famed Judge in tears because of the impact of
taking pictures. No traffic could move. Wisdom, how would you describe their decision, seeing how seri-
Four of us walked down to Union that experience? ously they took their responsibility,
Station, and then took a very round- It was life-altering. The Judge learning from them how their
about way back to our hotel, thinking and his wife Bonnie became lifelong faith in American justice had been
to avoid what we (wrongly) thought mentors and examples. There is not restored because the process was so
was happening downtown. As we heard time to list all the ways. Here are just different from its portrayal in the
garbled news about what had happened, a few. entertainment and news media.
including references to terrorists being a. Seeing their care for the young
on a flight out of Portland, Maine, I people who served as law clerks, d. National administration respon-
became increasingly concerned because both while we were there and there- sibilities. I did not realize that
I knew that my wife Helaine had been after, and how they mentored us administration would be part of
scheduled to fly out of Portland on professionally and socially (during
In Conclusion
Judge Hornby will inevitably work
as hard as a senior status judge as
2 0 2 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
The MSBA’s Silent Partners program
offers low-key assistance to lawyers in
dealing with problems in substantive and
administrative areas of the law where
there may be a lack of familiarity or
comfort, where some help and guidance
would benefit both the practitioner and
the client.
The coordinator has a list of attorneys
associated with organizations, sections,
and committees who are willing to
provide help. The program provides
confidentiality recognized by the
Supreme Judicial Court in Maine bar
Rule 7.3(o). We can provide guidance
and assistance in most areas of law.
Admiralty Law
Appellate Practice
Bankruptcy
Business Associations (Corporation/
Partnership)
Civil Rights/Discrimination
Collections
Commercial and Consumer Law
Criminal Law
District Court Practice
Economics and the Practice of Law
Education law
Elder Law
Employment Law
Engineering
Ethics
Family Law
General Practice
Gender Bias
Immigration law
Intellectual Property
Labor and Employment Law
Litigation
Mediation
Medical Malpractice
Municipal Law
Natural Resources/Environmental Law
Probate Law
Real Estate
Tax Law
Trademark
Social Security Disability
Workers Compensation
2 0 4 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
managers learned about the private ness of the plaintiffs’ expectations of page. Pietrylo teaches that, given the
page, he asked a restaurant greeter to privacy was held to be a question of fact perceived imbalance of power between
turn over her password. She did, and for the jury. Although the jury ulti- manager and employee, it is risky for
the manager logged on. Needless to mately found in the restaurant’s favor an employer to even ask an employee to
say, neither he nor the other members on this claim, another jury may well voluntarily allow access to what would
of management with whom he shared have concluded otherwise. otherwise be private in cyberspace.
the page were pleased with what they Although not at issue in Pietrylo, In the end, fair and defensible employ-
found.2 employers monitoring employees’ ment decisions are made based on cri-
Shortly thereafter, Pietrylo and social networking posts should also be teria that are consistently applied and
another employee who had posted mindful of Section 7 of the National job-related. Whatever the source of
on the site were fired for exhibiting Labor Relations Act,9 which gives the information employers use to make
behavior inconsistent with the restau- non-supervisory employees the right these decisions—as long as they do not
rant’s core values: professionalism, to engage in “concerted activities for engage in slippery or underhanded tac-
positive mental attitude, aim to please the purpose of engaging in collec- tics to get it—following this basic rule
approach, and team work.3 These now tive bargaining or other mutual aid or will do much to protect their decisions
former employees brought claims under protection,” and prohibits employers from second-guessing by applicants,
the federal Stored Communications Act from interfering in employees’ Section employees, and/or the juries.
(SCA)4 and for invasion of privacy, 7 rights. The National Labor Relations
among others. Board is apparently tuned in to this
It is illegal under the SCA to access application of Section 7, as it recently
“without authorization” a facility accused a company of illegally firing
through which an electronic commu- an employee for engaging in harsh
nication service is provided. There and profane criticism of her supervisor
is no statutory violation if access was on her Facebook page after her super-
authorized “by a user of that service visor made a work-related decision she
with respect to a communication of or disagreed with.10 The employee’s words
intended for that user. . . .”5 However, allegedly provoked supportive posts
the restaurant was unsuccessful in from her co-workers, transforming Katy Rand is a graduate of the University
securing summary judgment because, an arguably individual gripe into, the of Maine School of law and an associate in
although an employee gave manage- NLRB will argue, protected concerted Pierce Atwood’s Labor & Employment Group,
where she routinely represents employers
ment her password, the employee activity.
dealing with discrimination, harassment,
testified she was fearful she would Notwithstanding the risks associ- retaliation, and wage / hour issues. Katy can
“have gotten in trouble” if she didn’t do ated with researching job applicants be reached at 791-1267 or krand@pierceat-
what her boss asked, creating an issue or employees on the Internet, there are wood.com.
of fact about whether her consent was things an employer can do to minimize
coerced.6 The jury resolved that issue these risks. First, a consistent and well-
in favor of the plaintiffs, returned a documented hiring process goes a long 1 2008 WL 6085437 (D.N.J. July 25, 2008).
verdict in their favor on the SCA claim, way toward defending hiring decisions 2 2008 WL 6085437 at **1-2.
3 Id.
and also found that the restaurant as based upon business-related criteria. 4 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701-11.
acted maliciously, leading to a punitive In addition, if an employer wants to use 5 18 U.S.C. § 2701(c)(2).
damage award four times the amount social networking sites to learn more 6 2008 WL 6085437 at *4 (D.N.J. July 25,
of compensatory damages awarded by about applicants or employees, it should 2008).
the jury.7 consider having a non-decisionmaker 7 2009 WL 3128420 at *1 (D.N.J. Sept. 25,
2009).
New Jersey, like Maine, recognizes conduct the search and report to the 8 Both New Jersey and Maine cite the Restate-
the common law tort of intrusion upon decisionmaker only that information ment (Second) of Torts § 652B for support,
seclusion, which requires the plaintiff which does not bear on the applicant’s e.g., Bisbee v. John C. Conover Agency Inc., 186
to prove that his solitude or seclusion membership in a protected class and/or N.J. Super. 335, 339, 452 A.2d 689 (App. Div.
or private affairs were infringed in protected activity. Moreover, employers 1982); Knight v. Penobscot Bay Med. Ctr., 420
A.2d 915 (1980).
such a manner as would highly offend who use the Internet to research candi- 9 29 U.S.C. §§ 157, 158.
a reasonable person.8 As with the dates or employees need to be aware 10 Steven Greenhouse, Company Accused of
SCA claim, the restaurant’s motion for that information found on-line may not Firing Over Facebook Post, The N. Y. Times,
summary judgment on this claim was be accurate. Finally, employers should Nov. 8, 2010, available at http://www.nytimes.
denied because the legitimacy of the stick to simple Internet searches, which com/2010/11/09/business/09facebook.html?_
r=1&emc=eta1.
co-worker’s consent was at issue, and reveal public information, and avoid
because the question of the reasonable- using pretext (e.g., posing as someone
they are not) to gain access to an appli-
cant’s or employee’s social networking
2 0 6 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
an unrelated agent may not effectuate if the language allowing self-dealing
a transaction listed in Section 5-931(a) from Section 5-931(b) of the Act is not 1 See 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-901.
that benefits the agent unless the power included in the document. Unless the 2 See 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-964.
3 See 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-963.
of attorney specifically states that the principal states otherwise in the power 4 See 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-906(b).
agent may do so.15 A related agent, of attorney, a child agent will be able to 5 Linda S. Whitton, Presentation, The New
however, may effectuate a transaction execute any transaction listed in Section Uniform Power of Attorney Act: Balancing
listed in Section 5-931(a) that benefits 5-931(a) of the Act for the benefit of the Protection of the Principal, Agent, and Third
the agent even if the power of attorney agent.20 Under these circumstances, Persons, U. Miami School of Law 41st Heck-
erling Institute on Estate Planning at ¶ 900
is silent on the matter.16 the practitioner must determine with (2007).
To understand how these require- the principal whether to remove the 6 The Act uses the term “agent” as opposed
ments operate on the ground, it is related agent’s statutory ability to self- to “attorney-in-fact.” See 18-A M.R.S.A. §
helpful to view them through the prism deal. Of course, in all circumstances, 5-902(a) and Unif. cmt.
of agents who are either unrelated or if the agent breaches fiduciary duties his 7 Maine State Bar Association’s Continu-
ing Legal Education Program Maine’s New
related to the principal. Take, for actions would be subject to review and Uniform Power of Attorney Act presented on
example, the agent who is not related will create substantial liability.21 June 4, 2010, may be found at www.maine-
to the principal acting under a power These provisions requiring an express bar.org.
of attorney in which the principal grant of authority by the principal to 8 “An attorney-in-fact is not authorized to
incorporated by reference all powers enable the agent to do various acts as make gifts to the attorney-in-fact or to others
unless the durable financial power of attor-
authorized under the Act from Section well as to allow agent self-dealing, high- ney explicitly authorizes such gifts.” 18-A
5-934 through 5-947.17 In addition to light the areas where many family fights M.R.S.A. § 5-508(b) (repealed).
these powers, suppose the principal originate. That is, one child having the 9 Section 5-947(b) states:
expressly authorized all acts listed under authority to manage and transfer the An agent may make a gift of the principal's
Section 5-931(a) of the Act. Even with principal’s property to benefit himself property only as the agent determines is
consistent with the principal's objectives if
such an expansive power of attorney, an or herself to the detriment of other chil- known by the agent and, if unknown, as the
unrelated agent would not, for example, dren and then actually doing it. The agent determines is consistent with the prin-
be authorized to change the principal’s Uniform Law Commission sums it up cipal's objectives based on all relevant factors,
solely owned bank account into a joint best when commenting on Sections including: (1) The value and nature of the
account with the agent.18 That agent 5-931(a) and (b) of the Act when it states: principal's property; (2) The principal's fore-
seeable obligations and need for maintenance;
would, however, be able to change the “[i]deally, these are matters about which (3) Minimization of taxes, including income,
principal’s solely owned bank account the principal will seek advice before estate, inheritance, generation-skipping trans-
into a joint account with the agent if the granting authority to the agent.”22 It fer and gift taxes; (4) Eligibility for a benefit,
principal simply inserted the following is up to the practitioner to supply that a program or assistance under a statute, rule
language into the power of attorney: advice. or regulation; and (5) The principal's personal
history of making or joining in making gifts.
“my agent may exercise authority here- 10 Practitioners should examine and under-
under to create in my agent, or in an stand the interplay between 18-A M.R.S.A. §§
individual to whom my agent owes a 5-931(a)(2), 5-931(c), 5-931(d) and 5-947.
legal obligation of support, an interest 11 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-931(a).
in my property.”19 12 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-931 Unif. cmt.
13 See 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-508(b) (repealed).
Depending upon the circumstances 14 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-931(b).
of each situation, the practitioner 15 See “[U]nless the power of attorney other-
should contemplate whether this wise provides, an agent that is not an ancestor,
language should be inserted into the spouse, registered domestic partner or descen-
power of attorney where there is an dant of the principal may not exercise author-
ity under a power of attorney to create in the
unrelated agent. For example, should agent, or in an individual to whom the agent
the long term unregistered domestic J. Colby Wallace is a shareholder at Bern- owes a legal obligation of support, an interest
partner who is being named agent of stein Shur practicing in trust and estate plan- in the principal's property, whether by gift,
the childless principal be granted this ning, administration, litigation and taxation. right of survivorship, beneficiary designation,
In 2007, Maine’s Uniform Law Commissioners disclaimer or otherwise.” 18-A M.R.S.A. §
ability to self-deal? Probably. Should
and the Chair of the Judiciary Committee of 5-931(b).
the neighbor or friend whom the prin- the Maine State Legislature requested that 16 See Id.
cipal has named as agent have the Colby chair the ad hoc committee respon- 17 See 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-932.
ability to self-deal? Probably not. sible for editing and presenting the Uniform 18 See 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-931(b).
On the other hand, an agent who Power of Attorney Act to the Legislature for 19 Id.
happens to be the son of the principal 2 See Id.
consideration and passage. Colby welcomes
21 See 18-A M.R.S.A. §§ 5-914, 5-916 and
operating under an identical power of any questions about that Act and will email a
5-917.
attorney as presented above would be form power of attorney upon request. He may
22 18-A M.R.S.A. § 5-931 Unif. cmt.
authorized to effectuate transactions be contacted at (207) 228-7168 or cwallace@
to or for the benefit of the agent even bernsteinshur.com.
Why You Don’t Have to to admit against the defendant. The to disclose any expert reports, names
Go Hunting with D.A. government obtains such materials in
one or several of the following ways:
address and dates of birth of any
witnesses they intend to call, written or
Jim Trotter1 search or seizure, wiretap, recorded recorded statements of any witness and
conversation or the substance of any summaries of the same in any police
Y
“heard” verbal communication, state- reports.
ou’ve just been hired to repre- ments made by the defendant, visual Practice Tip: Often the State does
sent someone accused of a crime. or voice identification of the defendant. not routinely receive or request certain
You have a charging document Included in this list are all of the defen- items from the police; e.g., dispatch
that while technically laying out the dant’s statements and any additional records, 911 calls, and video and audio
elements of the crime does not actu- fact known to the State which is excul- recording from police cruisers (in some
ally help you answer the question of patory. cases police officers will record the audio
“what are they saying my client did?” The State is required to automati- even away from the cruisers, while ques-
Discovery under the Maine Rules of cally “furnish” Rule 16(a) materials to tioning witnesses or suspects). These
Criminal Procedure2 helps a defendant the defendant. It is not sufficient for the materials may contain criminal state-
and his attorney answer that question State to make these materials available. ments (or summaries of oral statements)
by providing access to the evidence Nor can the State charge for Rule 16(a) of witnesses. Never assume that just
possessed by the State. Discovery in materials.4 because the D.A. didn’t give you the 911
a criminal case can take many forms, Rule 16(b)5 allows the defendant’s call or cruiser video that the material
ranging from police reports and witness attorney to request in writing certain doesn’t exist. If you want it, make sure
statements to photographs and video- discovery materials from the State. you follow-up with the D.A. in writing;
tapes. It may include records of prior This “discovery upon request” includes the D.A. handles many cases, and the
convictions, or a certified copy of a anything which is in the State attor- materials may be buried in the files.
person’s driving record, expert reports ney’s possession or control; and (1)
or the results of scientific examinations.
Your job is to get as much material
is material to the preparation of the
defense, or (2) which the State intends
Discovery by Court
from the State and other sources to to use as evidence in any proceeding, Order
cast doubt on the charges your client or (3) belonged to the defendant. Of Rule 16(c)6 allows you to move the
is facing. course, there is an exception for the Court to order the State to provide any
District Attorney’s (D.A.) work product grand jury transcripts or the prepara-
Discovery by Rule such as written materials that reflect
his thoughts and conclusions about the
tion of a report of any expert witnesses
it may call. Rule 16(c) also may provide
Maine Rules of Criminal Procedure case. you a means to force the State to
16(a), or automatic discovery, require Rule 16(b) also requires the State disclose its theory of the case through a
the State to provide your client with Bill of Particulars.
certain materials.3 In general these In most cases the State alleges that
materials constitute evidence or testi- a crime took place on a certain date
mony which the government intends
2 0 8 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
and the reports in the discovery leave Your discovery request makes a conve- ance.14 The manner in which you
no doubt as to when and how you nient trigger in their office workflow. receive discovery varies also. Many
client is alleged to have committed the Your discovery request should be offices will hold discovery for pick up
crime. Sometimes it is not so clear. For general and specific. You should make by local attorneys and mail it to others.
example, you may have an indictment sure you cover all of the general cate- After you receive your initial
that indicates that abuse took place gories of discovery in the Rule.12 You discovery, you will likely find that you
over a period of months, or even years. may want to simply copy and paste don’t have everything you asked for.
In such cases you may consider filing a Rule 16(b) into your request. However, Perhaps you requested 911 recordings
motion for a Bill of Particulars. you also want to make sure you specifi- or photographs that are not included in
If the charging instrument so broad cally include items which are particular your discovery from the State. At this
and/or discovery so unclear that it leaves to you client’s case. While the mainte- point you will want to follow up with
your client unable to prepare for trial,7 nance logs of the Intox Machine may the D.A. If the D.A. fails to cooperate,
the Court may order the State to set out arguably be “material” to the defense follow up with a letter which will help
the evidence or theory that the State of your OUI client, you should not at the hearing on the motion to compel
will rely on at trial.8 The Court will not assume that you will receive them as that you are about to file.
order this if the discovery
and charge make the State’s
theory clear. The State will
Rule 16(d)
also not be ordered to file Sanctions
a Bill if they cannot be any If your D.A. won’t give or
more specific than in the hasn’t given you what you are
indictment.9 Even if your entitled to even after you asked,
motion for a Bill of Partic- and asked again, its time to
ulars is not granted, you file a motion. While discovery
may learn more about the motions should not be needed
State’s case during argu- to obtain Rules 16(a) and (b)
ment. Your motion may discovery, sometimes, in some
also provide your client with places, they are necessary. A
some additional arguments motion for sanctions under
if the State’s proof at trial Rule 16(d)15 allows the Court
varies from the dates in the to order the State to provide
charging instrument and the requested discovery. It
discovery.10 may be that the State provides
How do you actually get this stuff? a part of automatic discovery. Your the discovery before the hearing date
The way you obtain discovery in a written request should mention the is set. In most other cases the State
particular case may vary based on the logs, and anything else you are looking will agree to an order to produce the
practices of your D.A. or by local for specifically. discovery requested without a hearing.
Rule,11 but the options are generally the When can you get discovery? The If an agreement cannot be reached, the
same. Typically you obtain discovery Rule13 states that Rule 16(a) discovery Court will grant the motion provided
via written request, a specific follow up must be provided “within a reason- the items fall within the broad scope
request and, if necessary, a motion to able time.” For Rule 16(b) discovery, of the discovery rules and are within
compel. the State “shall allow access at any the State’s possession or control. This
Most district attorneys’ offices will reasonable time.” There are additional includes materials in the possession of
provide discovery as soon as they receive requirements in misdemeanor cases. In the police department or other investi-
your discovery request. This is true those matters Rule 16(a) discovery must gating agencies.16
even for automatic discovery. In large be provided within 10 days of arraign- Practice Tip: Even if you know
part this is because the State does not ment, while Rule 16(b) discovery shall you are dealing with a D.A. who won’t
differentiate between Rules 16(a) and be “provided” within 10 days of the give you a copy of your client’s state-
(b), and is simply providing you with request. ment just because it happens to be on
“discovery.” It is also a result of under In practice when you receive a DVD, it still helps your motion to
funding; they simply don’t have the discovery will depend on which D.A.’s compel disclosure to say, “I asked for
resources to monitor every case to see if office you are dealing with. Some will it, and then I asked for it again.” Also,
an attorney has entered his appearance. provide discovery immediately and document everything! Who, and how
even have it ready for initial appear-
ance or arraignment. Others won’t have
a copy for the defendant, or counsel,
until after the initial court appear-
2 1 0 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
out in the woods, guns, on the hunt. It’s a vision.
667, 676 (1985), the court reaffirmed bonding thing, you know; show him I’m (3) Charge of a Class D or Class E Crime in
Giglio and held there is no difference one of the boys. He’s not gonna let me look District Court. Discovery shall be provided to
between exculpatory and impeachment at his files, but maybe he’ll relax enough to a defendant charged with a Class D or Class
evidence for Brady purposes. Disclo- drop his guard so I can finesse a little infor- E crime in District Court within 10 days of
sure of Giglio impeachment material is mation out of him. arraignment.
Later in the movie . . . 4 “[T]he defendant cannot be charged a fee
governed by the same legal principles Mona Lisa Vito: Don’t you wanna know for the production of Rule 16(a) materials.”
which apply to basic Brady material. why Trotter gave you his files? York County Cmm’rs v. James Boulos, Laurence
Giglio is merely a subset of Brady mate- Vinny Gambini: I told you why already. A. Gardner, Matthew B. Nichols and David N.
rial. It’s good practice to include a Mona Lisa Vito: He has to, by law, Wood, ALFSC-CV-95-570 (Me. Super. Ct.,
reference32 to Brady in your discovery you’re entitled. It’s called disclosure, you Yor. Cty. June 26, 1996)(Crowley, J.).
[########]! He has to show you every 5 M.R. Crim. P. 16(b), regarding discovery
requests. thing, otherwise it could be a mistri- upon request, states as follows:
I always try to tell my clients that al. He has to give you a list of all his (1) Duty of the Attorney for the State. Upon the
the law is more of an art than a science; witnesses, you can talk to all his wit- defendant’s written request, the attorney for
there often isn’t a single right answer. nesses, he’s not allowed any surprises. the state, except as provided in subdivision
This article barely touches the surface [Vinny has a blank look on his face.] (3), shall allow access at any reasonable time
to those matters specified in subdivision (2)
of discovery in criminal cases. New which are within the attorney for the state’s
attorneys and innovative practitioners My Cousin Vinny (20th Century Fox 1992)
possession or control. The attorney for the
available at http//imdb.com/title/tt0104952/
bring fresh ideas and approaches to the quotes (last visited Nov. 22, 1010).
state’s obligation extends to matters within
practice every day. It is beyond the the possession or control of any member of
scope of these pages to capture them all the attorney for the state’s staff and of any
2 The Unified Criminal Dockets (UCD) in official or employee of this state or any politi-
here. Always keep in mind, there is no Cumberland County and Bangor each have cal subdivision thereof who regularly reports
single approach which will work best their own version of the Rules of Criminal or with reference to the particular case has
everywhere in Maine. In the end, the Procedure. They may vary wildly from the reported to the attorney for the state’s office.
best practice is to practice. Get to know Maine Rules of Criminal Procedure, particu- In affording this access, the attorney for the
larly in the area of discovery. For example, the state shall allow the defendant at any reason-
your local A.D.A.s and their staff. Find Cumberland County UCD Rules eliminate able time and in any reasonable manner to
out how they deal with discovery. We the distinction between Rules 16(a) and 16(b) inspect, photograph, copy, or have reasonable
may disagree with how they interpret discovery and also greatly accelerate the time tests made.
Rule 16 but they don’t make their poli- by which the State must provide discovery. (2) Scope of Discovery. The following matters
cies secret. If you know their procedure, Unless specifically mentioned, all references are discoverable:
to “the Rules” refer to the Maine Rules of (A) Any books, papers, documents, photo-
you will know whether the next step to Criminal procedure and not the local UCD graphs (including motion pictures and video
getting the information you need is via Rules. tapes), tangible objects, buildings or places,
a friendly phone call or a fiery motion. 3 M.R. Crim. P. 16(a), regarding automatic or copies or portions thereof, which are mate-
And getting the information our clients discovery, states as follows: rial to the preparation of the defense or which
need is what it is really all about. (1) Duty of the Attorney for the State. The attor- the attorney for the state intends to use as evi-
ney for the state shall furnish to the defendant dence in any proceeding or which were
within a reasonable time: obtained or belong to the defendant;
Robert Ruffner began practicing in Maine (A) A statement describing any testimony (B) Any reports or statements of experts,
in 1999 as a Domestic Violence prosecutor or other evidence intended to be used against made in connection with the particular case,
with the Cumberland County District Attor- the defendant which: including results of physical or mental exami-
ney’s Office and had been practicing criminal (i) Was obtained as a result of a search nations and of scientific tests, experiments, or
defense since 2001. Mr. Ruffner is the founder and seizure or the hearing or recording of a comparisons;
and Executive Director of the Maine Indigent wire or oral communication; (C) The names and, except as provided in
Defense Center. (ii) Resulted from any confession, admis- Title 17-A M.R.S. § 1176(4), the addresses of
sion, or statement made by the defendant; or the witnesses whom the state intends to call in
(iii) Relates to a lineup, showup, picture, any proceeding;
1 Jim Trotter, III is the district attorney char- or voice identification of the defendant. (D) Written or recorded statements of wit-
acter portrayed by the late actor Lane Smith (B) Any written or recorded statements and nesses and summaries of statements of wit-
in the comedy, My Cousin Vinny. The follow- the substance of any oral statements made by nesses contained in police reports or similar
ing dialog is taken from that movie: the defendant. matter;
(C) A statement describing any matter or (E) The dates of birth of the witnesses the
information known to the attorney for the state intends to call in any proceeding. The
Mona Lisa Vito: You’re goin[’] hunting? state which may not be known to the defen- fact that a listed witness is not called shall not
Vinny Gambini: That’s right. dant and which tends to create a reasonable be commented upon at trial.
Mona Lisa Vito: Why are you going hunt- doubt of the defendant’s guilt as to the crime (3) Exception: Work Product. Disclosure shall
ing? Shouldn’t you be out preparing for charged. not be required of legal research or of records,
court? (D) A copy of any notification provided correspondence, reports, or memoranda to
Vinny Gambini: I was thinking last night. to the Superior Court by the attorney for the the extent that they contain the mental
If only I knew what he knows, you know? state pursuant to Rule 6(h) that pertains to impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal
If he’d let me look at his files; oh boy. the case against the defendant. theories of the attorney for the state or mem-
Mona Lisa Vito: I don’t get it. What does (2) Continuing Duty to Disclose. The attorney bers of his or her legal staff.
getting to Trotter’s files have anything to for the state shall have a continuing duty to (4) Continuing Duty to Disclose. If matter
do with hunting? disclose the matters specified in this subdi-
Vinny Gambini: Well, you know, two guys,
Save
the
Date
January 20-21, 2011
2 1 2 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
Supreme Quotes
by Evan J. Roth
Recruiting Committee
Perkins Thompson, P.A.
P. O. Box 426
Portland, ME 04112-0426
2 1 4 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
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A
to inform defendants of their right to a
ttorney and journalist Amy player, be it a judge, a prosecutor, lawyer; set excessive bail; coerced guilty
Bach spent eight years inves- or a defense attorney. The point pleas; imposed sentences so excessive as
tigating injustice in our court of departure for each chapter in to be illegal; and convicted some defen-
systems. I’m not talking about the this book is the story of one indi- dants without their plea or a trial.
individual instances of injustice that vidual who has found himself Bach explains in her book that
we’ve all read about in the past – false condemned in this way. What despite these serious failures to uphold
confessions, dirty cops, or the wrongful these examples show, however, is the law, most citizens and court
conviction of the innocent. that pinning the problem on any personnel believed that Bauer’s method
Instead of merely focusing on one bad apple fails to indict the of handling cases was preferable to a
individuals, Bach investigated the tree from which it fell. While it strict upholding of the law.
systematic lapses in our court system is convenient to isolate miscon- The lawyers didn’t mind because
and shows the reader how justice can duct, targeting an individual only the judge did most of their work for
fail throughout the entire legal process. obscures what is truly going on them, and the community didn’t mind
As she notes in her introduction: from the scrutiny change requires. because when injustice in the lower
This system involves too many courts is ostensibly aimed at keeping
This book examines how state players to hold one accountable for the streets safe and the system moving,
criminal trial courts regularly the routine injustice happening in the only people who suffer are the poor
permit basic failures of legal courtrooms across America. and the neglected -- in short, the lower
process, such as the mishandling class.
of a statutory allegation. Ordinary The book is divided into four The problem was that Bauer became
injustice results when a commu- sections. The first deals with Robert E. overzealous in his attempt to rid the
nity of legal professionals becomes Surrency, a public defender in Green area of crime: he stopped assigning
so accustomed to a pattern of County, Georgia who pled most of his lawyers to defendants who were entitled
lapses that they can no longer see clients guilty – even though he had little to them, and he set ridiculously high
their role in them. There are times or no clear idea of the facts involved in bails for many minor crimes. He did
when an alarming miscarriage of their cases. In four years, Surrency this for years and no one in the court
justice does come to light and took just fourteen of his 1493 cases to system complained – until Eric Frazier
exposes the complacency within was sent to jail for stealing items worth
the system, but in such instances $27.77 on fifty thousand dollars bond.
the public often blames a single Frazier typed a letter of complaint and
2 1 6 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
sent it to the New York State Commis- criminal matter and what does not.
sion on Judicial Conduct. After the Through their subtle personal associa-
inquiry, Bauer was removed from office. tions, legal players often recast the law
Bauer had helped clean up the city to serve what they perceive to be the
all right, but his court had regularly interests of the wider community or
failed to take the elemental steps of to perpetuate a “we’ve-always-done-it-
deciding which defendants needed this-way” mind-set. Whether through
a lawyer, what had happened in the friendship, mutual interest, indiffer-
case, and whether a crime had actually ence, incompetence, or willful neglect
occurred. And almost no attorney in the players end up not checking each
Troy was willing to admit it. This was other and thus not doing the job the Alan R. Nye is an attorney in Portland and
a tight-knit community; no one wanted system needs them to do if justice is to practices in the areas of business law, real
to fess up. In the end, friendship and be achieved. estate, Internet law and family matters. He
affability trumped the protection of Ordinary Injustice is an eye-opening is a frequent writer and lecturer and his book
rights. exposé that every judge, prosecutor and reviews and articles have been published
in the Maine Bar Journal, Maine Lawyer’s
Without going into detail, the next criminal defense attorney should read.
Review, the Portland Press Herald and other
section is about a prosecutor in Missis- local and national publications. He can be
sippi who routinely declines to pursue reached at anye@alannye.com.
significant criminal matters. One of the
cases involved the statutory rape of an
eleven-year-old girl. The final section
deals with a Chicago prosecutor, his
investigators and an entire court system Introducing the Association’s newest
that operates together to achieve a
wrongful conviction. Even when it is
membership benefit…
clear that the conviction was improper,
many in the system refused to believe it
and failed to take steps to ensure that
justice was done.
Bach’s book is a wake up call to
those who are in any way a part of the
criminal justice system: judges, clerks,
prosecutors, investigators, defense
lawyers, jurors and court personnel.
Our criminal system of justice is based
on adversarialism. Many of the prob-
lems highlighted in this book are a
result of people in the system failing
to aggressively assert the constitutional
rights afforded to defendants.
Collegiality and collaboration are
considered the keys to success in most
communal ventures, but in the prac-
tice of criminal justice they are in Use the buying power of all MSBA members to obtain significant discounts on all of
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“Every mile in winter feels like two,” goes an old saying. However, for Jon Doyle of
Richmond, the opposite must be true. Doyle’s longstanding interest is the restora-
tion of antique snow plow trucks, and winter is when he gets to enjoy the fruits of
his labor. Touring the large garage and truck yard adjacent to his home, Doyle passes
a gleaming, recently restored snow plow truck and then leads the way to a hulking,
triangular wedge plow that towers several feet over his head.
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Back in the garage, a new candidate for with a wing. I’ve plowed snow myself.
restoration -- a Walter snow plow truck If you do this all night long and you get upstate New York. Walter is the name
-- is just commencing its transforma- bored, at about 3:00 in the morning, of the company and they made full-
tion. A detailed plan of the truck’s you tend to take that right wing, which time, mechanically actuated four-wheel
electrical system has been clamped to is aimed toward the mailbox, and see drive trucks. The system is similar to
the passenger door, a map of sorts how close you can get to swatting one one that Mercedes uses today, only
for the long road ahead. Doyle, who of them. You don’t always miss. theirs is electrically driven. I also
maintains a legislative and administra- have some Internationals, a bunch of
tive law practice at Doyle & Nelson in MBJ: When did you first start restoring trucks? Ford four-wheel drive conversions done
Augusta, sat down with the Maine Bar by Marmon-Herrington. Those were
Journal to discuss his interests. JD: Oh, I think I did my first resto- popular among small contractors. If
ration probably fifteen years ago and I you were a small contractor in Maine,
MBJ: Please tell our readers about your interest in have been hooked ever since. I’ve got a you bought a Ford F-7 and beat the
antique trucks. pretty good size garage and lots of nice living heck out of it trying to plow snow
tools. Basically with these old trucks in a small Maine town. If you were a
Jon Doyle: It’s a fairly unusual one. what you’re doing is problem solving by municipality, you bought an Oshkosh
It involves the restoration of old, but getting stuck stuff unstuck. You have or a Walter. The price difference was
not that old, antique snow plow trucks rust issues in Maine, so you learn that significant; the Walter trucks of the
from the 1940’s and 1950’s. These are WD-40 is really useful. It’s certainly 40’s and 50’s cost about $50,000 at that
big, difficult and complex machines, not sophisticated, but you get into the time, while the Ford trucks were about
sometimes more complex than one niceties of that and removing fastenings $8,000.
would think. The great thing about that are rusted in place after forty years.
these trucks is that they also come with MBJ: What does a typical restoration project en-
a local history. They were pretty much MBJ: How many trucks do you have? tail?
a big part of local culture. Back in the
40’s and 50’s, during the plowing, little JD: I have ten of them. They have JD: Pretty much everything from
old ladies along the route would leave names like Oshkosh, which is familiar the cooling system to rebuilding the
cookies and hot tea in the mailboxes. to a lot of people, and FWD, which engine and brakes, and certainly
That also prevented the plow guy from is no longer made. The very best of work on the electrical systems. When
out of his boredom slotting the mailbox the plow trucks ever made were from snow plows were used here in Maine,
MBJ: With many of these trucks no longer in MBJ: What’s the best advice you’ve ever
production, what do you do about parts? received?
JD: I try to find out where the old JD: It’s advice I received as a
junked ones are and start there for lawyer when I was a young Assis-
the parts. For instance, there’s an tant Attorney General. George
engine called a Waukesha. It isn’t West, a wonderful lawyer who
manufactured in the same way trained me, said, “Doyle, the law
today, but I try to find out who is like the alphabet, life is like
has parts for those things because the alphabet. Get in at letter A
I sometimes have to rebuild the and go to Z. Do not jump in at
engine. The only thing I don’t do LMNOPQ.” I think of George
is paint. I let a body shop do that stuff. the old days. I’ve met some wonderful daily. The other day I was working on
old guys who plowed snow. There was an issue involving an action of a state
MBJ: Where do you obtain your trucks? a fellow in Lincolnville, Paul Thomas. department. I heard George talking
I asked him: “What was the longest to me saying, go, start at A and see if
JD: I’m now in a position where stretch you have ever plowed snow?” the people who issued that particular
people call and ask me if I would like He said: “Seventy-four hours.” Think assessment had the authority to do it.
to buy a particular snow plow. I got of that today! So you get a sense of the And guess what, the regulations said
my first truck out of Uncle Henry’s, history of the plows, a history of how they didn’t have the authority. That’s
Maine’s weekly economic indicator. people coped, and an even get appre- pretty good advice.
Two dollars and you find out how bad ciation for what you’ve done. I have
the economy is in Maine. It depends a truck from Sangerville, the first one
on how thick Uncle Henry’s is and I ever did actually. It was owned by
how much stuff Maine people want to a fellow who was a well known small
unload. So, I got a lot of them out of contractor up there. One day, his
Uncle Henry’s, and I know folks that family showed up at Owls Head for
buy and sell used snow plows. They’ll a truck show not knowing that truck
call me if they’ve got something inter- was there. They saw it and we had a
esting. wonderful time talking. The folks who
are interested in this stuff are an egali-
MBJ: How did you first become interested in truck tarian bunch. It’s not as with cars; the Daniel J. Murphy is a shareholder in Bern-
restoration? truck shows aren’t judged. Somebody stein Shur’s Litigation Practice Group, where
will roll into a truck show with a forty- his practice concentrates on commercial and
business litigation matters.
JD: I worked my way through college year old truck that is used every day, or
and law school working for H.E. Sargent folks will visit like the Valpey family
Beyond the Law features conversations with Maine
up in Stillwater building roads, where I from New Hampshire, who come with lawyers who pursue unique interests or pastimes.
drove some big Mack trucks. I guess a crew and a foreman. Readers are invited to suggest candidates for
it’s the boy in me, but I like the noise Beyond the Law by contacting Dan Murphy at
of the big diesels, which are frowned on MBJ: Any intersection between your interest and dmurphy@bernsteinshur.com.
today because they’re smoky. I decided your legal world?
someday when I had a little spare time
and spare money that I would revisit JD: I think there is. After a sometimes
frustrating day at the office, particularly
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2 2 4 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
We Should All Be Judges
Rosh Hashanah Sermon at Etz Chaim
by Hon. Kermit Lipez
2 2 6 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
. . . There was the truth of virginity power of education. I believe that we and there was considerable speculation
and the truth of passion, the truth benefit from an education, early in life, about what he might say. Happily, in
of wealth and of poverty, of thrift that forces us to question conventional a beautifully crafted speech, he chose
and of profligacy, of carelessness assumptions, induces humility about to say a lot about the folly of simplistic
and abandon. Hundreds and the rightness of one’s own beliefs, and judging.
hundreds were the truths and they fosters respect for world views and Justice Souter described the notion
were all beautiful. cultures different from our own. I among some judges and academicians
worry that so much education today, that Supreme Court Justices called
And then the people came along. here and abroad, closes the mind of the upon to apply the Constitution to
Each as he appeared snatched up young and breeds a dangerous intol- the great issues of the day can just
one of the truths and some who erance for the beliefs and practices of read the plain text of the Constitution
were quite strong snatched up a others. I am grateful for the privilege to make the decision. He referred to
dozen of them. of a liberal arts education that made this notion of constitutional judging as
me forever wary of easy, unassailable the “fair reading” model of judging.9
It was the truths that made the truths. According to Justice Souter, “On this
people grotesques. . . . [T]he I mentioned a second antidote for view, deciding constitutional cases
moment one of the people took one this troubling tendency in many quar- should be a straightforward exercise of
of the truths to himself, called it ters to see the world in black and white. reading fairly and viewing facts objec-
his truth, and tried to live his life This antidote is even more unrealistic tively.”10
by it, he became a grotesque and than my liberal arts education idea. Justice Souter views that model of
the truth he embraced became a I have suggested that thinking like judging as implausible. The many
falsehood.7 a judge has value outside the court- open ended phrases of the Constitu-
room. Therefore, I recommend that tion – due process of law, unreasonable
Anderson’s profound insight has the purveyors of simple truth spend searches and seizures, establishment of
never left me. Life is far too compli- time in the company of some judges, religion, freedom of speech – do not
cated for all embracing truths. If we or at least study their work. Although lend themselves to easy application.
live our lives by one simple truth, if we judges make decisions constantly, our Moreover, the Constitution, Justice
judge everyone and everything by one decisions are often preceded by what Souter notes, “contains values that may
simple standard of right and wrong, we my late colleague Frank Coffin referred well exist in tension with each other.”11
become one of those grotesque figures to as a “state of prolonged indecisive- Rather than being a simple contract,
who disturbed the old writer’s sleep ness,”8 with the judge making tentative, the Constitution “grants and guaran-
in Anderson’s prologue. The critics in conflicting judgments as the case runs tees many good things, and good things
the Jewish community who threatened its course, before announcing the deci- that compete with each other and
Richard Goldstone’s life, who branded sion with a certainty that often belies can never all be realized, all together,
him a traitor, who were prepared to the uncertainty that preceded it. In all at once.”12 Put another way, “the
demonstrate at his grandson’s Bar their hearts, most judges know that Constitution embodies the desire of
Mitzvah, were grotesque in precisely the decision in a close and difficult the American people, like most people,
the sense meant by Anderson. They case may only be an approximation of to have things both ways. We want
took a truth – the importance of Israel’s the truth. Some cases just defy clear order and security, and we want liberty.
survival, and turned it into a falsehood answers. Judges must learn to be And we want not only liberty but
– Israel can do no wrong. In trying to comfortable with complexity, shades equality as well. These paired desires
reduce Goldstone to a grotesque figure of grey, difficult choices, unsatisfactory of ours can clash, and when they do a
– one defined by a possible misjudg- outcomes. court is forced to choose between them,
ment rather than a lifetime of laudable I must be candid, however. For some between one constitutional good and
work – these critics became grotesque judges, that lesson is not so easy. Like so another one.”13 As Justice Souter puts it
figures themselves. many others, they succumb to the lure again: “The Constitution is a pantheon
Would my freshman English course, of an easy answer. Last June, retired of values, and a lot of hard cases are
and the description of the grotesques in Supreme Court Justice David Souter hard because the Constitution gives no
Winesberg, Ohio, have induced a more delivered a commencement address at simple rule of decision for the cases in
balanced and forgiving view of Gold- Harvard that received great attention in which one of the values is truly at odds
stone among his critics? Or, to put legal circles. Unlike some of his more with another.”14 Confronted with such
the question more realistically, would garrulous colleagues, Justice Souter cases, “[j]udges have to choose between
some rough equivalent of that educa- rarely gives speeches, and he has done the good things that the Constitution
tional experience, early in life, have little or no extracurricular writing that approves, and when they do, they have
at least taught these critics that one describes his judicial philosophy. Given to choose, not on the basis of measure-
can make a mistake without being his famous reticence, there was some ment, but of meaning.”15
evil, and that zeal for a cause can turn surprise that Justice Souter agreed to Trying to understand the persis-
truth into falsehood? I believe in the speak at the Harvard commencement, tent criticism of the Supreme Court
2 2 8 m a i n e b a r j o u r n a l | FA L L 2 0 1 0
Sustaining and Supporting Members
of the Maine State Bar Association
The MSBA offers grateful thanks to these members, whose additional support makes possible some of
the work of the Association on behalf of the lawyers and residents of our state.
2011
2001
Berry Dunn McNeil & Parker CPAs.........................196
Bohan Mathers.........................................................187
Brown & Burke........................................................214
Jan. 6 Attacking the Expert Opinion • Sponsored by the
MSBA and the MTLA. Live Program: Ramada (Previously Cleveland Waters & Bass, PA................................... 228
Holiday Inn), Saco. CLE Credits: 6.5 Colby College.......................................................... 223
Jan. 6 The Cybersleuth’s Guide to the Internet (2010) • Dow Investments................................. inside back cover
Video Replay: Maine State Bar Association, Augusta. Economic & Policy Resources, Inc............................ 174
CLE Credits: 5.5 Filler & Associates.....................................................193
Jan. 7 2010 Legal Year in Review • Video Replay: Ramada, H. M. Payson & Co..................................................213
Saco. CLE Credits: 6.0, including 1.0 ethics/prof. resp. HR Times................................................................ 224
Jan. 13 2010 Legal Year in Review • Video Replay: Black James A. Johnson, Jr..................................................180
Bear Inn, Orono. CLE Credits: 6.0, including 1.0 ethics/ Jeff Scher Photography............................................. 224
prof. resp.
John C. Sheldon....................................................... 224
Jan. 14 Drafting Pleadings and Motiions - 2010 • Video Joseph D. Thornton, LLC.........................................194
Replay: Maine State Bar Association, Augusta. CLE Julius E. Ciembroniewicz, M.D................................214
Credits: 5.75 including 1.0 ethics/prof. resp.
Kelly Remmel & Zimmerman..................................187
Jan. 20-21 2011 MSBA Annual Meeting • Marriott at Sable Lascoff & Associates................................................ 223
Oaks, Portland
Law Office of Maria Fox........................................... 174
Feb. 9 Update: The New Maine LLC Act • Video Replay: Marden Dubord Bernier & Stevens.......................... 207
Maine State Bar Association, Augusta. CLE Credits: 2.0 Maine Bar Foundation..............................................219
Feb. 11 Seismic Shifting: Bankruptcy in a Time of Change Maine Community Foundation................................195
• Video Replay: Maine State Bar Association, Augusta. McTeague Higbee.....................................................177
CLE Credits: 6.0 including 1.25 ethics/prof. resp.
Michael Savasuk.......................................................194
Feb. 17 2010 Legal Year in Review • Video Replay: Maine National Association of Legal Assistants...................214
State Bar Association, Augusta. CLE Credits: 6.0, includ-
ing 1.0 ethics/prof. resp.
Perkins Thompson....................................................214
Peter Thompson................................................ 174, 193
March 4 Ethics 2011 • Live Program: Augusta Civic Center. CLE Pine Tree Society.......................................................180
Credits: TBC
PretiFlaherty.............................................................218
March 4 Ethics 2011 • Live Webcast. CLE Credits: TBC Robert E. Mittel........................................................180
April 11 ALPS - Ethics 2011 • Live Program: Holiday Inn by the Thomson Reuters........................................... back cover
Bay, Portland. CLE Credits: 3.0 ethics/prof. resp.. University of Maine Foundation...............................178
William J. Hall, MD.................................................193
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