Reichel-Dolmatoff - A Preliminary Study of Space and Time Perspective in Northern Colombia PDF

Society for American Archaeology
A Preliminary Study of Space and Time Perspective in Northern Colombia

Author(s): Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff
Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Apr., 1954), pp. 352-366
Published by: Society for American Archaeology
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/277603
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A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SPACE AND TIME PERSPECTIVE
IN NORTHERN COLOMBIA
GERARDO REICHEL-DOLMATOFFW
ALTHOUGH THE Republic of Colombia the romantic orientation most research had
occupies a large area in northwestern
taken in Colombia, where archaeologists have
concentrated upon the more spectacular cere-
South America and its geographical position
makes it an important link between themonial
basic sites while ignoring almost completely
components of nuclear America, our knowl-
the problems of chronology and cultural inter-
edge of Colombia's prehistoric cultures is relations.
still
very scanty and sporadic. Practically no serious The considerable advance made during the
attempts have been made toward correlating last decade in the field of Venezuelan and
its many different cultural manifestations in
Antillean archaeology, together with the many
terms of temporal development or spatial unsolved
dis- problems posed by Meso-American
tribution. This has been due mainly to the and South American relationships, has pressed
lack of organized scientific archaeology and to the need for the establishment of an adequate
chronological framework for the archaeological
* The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude
cultures of the north Colombian lowlands. The
to Dr. Irving Rouse of the Peabody Museum, Yale
archaeological
University for his valuable suggestions in preparing this history of this area should be
paper. of great significance for the understanding of
FIG. 93. Archaeological areas in northern Colombia.

352
REICHEL-DOLMATOFF ] SPACE AND TIME PERSPECTIVE IN COLOMBIA 353
cultural developments and relations, notrange

onlyfrom the sandy deserts of the Guajira
within the circum-Caribbean area but also in
Peninsula to the snow-capped peaks of the
the neighboring regions. Sierra Nevada and the tropical jungle belt
which surrounds the base of the Sierra. A con-
In recent years the writer has had the oppor-
siderable number of additional distinctive fea-
tunity of making a survey of the northern
provinces of Colombia bordering the Caribbean tures might justify further subdivision into
seaboard and of investigating in some minor detailregions, but for the purpose of our cul-
a number of archaeological sites, principally tural outline
in the four-fold division stated above
the Department of Magdalena. This research can be considered fairly adequate.
has led to the tentative establishment of a On the basis of the archaeological remains
general temporal framework. The present pa-
observed in the course of our investigations,
per is intended to give a summary of the arch- we have come to distinguish five archaeological
aeological areas and cultural sequences as theyareas, which correspond in a certain degree
have been postulated to date. It is necessary to the geographical regions of Figure 93. These
to state, however, that this research is still in are: Rancheria River, Cesar River, Lower
areas
its initial stages and that the validity of Magdalena
the River, Sierra Nevada, and Littoral.
provisional framework suggested here willIn nec-
the following pages I shall discuss briefly
essarily have to be substantiated and the frame-
these areas, their cultural characteristics, time
work revised as field research advances. perspective, spatial aspects, and possible rela-
With the exception of J. Alden Mason's tionships.
(1931, 1936, 1939) extensive field work in the Rancheria River. This area covers the flat
Tairona area in 1922-23, no systematic archae-
and arid country of the Rancheria River, be-
ological research had been accomplished in tween the northeastern foothills of the Sierra
the Department of Magdalena nor in any other
Nevada, the deserts of the Guajira Peninsula,
region of the Atlantic coast previous to 1946,
and the western slopes of the Sierra de Perija.
when the writer and his wife began a survey Our cultural material comes from 22 of the
followed by a series of excavations in selected
36 open sites which we visited. Altogether,
sites (Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1951). Since 1950
we dug 7 stratigraphic test trenches and made
this program has been continued in part by a18 surface collections. The total of sherds
small group of other Colombian archaeologists
alone amounts to some 80,000. All trenches
stationed in Barranquilla and Santa Marta. So
were dug in midden sites or other accumula-
far, the results of these investigations have
tions of occupational debris, none of them
been rather promising and have given an en-
deeper than about 2 meters; in three of the
tirely new orientation to Colombian archaeol-
trenches a stratification of occupational levels
ogy in general.
was observed. Chronological sequences were
Geographically the Department of Magda-
defined by superposition and, in some cases,
lena can be subdivided into four major regions
by typological comparisons. To designate the
(Fig. 93): the arid coastal strip which extends
sequences in this and other areas, the names
west of the Guajira Peninsula, covering the flat
of type sites have been used (Reichel-Dolmatoff
country bordering the lower Rancheria River
and Dussan de Reichel, 1951).
and parts of the coast to the south and east
The earliest time level has been termed the
of the town of Santa Marta; the Sierra Nevada
de, Santa Marta, an isolated mountain mass Loma period. It is characterized by polychrome
pottery and incised, smoked blackware, the
which occupies most of the northern portion
outstanding decorative feature of which is the
of the Department; the semiaquatic and slight-
ly undulating lowlands to the south af the sigmoid scroll. There is also a white-slipped,
Sierra Nevada, neighboring the Magdalena rather coarse ware decorated with black or red
River and its tributary, the Cesar; and the designs similar to those observed in the poly-
western slopes of the Sierra de Perija, which chrome ware. Culinary sherds are of a coarse
in this part of the country forms the northern- brownish type. There is a considerable variety
most tip of the Andean system. All four re- of rim forms, although vessel shapes seem to
gions are sharply differentiated by physio- have been rather standardized. Annular bases
graphic and climatic factors, offering habitats and handles are absent. We obtained only a
with distinctive ecological conditions which few nonceramic artifacts, such as fragments
354 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [ 4, 1954
a1
F-
Fr., 94. Paleo-Indian, Formative and Archaic (?) materials. 1.2, flint arrowheads; 3-8,
9-14, region of Santa Marta (scale varies).
RiICl-HEL'DOLMATOFF ] SPACE AND TIME PERSPECTIVE IN COLOMBIA 355
FIG. 95. 1-4, 6, 8, 10, La Mesa (sub-Tairona); 5, 7, 9, 11-15, Pueblito

(Tairona I) (scale varies).
of hammerstones and celts. No burials were with ornithomorphic designs, and quite a dif-
recorded. ferent type of female figurines. Blackware is
Overlying this culture is that of the Horno entirely missing and all incised decoration is
period, which has been subdivided into two confined to some rare specimens of the corru-
developmental phases on typological grounds. gated ware. Among the nonceramic artifacts,
The Horno period shows a further develop- a number of nose rings (?) of shell can be
ment of the Loma tradition, with a certain mentioned. The two phases of development
shift of emphasis from polychrome to bichrome were distinguished on the basis of stylistic
types and new developments in the decorative analysis and the presence or absence of certain
features of the blackware. All types corre- traits. Corrugated pottery appears only in the
spond closely to Loma wares, although the more recent phase and may represent a trade
white-slipped type is missing here. In the ware. Several primary burials of adults with
upper levels the polychrome ware fades out undoubted Portacelli associations were observed
while a new redware emerges from the basic in refuse deposits of the Horno period. A series
culinary type. Annular bases and vertical strapof isolated cylindrical burial urns might also
handles are frequent in the upper levels. Therebe associated, if we can judge by similarities
is a great variety in rim types and consider- in rim sherds and painted decoration. The
able experimenting in modeled decoration. Portacelli focus includes at least ten sites in the
Small female clay figurines, which were al- whole area, the contemporaneity of which ap-
ready present during Loma times, develop fully pears to be fairly certain. Its relatively recent
in the Horno levels, which also contain a chronological position, with regard to the Loma
greater amount of nonceramic artifacts, such and Horno periods, seems to be proved beyond
as small slate pendants, shell beads, and pot-reasonable doubt by superposition.
tery discs. No burials were observed. As in Cesar River. This area, situated south of the
the Loma period, the wide extension and thick- Rancheria, covers the upper drainage of the
ness of the refuse deposits seem to indicate Cesar River (Fig. 93). The lower foothills of
permanent settlements. While the Loma com- the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada and
ponent is represented mainly by the type site, part of the western slopes of the neighboring
the Horno period is known from at least half Sierra de Perija probably should be included.
a dozen sites spread over a considerable part The cultural material comes from five strati-
of the valley. graphical cuts, one burial cave, and three sur-
After the Horno period there seems to be face collections. The total of sherds is approxi-
a considerable cleavage between horizons. For mately 25,000.
typological reasons the writer is inclined to The earliest, La Paz period has been postu-
believe that this gap was at least partially filled lated from the cultural remains observed in a
by the Cocos period, represented in the Ran- burial cave, which contained some 120 cre-
cheria area only by the type site but probably mated skeletons, a number of well-preserved
forming a broader transitional development. It pottery vessels, and a series of artifacts of stone,
is difficult to place the Cocos site satisfactorily bone, and wood (Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1949).
in the sequence but certain ceramic similarities The dominant pottery is a white-on-red resist
lead us to assume that it represents a develop- negative ware associated with stone palettes,
ment from the Horno period. A new white- spear throwers, and miscellaneous stone imple-
slipped ware with black parallel-line designs ments of utilitarian character. From ceramic
makes its appearance and is the most charac- typology it may be suggested that this material
teristic feature of this culture. Nonceramic forms part of an early horizon preceding the
artifacts are very scarce; no burials were Loma-Horno
ob- sequence but this is, of course,
served. open to verification by stratigraphic evidence.
Following this level there appears an entirely So far, we know of only one small La Paz-type
new cultural tradition, represented by the sherd found in Loma association (Reichel-
Portacelli period (phases I and II). Although Dolmatoff and Dussan de Reichel, 1951, p. 91).
this may have certain ties with the Cocos The so-called Hatico period seems to cover
period, it appears to form a well-defined newa considerable time span and does not appear
culture. Its most distinctive features are corru- to have any relation to the preceding (?) La Paz
gated ware, fine black-on-red painted ware material. Hatico pottery is decorated by inci-
[::: I ! 1:: D s t_9~~~~iii
I 0000000::7 a -
;:~ij ff _u _
Am
s_r _
- f f * _ f; f f | f f__C~~~~~~~~~~li--
ff f f __: itS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4;:X
18 19
FIG. 96. First

Momp6s (scale varies).
19, Mompos
V ::I
FIG. 97. 1-7, Los Cocos (Second Painted Horizon); 8-17, El Hatico
(Second Painted Horizon); 18-24, La Paz (scale varies).
REICIIEL-DOLMATIOFF j SPACE AND TIME PERSI'ECTIVE IN COLOMBIA 359
sion, both reduced firing and oxidized

tosawares
called Isla de los Indios, which lies below
being present. As a whole, this seems to level
water be most of the year. It is characterized
a local development derived from a southern
by thick-walled, straight-rimmed vessels with
tradition seen in the Saloa Incised wares of coarse sand temper, decorated by rocker-stamp-
the Lower Magdalena area. Many decorativeing or broad, shallow incision. This would
elements, such as the developing variants of indicate a formative horizon, the nature and
the sigmoid scroll and the appearance of some extent of which we still know very little.
sherds closely related to Horno painted wares, Nevertheless, there is some evidence, acquired
suggests contemporaneity of the Hatico and during the course of our survey, which seems
Loma-Horno sequences. to indicate that it has a broad distribution in
Overlying the Hatico remains there appears northern Colombia and which may ultimately
modified Portacelli material, probably repre- lead to the definition of a rather homogeneous
senting a later development of the full Porta- cultural horizon. In addition to the type site,
celli II phase of the Rancheria River. Occa- similar materials were found in surface collec-
sional trade sherds from the Saloa complex tions from the eastern banks of the Magdalena
from the Lower Magdalena area are found River, some sites in the lowlands south of the
here. Urn burial in plain, ovoid-shaped vessels Sierra Nevada, from the country surrounding
was probably practised during the latter partSanta Marta, and from several sites near the
of the Hatico period. mouth of the Magdalena River.
The validity of the Cesar River area is evi- This horizon is succeeded by a great time
dently open to further verification and ulti- gap, from which we have at present only a
mately we might come to consider it as a pe-few scattered finds of painted pottery. Follow-
ripheral complex which combines character- ing the gap is the Saloa I period, a quite recent
istics of both the Rancheria and the Lower time level just antedating the Spanish conquest.
Magdalena areas. Although it forms in certain The main traits of this period are yellowish
ways a unit apart, it is not quite a clear-cut or reddish wares; deeply incised decoration with
cultural area. parallel-hatched or herringbone designs; com-
Lower Magdalena River. This area coversbinations
a of incised and punctate patterns;
grater-bowls; a large variety of rim types; and
very extensive region between the "panhandle"
in the southern tip of the Department and a very characteristic decorative mode consisting
the mouth of the Magdalena River (Fig. 93).of the application of small, flattened clay
pellets, each provided with a diagonal notch
Part of the lower Cesar River and the region
bordering the Laguna de Zapatosa are included which makes it appear like an "eye." Annular-
here. So far we know only a small section of based vessels are common. Only one ware, the
the area, limited mainly to the southern por- least frequent, shows small, red-slipped cups
with high annular bases, decorated with linear
tion of the Department, but sporadic finds indi-
cate its wide range. There are at least 50 designs painted in black, and with modeled
known sites in the southern part of the area. frog-motives near the rim. This ware seems
Our cultural material comes from three strati- to represent a final, clearly degenerative de-
graphic trenches, two extensive burial grounds, velopment of the Portacelli black-on-red cups
four surface collections, and a number of spor- with bird designs. The chronological contempo-
adic finds. The total of sherds examined so raneity of urn burials was established through
far amounts to some 42,000. All accumula- their association with Saloa I wares. Burial
tions of occupational debris were found to be urns consist of large cylindrical containers pro-
very shallow, from 50 to 75 cm., although they vided with a lid, upon which an anthropo-
morphic bust is modeled. All urns were found
are widespread and very rich in cultural re-
in groups, in L-shaped tombs (Reichel-Dolma-
mains. The chronological position of the differ-
toff and Dussan de Reichel, 1943).
ent time levels was established by taking a
The Saloa II period is represented by a
Spanish-contact site as point of departure, by Spanish-contact site and surface collections
cross-dating, and by typology. from sites 50 kilometers south of the first. Some
The earliest period seems to be represented changes in form and decoration are readily
by a surface collection from a small island
discernible. Cylindrical carved stamps are fre-
near the eastern shore of the Laguna de Zapa- quent, as also are small clay spindle whorls
0 XS0:d "ilfff f
".......: ..-. . ?..:;"-.. ...

5
f fS s; ffI
A; I.. US 0 0,0
_i,iii--ii-i-i:: ii
i :
9 10
FIG. 98. Second Painted Horizon. 1-10, Portacelli (scale varies).
and several types of celts and adzes. Pure complexes

ham- will be open to discussion until more
mered gold seems to have been common workin has been done in this area. The main
both Saloa periods, and in Saloa II there is
characteristics are very crude, female clay
also evidence for the use of copper ornaments.
figurines; clay pestles; coarse, sand-tempered
Sierra Nevada. This area covers the isolated redware; biomorphic lug-handles; and some
mountain mass situated in the northern portion
objects of shell.
of the Department of Magdalena (Fig. 93). It As in the Lower Magdalena area, these
includes some of the beaches to the east and materials seem to be separated from the recent
cultural levels by a broad time span, bridged
south of Santa Marta, but is otherwise limited
only by scattered finds of painted pottery. The
to the foothills and mountain slopes, reaching
discovery of a number of house sites containing
occasionally up to more than 2,000 meters alti-
tude above sea level. There are several hun- Spanish contact material has served as a basis
dred known sites, some of them of great exten- the establishment of a typological series
for
sion and covering many square kilometers corresponding
of to the early (?) sixteenth cen-
terrain. The cultural material which was used tury. By comparison of this series with the one
obtained from noncontact sites and rock-
for typological and chronological analysis comes
from some 30 house sites, 3 ceremonial housecrevices, it has been possible to establish an
sites, 6 rock-crevices, 3 major burial grounds,earlier time level and to suggest a tentative
and some 25 surface collections. Many sites sequence of two periods. These have been
contained well-preserved pottery; the sherd termed Tairona I and II, after the sixteenth-
material reaches nearly 80,000 specimens. century tribe which occupied part of the area.
This area is by far the most complicated and Tairona II is by no means degenerate but
problematic one. While the recent time levels marks the cultural climax, while Tairona I
are represented by a highly developed culture,can be distinguished as an earlier level. The
the older levels seem to show a great culturalmain characteristics of Tairona II are megalithic
diversity. The establishment of an approximate domestic and ceremonial architecture, agri-
cultural terraces, redware and smoked black-
time scale proved to be difficult because of the
apparent lack of cultural deposits deep enoughware, the absence of all painted decoration
for stratigraphic analysis. As a matter of fact,and emphasis upon modeled biomorphic de-
the common house sites contain cultural strata signs, tubular necklace beads of highly polished
of hardly more than 25 cm., while most refuse quartz, tetrapod vessels, monolithic axes, wing.
was thrown into deep and narrow crevices in shaped stone ornaments, ornaments of gold,
the rocks, a practice which makes systematic gilded copper or "tumbaga," biomorphic clay
excavation nearly impossible. A tentative whistles of excellent craftsmanship, etc.
chronological sequence was postulated by Tairona I is characterized by a far less de-
working back from Spanish-contact sites, by veloped domestic architecture and a general
horizontal comparisons of typological series, and lack of emphasis upon ceremonialism, the
by occasional cross-dating. whole complex of monolithic axes, stone
On the early time level, all data are highly maces, and wing-shaped ornaments being
speculative. A paleo-Indian horizon is sug- absent. Although the basic red- and blackwares
gested by some flint points found occasionally are already present, they differ in surface finish
and without controlled associations. So far and an additional type is represented by brown-
there is no evidence for a later pre- or non-slipped storage vessels. Characteristic shapes
ceramic horizon, and only little evidence for include
a redware cups with inverted rims, con-
formative stage, represented in this area by cave-based blackware jars, ring-shaped vessels
sporadic surface finds of a type similar to thein form of coiled reptiles, and large shallow
Isla de los Indios material (see the Cesartrays with loop handles. Short conical pestles
River area, discussion). of coarse clay occur frequently as do ladles
with cylindrical handles, which are often bio-
There exist several foci of cultural materials
morphic. Among the distinctive minor traits
which could possibly be interpreted as archaicare a modeled frog motive; round instead of
in type, preceding the formative, although thecoffee-bean eyes; and large, oval depressions
question whether we are dealing here with
covering the upper part of the red- and brown-
distinct cultures or only with limited ceramic
ware storage vessels, at the base of the neck.
k
. .; _
:s
N
g E s ;
; . |
_ i . _
u u
.w.. ! ! !
fi i s
%-N
F7 1
8
II
~~~~.
1
_q
i
13
1 8 : 1 9 2 - 0 i :-
FIG. 99. 1-10, Saloa II; 11-16, Saloa I; 19, Tamal
Costa de Salamanca (scale varies).
SPACE AND TIME PERSPECTIVE
REICIIEL-DOLMA TOFF IN COLOMBIA
] 3
NL.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
:: :si:
I L:: ...-l
_ I Il _21 -
_
: ||^ |B8
22- ----- :y: I 2 :3

21 22 23
FIG. 100. 1-24, Tairo
364 AMIERICAN ANTIQUITY [ 4, 1954
There are at least two types of burial, stoneoccurs frequently in association, the Littoral
area is characterized by a different ceramic
cists and anthropomorphic or plain ovoid urns,
probably representing different time levels.complex consisting of yellowish, rose-colored,
The identification of deeper levels which or grayish wares, the occasional use of shell
temper, and the considerable hardness of all
might link Tairona I with the earlier cultures
is one of the main problems awaiting solutionwares as compared with the Sierra Nevada
materials. Stonehammers and scrapers are
in this area. On the southern and eastern slopes
a new focus was observed which typologically common, as are also small necklace beads made
seems to be ancestral to Tairona I and which from different-colored clay or from shell. It
we have tentatively designated sub-Tairona. is apparent that some of these materials are
However, the chronological position of this
contemporary with Tairona II, but on the other
focus is highly problematic. The presence of hand a considerable time depth is suggested by
deep and extensive accumulations of refuse.
readily identifiable sherds of Portacelli II wares
in the sites of this focus, and the intrusion ofA seriation of recent materials was established
some sub-Tairona materials into the latest by cross-dating with the Tairona wares.
Portacelli developments of the Cesar area, indi-
cate contemporaneity, and in addition, many CONCLUSIONS
characteristics of the suggested sub-Tairona The five archaeological areas we have dealt
period seem to be ancestral forms of Tairona with in the foregoing summary, can be partly
I traits. Nevertheless, it is possible that thiscorrelated by overlapping horizons or cross-
may instead be a local development parelleling dating. An approximate correlation is outlined
to some degree the Tairona I and II phases. in Table 15 which shows the five corresponding
The postulated sub-Tairona period is charac-columns with their proposed sequences. Be-
terized by urn burial in anthropomorphic, ginning with the earliest time level and taking
ovoid - shaped vessels with a human face into account the sporadic data on flint imple-
modeled on the wall of the container; red-and-
ments, it seems possible to suggest a paleo-
blackwares with poorly controlled firing; female
Indian horizon common to all five areas. As
figurines (one of them sitting upon a four- far as truly archaic pottery is concerned, our
legged stool); pure, hammered gold ornaments;data are just as scanty. On a formative level
spindle whorls; and necklace beads, the latter
we have mentioned some materials from at
of Tairona I or II type. Recent excavations in
least two areas (Lower Magdalena and Sierra
the Rio Seco drainage seem to make possible Nevada).
a subdivision of this period into smaller As to the earlier painted wares, represented
chronological units, based upon seriation of by the Loma-Horno sequence in the Rancheria
grave associations. River area, the writer is inclined to believe that
Littoral. This area covers the narrow strip
they once had a very considerable range and
of arid coastal plains south of Santa Marta; the
that they form a true horizon. From typological
Costa de Salamanca, which separates the evidence derived from occasional finds, they
Cienaga Grande from the open sea; and somespread over a wide region, possibly from Vene-
of the beaches and surrounding flat countryzuela to Panama. In the Lower Magdalena area
east of Santa Marta (Fig. 93). There is some this horizon seems to be represented by the
evidence of a possible extension onto thepolychrome burial urns found in the vicinity of
Guajira Peninsula and, towards the west, over
Mompos and by some superficial sherds from
the coastal plains of the Departments of the region of Plato. In the Sierra Nevada they
Atlantico and Cordoba. There are some 30 reached the area of Pueblo Bello on the south-
open sites, mostly shell mounds and middens. ern slopes and in the arid country surrounding
All cultural materials considered here are those
Santa Marta they may be identified with certain
from surface collections. The total of sherds
painted sherds from the region of Mamatoco.
amounts to some 10,000. The main character-
In the area of the Cesar River, closely similar
istics of this area are large accumulations of sea
materials come from a surface site in the
shells mixed with sherds and occasional arti-
western foothills of the Sierra de Perija, in the
facts of bone, stone, and metal (copper and
gold). There is no evidence of permanentvicinity of the Laguna de Zapatosa.
village sites but rather of temporary fishing The second painted horizon (if one may call
camps. Although Tairona I and II type pottery it so) is represented by the Cocos and Portacelli
wares and also seems to have had a wide distri- It is tempting to try to suggest certain correla-
bution, as far as we can judge from intrusive tions with broader cultural configurations and
sherds found here and there in the neighboring to link our framework with some of the Vene-
areas. This horizon, it is felt, can be equated in zuelan and Panamanian developments, but such
time with another wide horizon of incised an attempt would be very speculative in the
wares, both occupying a recent position. present state of our knowledge of northern
It is possible that certain types of burial Colombian archaeology. So far, all investiga-
urns might have a chronological significance tions have had mainly the character of a gen-
and it is probable that the ovoid plain type eral survey and only the barest outline of
and the anthropomorphic types are representa- cultural development can be presented here.
tive of different time levels. The more realistic The archaeological history of the interior
anthropomorphic urns seem to be quite recentprovinces of Colombia is, of course, much too
and the writer is inclined to consider the so- little known to permit any valid correlations or
called "Mosquito" urns, the Tamalameque generalizations. However, it is probable that
urns, and the Sinu urns as belonging to onein the near future such a wider correlation
time level (cf. Bennett, 1944, pp. 78-9, 89-91,
might be attempted with a better claim for
Table 9). validity than can be done at the present.
TABLE 15
Postulated rLower
Rancheria Sierra
Cesar Li
Littoral
Horizons Magdalena Nevada
Tairona
Saloa II Salamanca
II
None Saloa I Saloa I Tairona

I
Portacelli
III
Portacelli
II
Second Portacelli Sub-

I Tairona
Painted
(?)
Cocos (?)
Hatico
Horno II
First
Horno I
Painted
Loma Momp6s(?) Mamatoco (?)
La Paz
Formative (?)
Isla de los Indios

Archaic
Paleo-
Indian
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANGULO VALDES, CARLOS OPPENHEIM, VICTOR

1951. Arqueologia de Tubara. Divulgaciones del 1941. Nueva cultura arqueologica en Colombia.
Instituto de Investigaci6n Etnol6gica, Univer- Boletin de la Sociedad Geogrdfica de Colombia,
sidad del Atldntico, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 7-53. Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 89-95. Bogota.
Barranquilla.
REICHEL-DOLMATOFF, GERARDO
BENNETT, WENDELL C. 1949. La cueva funeraria de La Paz. Boletin de
1944. Archeological Regions of Colombia: a Ce- Arqueologia, Vol. 2, Nos. 5-6, pp. 403-12.
ramic Survey. Yale University Publications in Bogota.
Anthropology, No. 30. New Haven. 1951. Notes on the Present State of Anthropologi-
cal Research in Northern Colombia. Bogota.
MASON, J. ALDEN
REICHEL-DOLMATOFF, GERARDO AND ALICIA DUSSAN DE
1931. Archaeology of Santa Marta, Colombia, the
REICHEL
Tairona Culture; Part I, Report on Field Work.
1943. Las urnas funerarias en la cuenca del Rio
Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropo-
logicaL Series, Vol. 20, No. 1. Chicago. Magdalena. Revista del Instituto Etnologico
Nacional, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 209-81. Bogota.
1951. Investigaciones arqueol6gicas en el Depto.
Tairona Culture; Part II, Section 1, Objects of
del Magdalena, Colombia, 1946-1950; Parte I,
Stone, Shell, Bone and Metal. Field Museum
arqueologia del Rio Rancheria; Parte II, Arque-
of Natural History, Anthropological Series,
ologia del Rio Cesar. Boletin de Arqueologia,
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Anthropological Series, Vol. 20, No. 3. Chicago. Jutly, 1953

Reichel-Dolmatoff - A Preliminary Study of Space and Time Perspective in Northern Colombia PDF

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Society for American Archaeology

A Preliminary Study of Space and Time Perspective in Northern Colombia

FIG. 93. Archaeological areas in northern Colombia.

cultural developments and relations, notrange

FIG. 95. 1-4, 6, 8, 10, La Mesa (sub-Tairona); 5, 7, 9, 11-15, Pueblito

[::: I ! 1:: D s t_9~~~~iii

FIG. 96. First

sion, both reduced firing and oxidized

".......: ..-. . ?..:;"-.. ...

FIG. 98. Second Painted Horizon. 1-10, Portacelli (scale varies).

and several types of celts and adzes. Pure complexes

22- ----- :y: I 2 :3

None Saloa I Saloa I Tairona

Second Portacelli Sub-

Loma Momp6s(?) Mamatoco (?)

Isla de los Indios

ANGULO VALDES, CARLOS OPPENHEIM, VICTOR

BENNETT, WENDELL C. 1949. La cueva funeraria de La Paz. Boletin de

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