PHILIPPINE LITERATURE PRE-LIMENARIES MT 2A

INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE d. Magazine

What is Philippine Literature o collection of articles regarding the
lifestyle of man
Literature
e. Oration
 Comes from litera (Latin) which means o a formal treatment of a subject and
letters is intended to be spoken in public
 Anything that gives you information f. Anecdote
Oral o a brief story, revealing account of
 Oldest type of literature an individual person or an incident
What are the Types and Forms? 2. Poetry: based on the interplay of words
and rhythm. It often employs rhyme and
Types of Literature:
meter (a set of rules governing the number
1. Written and arrangement of syllables in each line)
2. Oral
Narrative
3. Visual - symbols
a. Epic
Forms of Literature:
o a narrative poem about
1. Prose: so-called "ordinary writing" — made supernatural powers possessed by
up of sentences and paragraphs, without heroes and heroines
any metrical (or rhyming) structure. o should be written in verse
Fiction - literature created from the b. Ballad
imagination, not presented as fact, though it may o a poem with harmony and rhythm,
be based on a true story or situation usually referred to as a song
a. Myth accompanying a dance
o story about gods and goddesses c. Metrical tale
b. Legend o is written in verse and can be
o story about the origin of a place or classified either a ballad or metrical
a thing romance
c. Novel o deals with the emotions or phase
o a long narrative divided into several of life and the story is told in a
chapters and usually taken from simple, straightforward and
true-to-life events realistic manner
d. Short story Lyric
o an organized plot usually with a a. Awit or Song
single impression o A lyric poem with 12 syllables, with
e. Fable melodious harmony and rhythm of
o story that uses animals as a guitar or banduria
characters and with moral lesson b. Sonnet
f. Parable o A poem consisting of 14 iambic
o story used by Jesus in teaching the pentameter lines
Good News c. Ode
g. Plays o A lyrical poem praising or glorifying
o presented on stage, divided into an event or individual, describing
acts and each act has many scenes nature intellectually as well as
o One-act play emotionally
Non-Fiction - literature based in fact d. Elegy
a. Essays o a lament for the dead
o expresses a viewpoint or opinion of e. Psalms (Dalit)
a writer about a particular problem o A song praising God or the Virgin
or event Mary and containing a Philosophy
b. Biography of life
o life story of a person written by f. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan)
another person o Short poems intended to be sung
c. News with common themes: love,
o collection of articles about various despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and
current events sorrow
g. Corridos (Kuridos)
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE PRE-LIMENARIES
o Have measured of eight syllables
and usually recited t a martial beat
Drama – there is a heavy plot
a. Comedy
o a theatrical play with a happy
ending
b. Tragedy
o involves a hero struggling mightily
against dynamic forces involves
death or ruin without success or
satisfaction
c. Melodrama
o usually used in musical plays with
the opera
d. Farce
o is an exaggerated comedy
e. Social Poems
o either purely comic or tragic and
pictures the life of today
Elements of a Story
Characters
there are two meanings for the word character
 the person in a work of fiction
o Protagonist – a character clearly
central of the story with all major
events having some importance to
him/her
o Antagonist – the opposite of the
main character
o Confidante – the sidekick of either
the protagonist and antagonist
o Foil - someone whose personality
and values fundamentally clash
with the protagonist’s (culprit of
the problem)
o Background – they are not given
lines but they are present in the
scene
 The characteristics of a person
Characterization
 information that the author gives the
reader about the characters themselves.
He may reveal a character in several ways:
o His/her physical appearance
o What he/says, thinks, feels and
dreams
o What he /she does or does not do
o What others say about him/her and
how others react to him/ her
Characters are convincing if they are consistent,
motivated and life-like
 individual
o round, many sided and complex
personalities (batman)
 Dynamic
MT 2A
o developing and with many sided
personalities that change, for
better or worse, by the end of the
story (gru from despicalble me)
 Static – stereotype, have one or two
characteristics that never change and are
emphasized (cersie by game of thrones)
The Plot
 How the author arranges events to
develop his basic idea
 It is the sequence of events in a story or
play
 The plot is planned, logical series of events
having a beginning, middle and end
 Short story usually has one plot so it can be
read in one sitting
a. Introduction/Exposition
 The beginning of the story where the
characters and the setting is revealed
b. Rising action
 This is where the events in the story
become complicated and the conflict in the
story is revealed
 events between the introductions and
climax
c. Climax
 This is the highest point of interest and the
turning point of the story
 The reader wonders what will happen next:
the conflict will be resolved or not?
 A three-fold phenomenon:
1. The main character receives an
information
2. Accepts this information (realizes it bur
does not necessarily agree with it)
3. Acts on this information (makes a
choice that will determine whether or
not he/she gains his objective)
d. Falling action
 The events and complications begin to
resolve themselves
 The reader knows what has happened next
and if the conflict was resolved or not
 Events between climax and denouement
e. Denouement - (resolution, end of the
problem)
 This is the final outcome or untangling of
events in the story
Story endings
a. Open Ending – the reader is given
the freedom to end the story
b. Happy Ending –
c. Tragic Ending – doesn’t necessary
mean that the character dies
literally
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE PRE-LIMENARIES MT 2A
d. Fairy Ending – “and they live  Can be identified when the story is done
happily ever after” a) Guilt and innocence
e. Surprise Ending b) Courage and fear
Setting c) Conflict
d) Alienation
a. Time - time of the day, year or elapsed time
e) Romance
b. Atmosphere - mood, climate, environment
c. Place
i. Locale - broad categories (country,
state, region, city and town, as well
as to more specific locales such as a
neighborhood, street, house or
school
ii. geography
iii. man-made geography

Point of View
a. Innocent eye - child
b. Stream of consciousness – thoughts of
character
c. First person - pronoun
d. Third person omniscient – limited/
omniscient (following the character)
 Omniscient Limited
o The author tells the story in third
person.
o We know only what the character
knows and what the author allows
him/her to tells us.
o We can see the thoughts and
feelings od characters if the author
chooses to reveal them to us
 Omniscient Objective
o The author tells the story in third
person.
o It appears as though a camera is
following the characters going
anywhere, and recording only what
is seen and heard there is no
comment on the characters or their
thoughts.
o No interpretations are offered.
o The reader is placed in the position
of spectator without the author
there to explain.
o The reader has to interpret events
on his own

Conflict
a) Man vs. Man (External)
b) Man vs. Nature (External)
c) Man vs. Supernatural (External)
d) Man vs. Society (External)
e) Man vs. Self (Internal)

Themes