Example #1

Find the general solution of the given

differential equation:
(4x-1)dx + (6y+3)dy=0

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
𝑀 = 4𝑥 − 1 𝑁 = 6𝑦 + 3
45 47
=0 =0
46 48

45 47
Since = = 0, therefore the equation is
46 48
exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I Both M and N are easy to integrate.
In this case, M will be integrated.

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ;(4𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 ? − 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

Step 3

Derive
D
Derive the f(x,y) with respect to y

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Step 4

Find g(y) or h(x)

I
Find the value of g(y) by equating
4B(8,6)
to 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦).
46

; 𝑔C (𝑦) = ;(6𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦

𝑔(𝑦) = 3𝑦 ? + 3𝑦

Finally, the general solution is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 ? − 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 ? − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ? + 3𝑦
2𝑥 ? − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ? + 3𝑦 = 𝐶
Example #2
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 ? + 3𝑦 ? )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥 ? + 3𝑦 ?
45 47
= 2𝑥 = 2𝑥
46 48

45 47
Since = = 2𝑥, therefore the equation is
46 48
exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I
M is easier to integrate since it involves only
a single term

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

8G
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 F ? H + 𝑔 (𝑦 )
?
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)

Step 3

Derive
D
Derive the f(x,y) with respect to y

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑥 ? + 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Step 4

Find g(y) or h(x)

I
4B(8,6)
Find the value of g(y) by equating to
46
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦).

𝑥 ? + 𝑔C (𝑦) = 𝑥 ? + 3𝑦 ?
𝑔C (𝑦) = 3𝑦 ?
𝑦J
𝑔 (𝑦 ) = 3 I K
3
𝑔 (𝑦 ) = 𝑦 J

Finally, the general solution is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 ? 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 ? 𝑦 + 𝑦3
𝑥 ? 𝑦 + 𝑦3 = 𝐶
Example #3
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
(𝑒 ?6 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
𝑀 = 𝑒 ?6 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
45 47
46
= 2𝑒 ?6 − [−𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦)𝑥 + cos (𝑥𝑦)] 48 = 2𝑒 ?6 − [−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦)𝑦 + cos (𝑥𝑦)]
45 47
46
= 2𝑒 ?6 + 𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦) − cos (𝑥𝑦) 48
= 2𝑒 ?6 + 𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦) − cos (𝑥𝑦)

45 47
Since = = 2𝑒 ?6 + 𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦,
46 48
therefore the equation is exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I
M is easier to integrate since it involves only
a two terms

𝑓(𝑥, y) = ;(𝑒 ?6 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

𝑓(𝑥, y) = 𝑒 ?6 ; 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

𝑓(𝑥, y) = 𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)

Step 3

Derive
D
Derive the f(x,y) with respect to y

𝜕𝑓 (𝑥, y)
= 2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔C (𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Step 4

Find g(y) or h(x)

I
4B(8,6)
Find the value of g(y) by equating to
46
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦).

𝜕𝑓 (𝑥, y)
= 2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔C (𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔C (𝑦)
= 2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝑔C (𝑦) = 2y
∫ 𝑔C (𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦 ?

Finally, the general solution is

𝑓(𝑥, y) = 𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, y) = 𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ?

𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ? = 𝐶
Example #4
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
2𝑡𝑦
?
− 2𝑡 − [2 − ln(𝑡 ? + 1)]𝑦 C = 0
𝑡 +1

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
?Z6
𝑀= − 2𝑡 𝑁 = ln(𝑡 ? + 1) − 2
Z G [\
45 ?Z 47 ?Z
= =
46 Z G [\ 4Z Z G [\

45 47 ?Z
Since = = , therefore the equation
46 4Z Z G [\
is exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I M is easier to integrate,

2𝑡𝑦
𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑦) = ; ] ? − 2𝑡^ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑡 +1
2𝑡
𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑦) = 𝑦 ; ? 𝑑𝑡 − 2 ; 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑡 +1
𝑢 = 𝑡? + 1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑙𝑛(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑡 ? + 𝑔(𝑦)

Step 3

Derive
D
Derive the f(t,y) with respect to y
𝜕𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦)
= ln(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑔C (𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Step 4

Find g(y) or h(x)

I
4B(Z,6)
Find the value of g(y) by equating to
46
𝑁(𝑡, 𝑦).

ln(𝑡 ? + 1) + 𝑔C (𝑦) = ln(𝑡 ? + 1) − 2

; 𝑔C (𝑦) = ; −2 𝑑𝑦

𝑔(𝑦) = −2𝑦

Finally, the general solution is

𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑙𝑛(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑡 ? + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑙𝑛(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑡 ? − 2𝑦

𝑦𝑙𝑛(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑡 ? − 2𝑦 = 𝐶
Example #5
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation using method of
grouping:
(5𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 8𝑦 J )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T Test the exactness of the given
equation by deriving M with respect to y and
N with respect to x.
𝑀 = 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 𝑁 = 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 J
45 47
=4 =4
46 48

45 47
Since = = 4, therefore the equation is
46 48
exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I
Integrate the equation with respect to the
given differential.

(5𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 8𝑦 J )𝑑𝑦 = 0

5𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 8𝑦 J 𝑑𝑦 = 0
5 ?
𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 c = 𝐶
2

Step 3

Group
D
There are two terms involving 4xy, therefor to
find the general solution, the two terms must
be grouped

5 ?
𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 c = 𝐶
2
Example #6
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation using method of
grouping:
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
𝑀 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦
45 47
= cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑦
46 48

45 47
Since = = cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥, therefore the
46 48
equation is exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I
Integrate the equation with respect to the
given differential.

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

6G
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − =𝐶
?

Step 3

Group
D
There are two terms involving ycosx, therefor
to find the general solution, the two terms
must be grouped

𝑦?
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − =𝐶
2