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Many methods have been proposed for predicting preheat temperature to avoid hydrogen
cracking in non-alloyed, fine grained and low alloy steel weldments.
Examples are given in IIW documents.
Two of those methods are described in this standard:
Method A is based on extensive experience and data which is mainly, but not exclusively, for
carbon-manganese type steels.
Method B is based on experience and data which is mainly, but not exclusively for low alloy
high strength steels.
Beside these two methods there are tables which shall be used for creep resisting and low
temperature steels. (method C).
The calculation of the welding temperature cycle is based upon the simplified formulas of
Rykalin. The formulas used here for respectively 3- and 2-dimensional cooling of a bead on
plate are the following.
3-Dimensional:
Q R2
T(t, R ) exp T0 .
2 t 4at
Q 1 1
t 8 / 5 .
2 500 T0 800 T0
2-Dimensional:
Q R2
T(t, R ) exp T0 .
d 4 c t 4at
Q2 1 1
t 8 / 5 2
2
.
4 cd ( 500 T0 ) ( 800 T0 ) 2
Here R represents the distance to the center of a point (3D) or line (2D) shaped heat source,
, c en are the physical “constants”, d is the plate thickness and T 0 the preheat and
interpass temperature.
The relations for the cooling time t8/5 have been empirically adapted to steel by Uwer et. al.
(IIW doc. IX 1631-91), obtaining the formulas below. Here there is no need for the values of
, en c, which are often difficult to obtain. Furthermore the weld shape factor for three- or
two-dimensional heat flow (F3 respectively F2) has been introduced. This enables one to
calculate more situations than a bead on plate. These new formulas for t8/5 are described in
EN 1011-2.
3-Dimensional:
1 1
t 8 / 5 (6700 5 T0 ) Q F3 .
500 T0 800 T0
2-Dimensional:
Q2 1 1
t 8 / 5 (4300 4, 3 T0 ) 10 5
( 500 T ) F2 .
d2 (800 T0 )
2 2
0
The transition thickness dt is the plate thickness at which the transition from three-
dimensional to two-dimensional heat flow takes place. In that case F2 = F3 and both values
of t8/5 are equal, also:
( 4300 4,3 T0 ) 10 5 1 1
dt Q
6700 5 T0 500 T0 800 T0
Preheating temperature
Q.
20°C. 100°C. 200°C.
0,5 10.4 11.1 12.3
1 14.7 15.7 17.4
1,5 18 19.2 21.3
2 20.7 22.2 24.6
2,5 23.2 24.8 27.5
3 25.4 27.1 30.1