P1-1 Different between data & information.

DATA INFORMATION

1. Data is the raw material that is to be 1. Information is processed data that can

processed for information or for made useful is known as information

collection of details.

2. Data is the computer language,that 2. Information is basically the data plus

alone enough to get deatils and find the meaning of what the data is collected

meaning of something. for, depends upon data.

3. Example: Each player's score is one 3. The total score of the team is

piece of data. information that is derived from the

data.

p1-2. what are different forms in which data can be represented ?

There are three forms in which data can be represented namely

1. Bit : This is also the short name for binary digits.it means that bit can only have two values zero and
one.zero emplies a power off state where as one means on state.

2.Byte:A byte is a collection or group of 8 bits . Abyte can store single character which can either be an
alphabet a number or a special character .

3.Word :The number of bits that a cpu possess indicates the power of the computer.it also indicates how
many number of bytes are present.In today's data most computer can handle 32 or 64 bit length.

p1-3 What are the characteristics of data communication?

Data communication means the exchange of data between two devices via some

forms of transmission medium such as a wire cable.

The characteristics of data communication :

1. Delivery :

The system must deliver data to the correct destination.Data must be received

by the intended device or user and only by that device .

 2. Accuracy:

The system must deliver the data accurately.Data that have been altered in
transmissionn and left uncorrected are unsuable.

3. Timeliness:

The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are useless. In case of
video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, the same order as that
they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.

4. Jitter:

Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery
of audio or video packets. For example: Let us assume that video packets are sent every 3D ms. If
some of the packets arrive with 3D-ms delay and others with 4D- ms delay, an uneven quality in
the video is the result.

p1-4 What are the components of a data communication system?

The components of data communication

1.Message

2.sender

3.Receiver

4.Medium or Communication channel

5. Encoder and Decoder

1.Message : The message is the information or data that is to be communicated. it may

consist of text ,number pictures, videos .

2.Sender : A device that is used for sending message is called sender. it is also called
transmitter or source.The sender can be a computer ,telephone .

3. Reciver : A device that is used for receiving message is called receiver. it is also known as
sink.The reciver can be a computer, telephone set ,printer or fax machine etc.
 4.Medium: The path through which data is transmitted (or sent) from one location to
another is called transmission medium. It is also called communication channel. It may be a wire, or fiber
optic cable, or telephone line

5. Encoder and Decoder : In communication systems, computers are used for senders and
receivers. A computer works with digital signals. The communication channels usually use analog signals.

P1-5 Define computer network and categorize.

A computer network is a set of connected computers.computer on network are called nodes.
The connection between computers can ve done vis cabling.Connected computers can share resources
like access to the internet ,printers,file servers and others.

Types of Network connections

1.Star topology : A star topology is a design of a network where a central node extends a
cable to each computer on the network. On a star network, computers are connected independently to
the center of the network

2. Bus topology : A bus topology is another type of design where a single cable connects all
computers and the information intended for the last node on the network must run through each
connected computer

3. Collapsed Ring Topology :A collapsed ring is a topology where the central node is a
network device called a hub, a router, or a switch. This device runs a ring topology internally and features
plugins for cables. Next, each computer has an independent cable, which plugs into the device. Most
modern offices have a cabling closet, or a space containing a switch device that connects the network.

p1-6 Why are protocols need ?

In computer networks, communication occurs between entities in different systems . An entity
anything capable of sending or receiving information. However two entities can not simply send bit
streams to each other and expect to be understood . For communication to occur,the entities must agree
on a protocol.

p1.8 what ia an internet ? what is the internet ?

The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to out fingertips
and organized it for our use

Internet - Worldwide network

When two or more networks are connected they become an internetwork or internet.The most
notable internet is called the internet.
p1-9 For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a
mesh ,ring,bus and star topology?

n(n-1)/2 cable link are reqired for mesh ,n for ring,n-1 cable link for bus, and n cable link for star
topology.

p1-10 If we have two computer's connected by a Ethernet hub at home.Is this lan
or wan?
Explain the reason.

It is LAN .Size and coverage of area determine whether a communication system is LAN or
WAN. A LAN normally covers an area less than 2 mile. a WAN can be worldwide.

p1-11 A Colour image used 24 bits to represent a pixel. What is the maximum
number of different colours that can be represented?

True color(24bit):Each pixel color is represented using 3 bytes, one for red, one for green,
and one for blue. This is referred to RGB color.

Since a single byte can represent 256 different shades,there are a total of roughly 16
million(256x256x256)colors that can be represented.