Families and households: Revision maps 60

Revision maps
Unit 1: Defining the family (pages 61–66)
Vertical
Polygyny
‘Blood’/ Polyandry
Horizontal
marriage

What is Primary Reductions? Extensions? Ask

‘a family’? relationships people?
Wider Polygamy
kin

Residence Marriage Adoption Biological Problems?

Extended
Reconstituted Gay/
Nuclear lesbian Lone Social Variation Cheal (1999)
Cohabitation parent construction
(Edholm, 1982)

Types Diversity

Defining the family

What is the family?

Sample of 250 societies Nuclear family

Murdock (1949) Universal family group

Constituents of a family

Common Economic Reproduction Adults of Parents At least one

residence cooperation both sexes maintain child, own
a socially or adopted
approved
sexual
relationship

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 Families and households: Revision maps 61

Revision maps
Unit 2: The family and social structure (pages 66–74)
Welfare Fragmented Force
dependency families Economic
control Decision-making
Socialisation Breakdown Childcare
breakdown Sexual of traditional Housework
family values Co-habitation
permissiveness
Economic
Two-parent Over-
Traditional Tolerance of Gay and Fatherless dependency
nuclear = ideal generous Unpaid
Welfare family gay/lesbian Lesbian families
changes welfare Emotional labour
values relationships couples Male
benefits Ignores trend domination Delphy and Domestic
Value Lone-parent
Feminism to gender Leonard (1992) labour
judgements families
Consequences equality
Blaming the
Idealised victims Ignores positive
Solutions Causes Evidence aspects
Female
Criticisms oppression
Criticisms Family decline

Feminist
New Right
Reproducing
labour power
Ignores Consumption
Emotional
dark side? Primary support for Socialising
Emphasises Sexual, socialisation, workers inequalities
Ignores Private
diversity? harmonious economic, stabilisation
property
families reproduction, of adult Inheritance
Sexist educational personalities Is family shaped
(Murdock (Parsons by economic
1949) 1955) inequalities? Maintaining
Engels
Is capitalism
(1884)
Criticisms Needs of capitalism
‘Warm bath’ Functions The family and capitalism? unjust?
theory social structure
Needs of
Criticisms
capitalism
Functionalist

Social policy Marxist

New right
UK family policy
Discouraging
Criticisms family diversity Encouraging
nuclear families

Labour
Ignore choices Strong Welfare/
(Blair: 1997–2007) Conservative Support
people make? marriage tax
Brown: 2007–) for all
Too contract benefits
families
judgemental? Married
Forcing Diversity
parent-hood
couples to stay can’t be
New together? reversed
Supporting Legal rights
deal Help for all families safeguards
types of (1998) Child
family Cohabitation
‘Back to Support Willets David Divorce Lone
Basics’ Major Act (1991) (2002) Cameron
parents
government Family Law Deny
Working (1990–1997) Act (1996) legal
Child Make more rights
Benefit Families Welfare Children
Absent difficult
Tax into need stable Cut
increases fathers Divorce
Credit work families Family welfare
Sure Support
Traditional instability =
Start diversity
family values social problems

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 Families and households: Revision maps 62

Revision maps
Unit 3: The family and social change (pages 74–85)
Creation 2 Stabilisation
Dependence of mother/ of adult
of women and housewife role 1 Primary Achieved Nuclear
personalities
children socialisation status
Geographic
19th century mobility Loss of
Factory acts functions
decline Two core functions
(1819)
Economic power in female
employment
Separation
Domestic Mines Act
from family
independence (1842) Isolated
life
nuclear family
Growth of High (Parsons
extended death No welfare Urbanisation (1951)
Industry
families state
Mutual rates
Men Women aid Poverty
Migration Workforce

Industrialisation Early industrial period Industrialisation

(Oakley, 1974) (Anderson, 1971)

Industrial family

Stages of Family Life Pre-industrial family

Young and Willmott

(The Symmetrical
Family and
Family 1973) social change Lazlett Study Farming families
of parish
records
Cottage
Marriage/ industries Unit of
cohabitation production
Stage 2: Early
industrial family Stage 4:
Kinship-
Asymmetrical Criticisms Nuclear
Stage 3: based
family Extended family
Stage 1: Symmetrical Craftswomen
households norm
Pre- industrial family rare Craftsmen
family
March of Stratified
Privatised progress? diffusion?
Nuclear Marriage
Joint ‘Blood’
conjugal Home- Extended ties
roles centred kin
Segregated
conjugal
roles
20th century Vertical
Horizontal

Modified extended
families

Manchester in the North

1990s (Finch and Declining
London in
Mason 1993) contact
the 1980s
with kin
(Willmott
Luton in the 1992)
1980s (Devine
1992)

British Social
Attitudes Survey

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 Families and households: Revision maps 63

Revision maps
Unit 4: Changing family relationships (pages 85–93)

Contraception
Education Divorce
Alternative Parental Housing
1940 2005 Attitudes control
Trend to marriage
to later 91% of all 60% of all
marriages marriages marriages Trial
Prelude to
marriage marriage
Separation 2005
Mainly 40% of all 2005
Empty divorcees marriages 1972 280,000
shell See also 1961 460,000 British Household
marriage Divorce 14% of all Panel Survey
marriages Reasons for increase
(1998)
Age First
marriage
Breakdown Remarriage Decline
since 1970s
Cohabitation

Marriage

Singlehood

Never Creative
Civil partnerships singlehood
married

Changing family
relationships Past = stigma
Choice Cohabitation
Same sex Legal Present =
couples partnership No suitable positive
partner
Divorce
Lifestyle choice

Trends Risk factors/social distribution Consequences

Statistics Explanations

20th century
dramatic rise Social class
Valid and Children Society
reliable Changing Age
Changing Dissatisfaction Other factors
Measure expectations Beneficial?
Legal social
legal Overloading Harmful?
changes values
termination marriage
Feminism
Partner Experience
Love Individualisation Differences in
Marriage Institution of parents background
Female divorce Choice
economic Remarriages Freedom
1959: independence Liberation
1857: New Right
Matrimonial Divorce Money
Reform Physical
Causes Act problems ‘grow
Act abuse
1949: apart’ Sexual
1984: Early
Legal abuse
Matrimonial pregnancy Lack of
Aid and
Proceedings Earlier the age awareness
Advice High Higher
Act = greater the High Higher
Act welfare crime
risk of divorce divorce school
rates costs rates
Lack of truancy
experience Inadequate
socialisation
Lone parent Higher juvenile
families delinquency

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 Families and households: Revision maps 64

Revision maps
Unit 5: Family diversity (pages 93–104)
Region
Higher Extended
divorce kin Country of Religion
rates support origin
Lower
Late modernity marriage
Giddens (1981) rates
20% Differences
Breaking extended within
down Predjudice Marriage Mainly
Postmodernity barriers? against? the norm nuclear
Stacey (1996)
Income
Different inequality
Multicultural African- Asian levels of family
families caribbean breakup Growth in one Decline in one
Life chances person and family households
Society vary lone parent with dependent
households children
Ethnicity
Social class

Cultural diversity
Households

Reconstituted families

Increase Gay/Lesbian
Diverse Tensions
New Family diversity
opportunities
1999: 6% all
families +
dependent
High Same-sex Same-sex Families
children Extended Economic
2005: 10% levels of parents partnership of choice
network security
all families + breakdown
dependent Role of step- ‘2nd chance’
children Surrogate Adoption
parents after
mothers
marriage
Parentline Plus
breakdown Artificial Children from
‘72 ways this type of
insemination previous
family can be formed’
marriage

Lone-parent families
Causes for concern
Reasons Trends
New Right Routes

Changing Family
attitudes breakdown
Nuclear family ideal Family diversity a 2005: 24% all
cause for concern Economic families with
Choice 1972: 7% all
independence dependent
families with
children
Other family forms dependent
Indicates increasing children
poor substitutes Less
breakdown of Greater
nuclear family pressure for tolerance
marriage
‘Abnormal’, Less stigma
Leads to a crisis in Separation
‘Undesirable’ Death of
family life Never including
partner married desertion
Alternative to Alternative to
cohabitation adoption Cohabitation
Never Divorce
Alternative to Alternative to cohabited breakdown
marriage abortion

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 Families and households: Revision maps 65

Revision maps
Unit 6: Gender, power and domestic labour (pages 105–111)
Men
Housework overestimate Monotonous
Women Boring
and Part-time Chores
childcare when underestimate Tedious
Creative
Domestic Unpaid
Full-time married
Mothers and prior to Paid
labour
Same Interesting Hobbies (domestic)
Emotion
Paid work
housewives marriage employment definition work
Time work
of domestic Urgency?
labour? Women’s
domestic
Men’s Housekeeping
Role labour Vogler and
Work Dual shift What Responsibility housework allowance
counts? vs help Female Pooling Pahl (1994)
‘Triple shift’ system
Duncombe
Increase and
in Secondary Reliability Trend
Shared Shared Shared Primary of Marsden towards
domestic role to Job Mainly Men:
work time descisions earners definitions (1995) Systems of money greater
labour women satisfaction female? Emotional
Validity management equality
Emotional distance
closeness Inequalities
Some (small)
Gendered of money
Joint conjugal roles move towards
Men control management
Women symmetry

Symmetrical family Problems

Young Willmott Contemporary with time-use Emotion work Finances
(1973) research studies

Domestic division of labour

Gender, power and domestic labour

Power

Decision-making Non-decisions Shaping desires Same-sex

Equality an
Domestic Paid employment ideal
Edgell = male
Men: labour =
Women: routine (1980) Female economic
important female
decisions? decisions dependence
Women accept Men desire
subordinate dominant
position position Partners Remove Freedom
with equal power from gender
work differences? norms and
Satisfaction
Female Shared status? conventions?
Male
decisions decisions decisions Female
Male service Female
power sacrifice

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 Families and households: Revision maps 66

Revision maps
Unit 7: Childhood and children (pages 112–115)

Educationalists Child
psychologists

Parenting Paediatricians
experts

Regulation
Treatment of Anti-social
children Children as tendencies
Medieval ‘little adults’ Discipline
Appropriate Europe Restraint
behaviour for
Length of Need
children
childhood 20th-century ‘Swallows and protection
experts Aries (1962) The Amazons’
‘Lord of control Vunerable
the Flies’ view
Cross-cultural
Idea of childhood Historical (Firth (1963) The welfare view

Biological Natural ‘Wicked and sinful’ ‘Innocent and

stage state wholesome’

Culture
Childhood is not (evidence) Rogers
(2001)

Images of childhood
Social construction

Childhood and children

Contemporary childhood

20th-century adults 21st century End of childhood

20th-century children

Self-
Need Stable controlled Postman Children
Unstable control
Adults Children Childhood (1983)
Complete
Incomplete

More Dependency Consumption

Unstable More like complex on parents
children
Incomplete No protection
More
New rights ambiguous Adult/child
Independent
choices No boundaries
separation breaking down
More like
adults Own
Own interests
Major economic
concerns force
Different
tastes and
preferences

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 Families and households: Revision maps 67

Revision maps
Unit 8: Demographic trends (pages 116–119)
More births than deaths

Natural Migration
change Total Women
Fertility Infant having
Actual People
Rate (TFR) Actual mortality fewer
numbers Birth rate living
declines numbers Death rate children
decline declines longer
decline rate declines
declines
Increased
(45–77 years)
Increased
Rate of Main (49–81 years)
1901: 2006:
growth reasons
38 60
has
million million Ageing
slowed Measurement Measurement Women
Men population

Population
growth Births Deaths Life expectancy

Demographic changes since 1900

Demographic trends

Explanations

Fertility (overall
Mortality (significant
decline since 1900)
decline since 1830)

Economic Changing
Individualisation Risk
Medical Improved Nutrition Living factors attitudes
advances welfare standards Changing
opportunities
for women
Choice of Childlessness
National Health Better Improved lifestyles
Service housing sanitation Rising cost of
children Career Change of
Clean Education priorities
water Choice to
postpone having Alternatives
Better Affordable children to traditional
diet food role

Range
of food Financial
Restrictive Career
Constraining
Emotional
Demanding Expensive strain Childcare Employment

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