Part 2: Diffusion and Mass Transfer, Lectures 1 2 3/4/2019

Part 2: Diffusion and Mass Transfer, lectures 1‐2 3/4/2019
1
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
CM3120 Transport/Unit Operations 2
Diffusion and
Mass Transfer
Professor Faith A. Morrison
Department of Chemical Engineering
Michigan Technological University
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm3120/cm3120.html 2
1
CM3120 Transport/Unit Operations 2
Diffusion and
Mass Transfer
Professor Faith A. Morrison
Department of Chemical Engineering
Michigan Technological University
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm3120/cm3120.html 3
Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures
Diffusion
• Is the mixing process caused by random
molecular motion. Diffusion/
• Is part of scientific inquiry (explains how mass transfer
nature works) 𝑡 0
concerns the
physics of
mixtures.
Mass Transfer
• Encompasses all mass-transfer mechanisms
and any issues of mixed physics
• Controls the cost of processes like chemical 𝑡 24ℎ
purification and environmental control
• Is practical (is basic to the engineering of
chemical processes)
References:
E. L. Cussler, Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems, 3rd edition, Cambridge 𝑡 ∞
University Press, 2016.
R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, E. N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, 2nd edition, 2002.
J. R. Welty, G. L. Rorrer, and D. G. Foster, Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and
Mass Transfer, 6th edition, 2015. 4
2
Diffusion
• Is the mixing process caused by random molecular motion
(Brownian motion). 𝑡 0
• Is part of scientific inquiry (explains how nature works)
• Is slow
• Since it is slow, it acts over short distances
Diffusion progresses at a
rate of
Is the physics behind: • ~5𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛 (gases)
• Transport in living cells • ~0.05𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛 (liquids) 𝑡 24ℎ
• The efficiency of distillation • ~10 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛 (solids)
• The dispersal of pollutants
• Gas absorption
• Fog formed by rain on snow
• The dyeing of wool
𝑡 ∞
5
p. xxi © Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Example: A friend walks into the far end of the

room plates of a delicious-smelling warm lunch.
How did the smell of lunch reach your nostrils?
Diffusion progresses at a
rate of
• ~5𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛 (gases)
• ~0.05𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛 (liquids)
• ~10 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛 (solids)
6
3
Mass Transfer
• Encompasses all mass-transfer mechanisms: random motion,
convection, thermodynamics-driven (specific interaction).
• Controls the cost of processes like chemical purification and
environmental control
• Is practical (is basic to the engineering of chemical processes)
• Is also slow
• There is an analogy to heat transfer (but care must be taken

not to over emphasize)
• Dilute mass transfer is emphasized
• Is the modeling behind (for example):
 Differential distillation (common) versus staged distillation
(less common)
 Adsorption
 Important applications of mass transfer in biology and
medicine
 Much more
7
p. xix © Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Mass Transfer
Convection and Diffusion and …
• Agitation or stirring moves material

over long distances
• Exposing new fluid elements
• Diffusion mixes newly adjacent
material
• Because diffusion is slow, it operates
only over short distances
How do we
model diffusion?
Reference:
E. L. Cussler, Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid 8
p. 1 Systems, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2016. © Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
4
Transport Analogy (flux)

Momentum
𝜕𝑣
𝜏̃ 𝜇 Newton’s Law
𝜕𝑧
Heat
𝑘 Fourier’s Law
Species 𝑨 Mass
in a mixture with 𝐵
𝑗 , 𝜌𝐷 Fick’s Law
 Momentum goes down a velocity gradient

 Heat goes down a temperature gradient
 Mass of species 𝑨 goes down a gradient in concentration of 𝐴
in a mixture
Transport Analogy Reference:

R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, E. N. Lightfoot,
Transport Phenomena, 2nd edition, Wiley, 2002. 9

Momentum
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧
Heat
Species 𝑨 Mass
Mass of species 𝐴 diffusing in the

𝑧-direction, per area
 Momentum per time
goes down a velocity gradient
 Heat goes down a temperature gradient
 Mass of species 𝑨 goes down a gradient in concentration of 𝐴
in a mixture

5

Momentum
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧
Heat
Species 𝑨 Mass
There is a transport analogy but

• topics important to diffusion but not to fluid flow tend to be omitted or
deemphasized (e.g. simultaneous diffusion and chemical reaction)
• Numerous topics unrelated to the transport law are deemphasized (in
fluid mechanics non-Newtonian flow and heat transfer some aspects of
macroscopic modeling)


Momentum
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧
Heat
Species 𝑨 Mass
There is a transport analogy but

• topics important to diffusion but not to fluid flow tend to be omitted or
deemphasized (e.g. simultaneous diffusion and chemical reaction)
• Numerous topics unrelated to the transport law are deemphasized (in
fluid mechanics non-Newtonian flow and heat transfer some aspects of
macroscopic modeling) How do we
model diffusion?
6
Modeling Diffusion/Mass Transfer:

Mass is Conserved Both:
‒ overall mass
‒ individual species’ masses
in a mixture
As was true in momentum transfer and heat transfer,

solving problems with shell balances on individual
control volumes is tricky, and it is easy to make
errors.
Instead, we use the general equation, derived for all

circumstances:
Equation of Species 𝑨 Mass Balance
(microscopic species mass balance)
Recall the other microscopic

balances, all written in terms of
Continuum Modeling
13
Microscopic Momentum Balance:
Equation of Motion
Microscopic momentum
balance written on an
dS arbitrarily shaped control
S n̂ volume, V, enclosed by a
surface, S
Gibbs notation: 𝜕𝑣
𝜌 𝑣 ⋅ 𝛻𝑣 𝛻𝑝 𝛻 ⋅ 𝜏̃ 𝜌𝑔 general fluid
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑣 Newtonian
Gibbs notation: 𝜌 𝑣 ⋅ 𝛻𝑣 𝛻𝑝 𝜇𝛻 𝑣 𝜌𝑔
𝜕𝑡 fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation;
Microscopic momentum constant viscosity
14
balance is a vector equation. © Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
7
Microscopic Energy Balance:

Equation of Thermal Energy
Microscopic energy balance
written on an arbitrarily
dS shaped volume, V, enclosed
S n̂ by a surface, S
𝜕𝐸 general
Gibbs notation: 𝜌 𝑣 ⋅ 𝛻𝐸 𝛻⋅𝑞 𝑆 conduction
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇 Fourier
Gibbs notation: 𝜌𝐶 𝑣 ⋅ 𝛻𝑇 𝑘𝛻 𝑇 𝑆
𝜕𝑡 conduction
(incompressible fluid, constant pressure,

neglect 𝐸 , 𝐸 , viscous dissipation, constant 𝑘 )
15
Microscopic Species A Mass Balance:

Equation of Species Mass Balance
Microscopic species A mass
dS arbitrarily shaped volume, V,
S n̂ enclosed by a surface, S
𝜕𝜔 general
Gibbs notation: 𝜌 𝑣 ⋅ 𝛻𝜔 𝛻 ⋅ 𝑗̲ 𝑟 mass
𝜕𝑡 transfer
𝜕𝜔 Fickean
Gibbs notation: 𝜌 𝑣 ⋅ 𝛻𝜔 𝜌𝐷 𝛻 𝜔 𝑟 diffusion
𝜕𝑡
(written in terms of mass quantities;
constant 𝜌𝐷 ) 16
8

Recall Microscopic Momentum Balance:
Equation of Motion
dS arbitrarily shaped control Microscopic Species A Mass Balance:
surface, S Microscopic species A mass
V dS arbitrarily shaped volume, V,
Gibbs notation: general fluid V
Newtonian general
Gibbs notation:
fluid Gibbs notation: mass
transfer
Navier-Stokes Equation
Microscopic momentum Fickean
balance is a vector equation. Gibbs notation:
diffusion

constant 𝜌𝐷 )
Microscopic Balances: Equation of Thermal Energy
n̂
• All three have a convective term on the S by a surface, S
left-hand side (due to use of control V

volume and mass or per mass basis)
general
Gibbs notation:
conduction
• All three have two forms, one including
the flux and one with the transport law Gibbs notation:
Fourier
conduction
embedded (incompressible fluid, constant

pressure, neglect 𝐸 , 𝐸 , viscous
dissipation )
17

Equation of Motion
Newtonian general
Gibbs notation:
transfer
diffusion

constant 𝜌𝐷 )
n̂

general
Gibbs notation:
conduction
Fourier
conduction

dissipation )
18
9

Equation of Motion
Newtonian general
Gibbs notation:
transfer
diffusion

constant 𝜌𝐷 )
n̂

general
Gibbs notation:
conduction
Fourier
conduction

dissipation )
19
Microscopic species A mass balance

in a mixture
Appears due to use of stationary
coordinates (control volume)
convection
source (mass of species 𝐴
generated by
𝜕𝜔 homogeneous
𝜌 𝑣 ⋅ 𝛻𝜔 𝜌𝐷 𝛻 𝜔 𝑟 reaction per time)
𝜕𝑡
rate of change diffusion

(all directions)
Appears due to transport through
a surface (control surface)
velocity must satisfy
equation of motion,
equation of continuity The types of terms that appear are very
much like similar mechanisms that we
have seen in the other transport fields.
20
10
An underlying feature of these balances is the

assumption that matter forms a continuum.
momentum species mass energy
Recall Microscopic Momentum Balance: Microscopic Species A Mass Balance: Microscopic Energy Balance:
Equation of Motion Equation of Species Mass Balance Equation of Thermal Energy
Microscopic momentum Microscopic species A mass Microscopic energy balance
balance written on an balance written on an written on an arbitrarily
dS arbitrarily shaped control dS dS
S n̂ n̂ arbitrarily shaped volume, V,
S n̂ shaped volume, V, enclosed
volume, V, enclosed by a S enclosed by a surface, S by a surface, S
surface, S
V V V
general general
Gibbs notation: general fluid Gibbs notation:
Gibbs notation: mass conduction
transfer
Newtonian Gibbs notation:

Fourier
Gibbs notation: Fickean
fluid Gibbs notation: conduction
diffusion
(incompressible fluid, constant
(written in terms of mass quantities; pressure, neglect 𝐸 , 𝐸 , viscous
balance is a vector equation.
constant 𝜌𝐷 ) dissipation )
To model diffusion and mass transfer

within this familiar structure, we must
adapt our notion of the continuum.
to accommodate aspects that
are important in a mixture
21
Continuum Modeling
Microscopic balances are written on an
dS arbitrarily shaped microscopic volume,
S n̂ 𝑉, enclosed by a surface, 𝑆
• A continuum is infinitely divisible

V • Material properties (𝜇, 𝑘, 𝜌) are
shared by all volume elements
BUT:
Real matter is not a continuum;
at small enough length scales,
molecules are discrete.
22
11
Continuum Modeling

• Material properties (𝜇, 𝑘, 𝜌) are
• In a binary mixture, different pieces of

matter have different material identities
and different material properties
Species 𝑨: 𝑥 , mole fraction 𝐴

Species 𝑩: 𝑥 , mole fraction 𝐵
moles mixture
𝑐,
volume mixture
23
Continuum Modeling

• In a binary mixture, different pieces of

Species 𝑨: 𝜔 , mass fraction 𝐴

Species 𝑩: 𝜔 , mass fraction 𝐵
mass mixture
𝜌,
volume mixture
24
12
Continuum Modeling

We, didn’t
• In a binary mixture different have
pieces ofto deal with this
before (momentum, energy), since
we considered homogeneous
Species 𝑨:
materials and not mixtures.
𝜔 , mass fraction 𝐴
Species 𝑩: 𝜔 , mass fraction 𝐵
mass mixture
𝜌,
volume mixture
25
Continuum Modeling
Mass versus Moles

• A complication with the microscopic species mass balance is that
we have been modeling systems as a continuum.
• In a continuum, material properties (𝜇, 𝑘, 𝜌) are shared by all
volume elements.
• But now, we’re interested in species A and B as separate entities.
• Chemical identity manifests as a distribution of atoms/molecules
(or moles of either) and also as a distribution of mass.
• Molar and mass distributions are not the same distribution.
𝜔 , mass fraction 𝐴 𝑥 , mole fraction 𝐴

Species 𝑨:
𝜔 , mass fraction 𝐵 𝑥 , mole fraction 𝐵
Species 𝑩:
mass mixture moles mixture
𝜌, 𝑐,
volume mixture volume mixture
26
13
Continuum Modeling
Mass versus Moles 𝜔 , mass fraction 𝐴 𝑥 , mole fraction 𝐴

Species 𝑨:
𝜔 , mass fraction 𝐵 𝑥 , mole fraction 𝐵
Species 𝑩:
mass mixture moles mixture
𝜌, 𝑐,
volume mixture volume mixture
Should we express the diffusion of molecules in terms of

moles or in terms of mass?
Does it matter?
Answer? It depends.
MASS! Fits well with previous microscopic balances (in a

mixture, 𝑣 is the mass average velocity)
MOLES! When reactions take place, reactions are naturally

analyzed in terms of moles
This question has led to an

increase of nomenclature.
27
Species Fluxes
The community has found use for four (actually more) different fluxes.
The differences in the various fluxes are related to several questions:
Flux of what? And due to what mechanism?

𝑁 combined molar flux (includes convection and diffusion)
𝑛 combined mass flux (includes convection and diffusion)
𝑗̲ mass flux (diffusion only)
𝐽̲∗ molar flux (diffusion only) convection source
(mass of species
𝐴 generated by
homogeneous
diffusion reaction per time)
rate of change
(all directions)
Written relative to what velocity?
𝑁 relative to stationary coordinates
𝑛 relative to stationary coordinates These different definitions
𝑗̲ relative to the mass average velocity 𝑣 lead to different forms for the
𝐽̲∗ relative to the molar average velocity 𝑣 ∗ microscopic species mass
balance and for the
transport law.
BSL2, p552 28
14
Species Fluxes
The community has found use for four (actually more) different fluxes.
The differences in the various fluxes are related to several questions:
Flux of what? And due to what mechanism?

𝑁 combined molar flux (includes convection and diffusion)
𝑛 combined mass flux (includes convection and diffusion)
𝑗̲ mass flux (diffusion only)
𝐽̲ ∗ molar flux (diffusion only) convection source
(mass of species
𝐴 generated by
homogeneous
diffusion reaction per time)
rate of change
(all directions)
Written relative to what velocity?
𝑁 relative to stationary coordinates
𝑛 relative to stationary coordinates These different definitions
𝑗̲ relative to the mass average velocity 𝑣 lead to different forms for the
𝐽̲ ∗ relative to the molar average velocity 𝑣 ∗ microscopic species mass
balance and for the
transport law.
These different It will take some

fluxes are a time and practice
significant to get used to all
complication. this
29
Microscopic species A mass balance—Five forms
In terms of mass flux 𝜕𝜔𝐴

and mass 𝜌 𝑣 ⋅ ∇𝜔𝐴 ∇ ⋅ 𝑗𝐴̲ 𝑟𝐴
𝜕𝑡
concentrations
𝜌𝐷 𝛻 𝜔 𝑟
In terms of molar flux 𝜕𝑥𝐴
and molar 𝑐 𝑣 ∗ ⋅ ∇𝑥𝐴 ∇ ⋅ 𝐽𝐴̲∗ 𝑥𝐵 𝑅𝐴 𝑥𝐴 𝑅𝐵
𝜕𝑡
concentrations
𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇2 𝑥𝐴 𝑥𝐵 𝑅𝐴 𝑥𝐴 𝑅𝐵
In terms of combined 𝜕𝑐𝐴
molar flux and molar ∇ ⋅ 𝑁𝐴 𝑅𝐴
𝜕𝑡
concentrations
These different definitions

lead to different forms It will take some
for the microscopic time and practice
species mass balance to get used to all
and for the species this
transport law, Fick’s law.
30
15
Various quantities in diffusion and mass transfer
How much is present:
𝑗𝐴̲ ≡ mass flux of species 𝐴 relative to a mixture’s mass average velocity, 𝑣

𝜌𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝑣
𝑗𝐴̲ 𝑗𝐵̲ 0 , i.e. these fluxes are measured relative to the mixture’s center of mass
𝑛 𝐴 ≡ 𝜌𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝑗𝐴̲ 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 combined mass flux relative to stationary coordinates

𝑛 𝐴 𝑛𝐵 𝜌𝑣
𝐽̲𝐴∗ ≡ molar flux relative to a mixture’s molar average velocity, 𝑣 ∗

𝑐𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝑣 ∗
𝐽𝐴̲ ∗ 𝐽𝐵̲ ∗ 0
𝑁𝐴 ≡ 𝑐𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝐽𝐴̲ ∗ 𝑐𝐴 𝑣 ∗ combined molar flux relative to stationary coordinates

𝑁𝐴 𝑁𝐵 𝑐𝑣 ∗
𝑣𝐴 ≡ velocity of species 𝐴 in a mixture, i.e. average velocity of all molecules of species 𝐴

within a small volume
𝑣 𝜔𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝜔𝐵 𝑣𝐵 ≡ mass average velocity; same velocity as in the microscopic momentum
and energy balances
𝑣 ∗ 𝑥𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝑥𝐵 𝑣𝐵 ≡ molar average velocity
Part of the problem is that

we have grown It will take some
comfortable with the time and practice
continuum, but now we to get used to all
are peering into the this
details of the continuum
31
We will be introduced to
handy worksheets and to It will take some
the common assumptions time and practice
and boundary conditions to get used to all
(just like in momentum this
and energy balances)
32
16
It turns out that there are many interesting and

applicable problems we can address readily with this
form of the species mass balance.
Microscopic species A mass balance—Five forms
In terms of mass flux 𝜕𝜔𝐴

and mass 𝜌 𝑣 ⋅ ∇𝜔𝐴 ∇ ⋅ 𝑗𝐴̲ 𝑟𝐴
𝜕𝑡
concentrations
𝜌𝐷 𝛻 𝜔 𝑟
In terms of molar flux 𝜕𝑥𝐴
and molar 𝑐 𝑣 ∗ ⋅ ∇𝑥𝐴 ∇ ⋅ 𝐽𝐴̲ ∗ 𝑥𝐵 𝑅𝐴 𝑥𝐴 𝑅𝐵
Let’s jump in!
𝜕𝑡
concentrations
2
𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇ 𝑥𝐴 𝑥 𝑅 𝑥 𝑅
𝐵 𝐴 𝐴 𝐵
In terms of combined 𝜕𝑐𝐴

molar flux and molar ∇ ⋅ 𝑁𝐴 𝑅𝐴
𝜕𝑡
concentrations
We’ll do a “Quick Start” and

Microscopic species mass get into some examples and
balance in terms of return to the “why” of it all a
combined molar flux 𝑵𝑨 bit later.
33
Diffusion and Mass Transfer QUICK START
Using the microscopic species mass balance in terms of
combined molar flux and molar concentrations
𝛻⋅𝑁 𝑅 QUICK START
𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 the concentration of 𝐴 in the mixture
𝑁 combined molar flux of 𝐴 (diffusion and convection)
⋅
relative to stationary coordinates
𝑅 rate of production of 𝐴 by reaction per unit
⋅
volume mixture
𝑐 molar density of the mixture (for ideal gases 𝑐
34
17
Using Fick’s law of diffusion in terms of the
same combined molar flux:
𝑁 𝑥 𝑁 𝑁 𝑐𝐷 𝛻𝑥 QUICK START
𝑁 combined molar flux of 𝐴 (diffusion and convection)
⋅
relative to stationary coordinates
𝑥 mole fraction of 𝐴
𝐷 diffusion coefficient (diffusivity) of 𝐴 in 𝐵
𝑐 molar density of the mixture (for ideal gases 𝑐
35
Using handy worksheets to learn the
common modeling assumptions QUICK START
36
pages.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm3120/Homeworks_Readings.html © Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
18
Microscopic Species Mass Balance QUICK

START
Note: this
handout is
on the web
37
Fick’s Law of Diffusion in terms of Combined QUICK

Molar Flux 𝑁 START
Note: this
handout is
on the web
38
19
Handy reminder of definitions and relationships QUICK

among mixture quantities START
Note: this
handout is
on the web
39
QUICK START
Example: Water (40 𝐶, 1.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚) slowly and steadily evaporates into nitrogen
(40 𝐶, 1.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚) from the bottom of a cylindrical tank as shown in the figure
below. A stream of dry nitrogen flows slowly past the open tank. The mole
fraction of water in the gas at the top opening of the tank is 0.02. The
geometry is as shown in the figure. What is the rate of water evaporation?
𝑁
𝑧 𝑧 1.0𝑚
0.25𝑚 2𝑅
𝑧 𝑧 0.3𝑚
𝑧
𝐻 𝑂
𝑧 0
BSL2, p547 40
20
QUICK START
Interrogating the Example: Water (40 𝐶, 1.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚) slowly and steadily evaporates into nitrogen
problem: below. A stream of dry nitrogen flows slowly past the open tank. The mole
fraction of water in the gas at the top opening of the tank is 0.02. What is the
rate of water evaporation?
𝑁
𝑧 𝑧 1.0𝑚
Why does the water
evaporate?
0.25𝑚 2𝑅
What limits the rate of 𝑧 𝑧 0.3𝑚

evaporation? 𝑧
𝐻𝑂
𝑧 0
What could be done to

accelerate the
evaporation?
What could be done to What is the

slow down the driving physics?
evaporation?
BSL2, p547 41
QUICK START
fraction of water in the gas at the top opening of the tank is 0.02. The
geometry is as shown in the figure. What is water mole fraction as a function
of vertical position? You may assume ideal gas properties. What is the rate
of water evaporation?
𝑁
𝑧 𝑧 1.0𝑚
0.25𝑚 2𝑅
𝑧 𝑧 0.3𝑚
𝑧
𝐻 𝑂
𝑧 0
BSL2, p547 42
21
QUICK START
fraction of water in the gas at the top opening of the tank is 0.02. What is the
rate of water evaporation?
𝑁
𝑧 𝑧 1.0𝑚
0.25𝑚 2𝑅
𝑧 𝑧 0.3𝑚
𝑧
𝐻𝑂
𝑧 0

Solve.
BSL2, p547 43
22

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CM3120 Transport/Unit Operations 2

CM3120 Transport/Unit Operations 2

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Example: A friend walks into the far end of the

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

• There is an analogy to heat transfer (but care must be taken

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

• Agitation or stirring moves material

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Transport Analogy (flux)

 Momentum goes down a velocity gradient

Transport Analogy Reference:

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Transport Analogy (flux)

Mass of species 𝐴 diffusing in the

Transport Analogy Reference:

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Transport Analogy (flux)

There is a transport analogy but

Transport Analogy Reference:

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Transport Analogy (flux)

There is a transport analogy but

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Modeling Diffusion/Mass Transfer:

As was true in momentum transfer and heat transfer,

Instead, we use the general equation, derived for all

Recall the other microscopic

Microscopic Momentum Balance:

Microscopic Energy Balance:

(incompressible fluid, constant pressure,

Microscopic Species A Mass Balance:

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Gibbs notation: general fluid V

(written in terms of mass quantities;

left-hand side (due to use of control V

embedded (incompressible fluid, constant

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Gibbs notation: general fluid V

(written in terms of mass quantities;

left-hand side (due to use of control V

embedded (incompressible fluid, constant

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Gibbs notation: general fluid V

(written in terms of mass quantities;

left-hand side (due to use of control V

embedded (incompressible fluid, constant

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

Microscopic species A mass balance

rate of change diffusion

Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Mixtures

An underlying feature of these balances is the

Newtonian Gibbs notation:

To model diffusion and mass transfer

• A continuum is infinitely divisible

• A continuum is infinitely divisible

• In a binary mixture, different pieces of

Species 𝑨: 𝑥 , mole fraction 𝐴

• A continuum is infinitely divisible

• In a binary mixture, different pieces of