JJ 309

FLUID MECHANICS

CHAPTER 1
FLUID & PROPERTIES
SUB TOPIC
1. Explain fluid characteristics
Define fluid
Describe fluid terms
Compare the characteristics between liquid, gas and
solid

2. Ilustrate types of pressure gauge

Define: Atmospheric pressure, absolute pressure,
gauge pressure, vacuum pressure
Solve problem related to pressure gauge
CONT…..
3. Apply physical properties of fluid
Define: i. Viscosity
ii. fluid compressibility
iii.mass density and relative density
iv.specific weight and specific volume

solve problem related to physical properties of fluid

 [C2;CLO 1, C3;CLO 2 & A4;CLO 3]

1. WHAT IS A FLUID?????

 A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to

as a Fluid
 Fluid as a substance that can flow.
 It is no particular form.
 It changes shape, as the container contains.
 if a lower shear force values ​acting on the fluid it
will deform. therefore, the fluid at rest can not bear
the shear stress.
(In any fluid, the molecules themselves are in
constant, random motion, colliding with each other
and with the walls of any container )
 Droplet of
liquid water

PHASES OF MATTER

liquid
Solid gas
States
of
matter
 • In the gas phase
• In the solid
phase the
liquid the molecular
forces are very
molecules are weak. A gas fills
• In the liquid phase the
closely bound to molecular forces are its container,
one another by weaker than in a solid. A taking both the
molecular forces. liquid will take the shape shape and the
A solid holds its of its container with a volume of the
shape and the free surface in a container.
volume of a solid gravitational field. In
is fixed by the microgravity, a liquid
forms a ball inside a free
shape of the solid surface. Regardless of
gravity, a liquid has a
fixed volume.

solid
gas
SOLID, LIQUID & GAS
Liquid or gas as a fluid because they can be made
to flow, or move
Solid & fluid is made on the basis of the
substance’s ability to resist an applied shear (or
tangential) stress that tend to change its shape.
In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually
deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, no
matter how small
SOLIDS AND FLUIDS
A solid can resist a shear force with only a finite deformation.
If force is maintained, the deformation is unchanged

A fluid will undergo a continuous deformation due to a shear force

GAS AND LIQUIDS

Liquids are more dense

Gases are more compressible

CONT…

In a liquid, molecules are in their equilibrium distance with respect to

intermolecular forces and the motion due to thermal vibration of the
molecules is quite small: about equal to the distance between molecules.
Thus there is some order in the molecular structure.

In gases the spacing is large enough so that intermolecular forces are

very small; molecules are basically oscillating with large amplitudes and
collisions are common.
SHEAR STRESS
FLUID DISTRIBUTION
Water
Liquids
(incompressible)

oil

Matters
Gas
air
(compressible)

Solid (power to
change shape glass
when subjected)
SOLID VS FLUIDS

• Stress
solid proportional to
strain

• Stress
fluids proportional to
strain rate
EXAMPLE
 Another great example of a solid, liquid and gas is
coke with ice. Coke is carbonated, which means it
has gas in it, the actual coke is a liquid, and the
ice/cup is a solid!

 A good example of a solid, liquid and gas is hot

coffee in a cup. The steam coming out of the coffee
is a gas, the coffee is a liquid and the cup is a solid!
ASSESTMENT……
What is a fluid?
How does a fluid differ from
solid?
How does a gas differ from a
liquid?
Can you make a difference of
liquids, gases and solids?
2. PRESSURE GAUGES
 Pressure  normal force exerted by a fluid per unit
area (gas or liquid)

1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 kPa = 103 Pa
1 Mpa = 106 Pa
1 Bar = 105 Pa
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars
 PRESSURE

In mathematically pressure may be expressed as:

where:
is the pressure
is the perpendicular force
is the area.

is the pressure is the perpendicular force is the area. The SI unit for
pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to one newton per square meter
(N·m-2 or kg·m-1·s-2). It was given that SI name in 1971. Before that,
pressure in SI was expressed simply as N/m2.
Pressure in head gives

Where:
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
 Absolute Pressure, PAbs : any system is the gauge pressure
of the system plus the local atmospheric or ambient pressure

 Gauge Pressure, Pgauge : The difference between the

absolute and the local atmospheric pressure

 Vacuum Pressures, PVac : Pressures below atmospheric

pressure

 Atmospheric pressure, PAtm : as a result of heavy pressure

from the air or atmosphere on the surface of the earth used as
a reference pressure or the pressure datum
Patm , PAbs , Pgauge & PVac

PGauge Patm PAbs

PVac Pabs PAtm

THE RELATIONSHIP OF PRESSURES
EXAMPLE
 An example of the difference is between gauge and
absolute pressure is the air pressure in a vehicle
tire. A tire pressure gauge might read 220 kPa as
the gauge pressure, but that means the pressure is
220 kPa above atmospheric pressure.

Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is about

101 kPa, the absolute pressure in the tire is
therefore about 321 kPa.
 EXERCISE
1. If the absolute pressure in a gas is 40.0 psia and the
atmospheric pressure is 846 mbar abs, find the gauge
pressure in kPa and bar.

Solution:
EXERCISE

2. If the atmospheric pressure is 0.900 bar abs and

gauge attached to tank reads 390 mmHg vacuum. What
is the absolute pressure within the tank?

Solution:
3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUID
 Viscosity  dynamic, µ& kinematic, v
 fluid compressibility

 mass density, ρ

 relative density/specific gravity, s

 specific weight, ω

 specific volume, ν
VISCOSITY
 Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid
which is being deformed by either shear stress or
tensile stress. In everyday terms (and for fluids
only), viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction".
Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while
honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity. Put
simply, the less viscous the fluid is, the greater its
ease of movement (fluidity)
CONT.
 Dynamic viscosity
dynamic viscosity is the pascal-second (Pa·s),
(equivalent to N·s/m2, or kg/(m·s)).
Kinematic viscosity
with the ratio of the inertial force to the viscous force
(i.e. the Reynolds number, Re = VD / ν) , the former
characterized by the fluid density ρ. This ratio is
characterized by the kinematic viscosity (Greek
letter nu, ν), defined as follows:

The SI unit of ν is m2/s. The SI unit of ρ is kg/m3.

CONT.
FLUID COMPRESSIBILITY

 In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics,

compressibility is a measure of the relative
volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a
pressure (or mean stress) change.

,pa
(T = constant)

where V is volume and p is pressure

Note: most textbooks use the notation κ for this quantity
EXAMPLE
 A rigid steel container is partially filled with a liquid at 15
atm. The volume of the liquid is 1.23200 L . At a pressure
of 30 atm, the volume of the liquid is 1.23100 L . Find the
average bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid over the
given range of pressure if the temperature after compression
is allowed to return to its initial value. What is the coefficient
of compressibility (ß)?
 Solution:
EXERCISE
 A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of
1000 cm3 at 1 MN/m2 and a volume of 995 cm3 at 2
MN/m2. What is its bulk modulus of elasticity (κ)?
Ans: 200MPa
 Solution:
CONT….
If κ = 2.2 GPa is the bulk modulus of elasticity for
water, what pressure is required to reduce a volume
by 0.6 percent? Ans: 13.2 MPa
 Sol:
MASS DENSITY
 The mass density or density of a material is
defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol
most often used for density is ρ (the Greek letter
rho).
 If the average density (including any air below the
waterline) of an object is less than water (1000
kg/m3) it will float in water and if it is more than
water's it will sink in water.
 Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided
by volume:

 where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the

volume
EXAMPLE
1. An unknown liquid substance has a mass of 18.5 g
and occupies a volume of 23.4 ml. (milliliter).
 The density can be calculated as

Solution:
 ρ = [(18.5 g) / (1000 g/kg)] / [(23.4 ml) / (1000 ml/l)
(1000 l/m3) ]
 = (18.5 10-3 kg) / (23.4 10-6 m3)

 = 790 kg/m3
EXAMPLE
 2. The density of titanium is 4507 kg/m3. Calculate
the mass of 0.17 m3 titanium!
Solution:
 m = (0.17 m3) (4507 kg/m3)

 = 766.2 kg
RELATIVE DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 The terms specific gravity, and less often specific

weight, are also used for relative density
 Specific gravity is the ratio of the density (mass of
a unit volume) of a substance to the density (mass
of the same unit volume) of a reference substance.
 Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of
a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal
volume of the reference substance
CONT.

 True specific gravity, can be expressed mathematically

as:

 where is the density of the sample and is

the density of water.
 The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the
weights of equal volumes of sample and water in air:

 where represents the weight of sample and

the weight of water, both measured in air.
EXAMPLE
 If the density of iron is 7850 kg/m3, 7.85 grams per
cubic centimeter (cm3), 7.85 kilograms per liter, or
7.85 metric tons per cubic meter - the specific
gravity of iron is:
Solution:
 SG = (7850 kg/m3) / (1000 kg/m3)

 = 7.85
 water density is 1000 kg/m3
 SPECIFIC WEIGHT,
 The specific weight (also known as the unit
weight) is the weight per unit volume of a material
 The symbol of specific weight is ω (omega) or 𝜸

(the Greek letter Gamma).

 specific weight represents the force exerted by
gravity on a unit volume of a fluid. For this reason,
units are expressed as force per unit volume (e.g.,
lb/ft3 or N/m3).

ω or
where
γ is the specific weight of the material (weight per unit volume, typically N/m3 units)
ρ is the density of the material (mass per unit volume, typically kg/m3)
g is acceleration due to gravity (rate of change of velocity, given in m/s2)
EXAMPLE
1. Specific weight for water at 39 oF (4 oC) is 62.4
lb/ft3 (9.81 kN/m3) in imperial units. Specific weight
in SI units can be calculated like
Solution:
 γ = (1000 kg/m3) (9.81 m/s2)

 = 9810 N/m3
 = 9.81 kN/m3
SPECIFIC VOLUME, V

 Specific volume (ν) is the volume occupied by a unit

of mass of a material
 The specific volume of a substance is equal to the
reciprocal of its mass density. Specific volume may
be expressed in , , , or .

 where, V is the volume, m is the mass and ρ is the

density of the material.
EXAMPLE

 Calculate the density, specific weight, and specific

volume of chloride gas at 25 oC and pressure of
600 000 N/m2 abs.

Solution:
ρ = P/ RT = 600 000/[(118)(25+273)] = 17.1 kg/m3
ω = ρg = (17.1)(9.81) = 168 N/m3
v = 1/ ρ = 1/17.1 = 0.0585 m3/kg
EXERCISE
 A reservoir of glycerin (glyc) has a mass of 1200 kg
and a volume of 0.952 m3. Find the glycerin’s
weight (W), mass density (ρ), specific weight (γ @
ω) and specific gravity (s @ s.g) ans:
(W= 11.77kN, ρ = 1261kg/m3, ω = 12.36 kN/m3)
SUMMARY: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF A FLUID

DENSITY OF A FLUID ρ

For small fluid volume V of mass m

ρ = Density = m/V kg/m3

SPECIFIC WEIGHT γ

This is the weight per unit volume

γ = ρ g N m- 3

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
S= Density of fluid
Density of water at 4 0C (1000 kgm-3)
CONT….
PRESSURE AND COMPRESSIBILITY

Pressure P = (normal force/area)

Pressure = F/A Nm-2 or Pascals, Pa

CONT…

The slope of these lines is an indication of the compressibility of the fluid.

Gentle slope ⇒ "soft" fluid i.e. a gas

Steep slope ⇒ "hard" fluid i.e. a liquid
CONT…
BULK COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY, К

A measure of the compressibility of a fluid is thus the slope of the

lines on the P-V diagram.

Pascal

where ρ = m/V = 1/ν (where υ is termed the specific volume)

VISCOSITY
Measures the resistance to shearing motion
ν = kinematic viscosity
= μ/ρ
ASSESSTMENT
 What is specific gravity? How is it related to
density?
 QUIZ 1

1. Give the definition of the fluid and the difference between

liquid, gas and solid.

2. How to show the relationship between atmospheric pressure,

gauge pressure, absolute pressure and vacuum pressure?

3. The specific gravity of ethyl alcohol is 0.79. Calculate its

specific weight and mass density.
 QUIZ 1

1. Explain all the properties of liquids with an example.

2. A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads 5.8 Pa at a

location where the atmospheric pressure is 14.5 Pa. Determine
the absolute pressure in the chamber.

3. Provide definitions and units used for fluid physical

properties such as specific volume, density and viscosity.