‫المعهد التكنولوجى العالى ‪ -‬العاشر من رمضان‬

‫الفصل الدراسى‪ :‬يناير‪ /‬مايو ‪2020‬‬

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 Higher Technological Institute

Tenth of Ramadan

Mechanical Engineering Department

Research Article/ Research Project

Research Title [font size 20]

Course Details

Term Jan./May 2020

Course Name
Course Code
Group No.

Reviewers Committee

1
2
3

Total points
/100

May 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Network
 A network consists of two or more computers that linked together to share
resources (printers and CDs), exchange files, and allow electronic
communications.
 The computers on a network may linked through cables, telephone lines,
radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

Components of computer network:

1-Two or more computers

2-Cables as links between the computers

3- A network interfacing card(NIC) on each computer

4-Switches and Software called operating system (OS)

NETWORK CLASSIFICATION BY THEIR COMPONENT

ROLE (Local area network):

 Peer To Peer (workgroups): The computers are linked by a network,

however, there is NOT a Server present.
 Client/Server :The computers are connected by a network, and there is a
Server present.

CLASSIFICATION OF AREA BY THEIR GEOGRAPHY:

 Local-area networks (LANs):

1- The computers are geographically close together (in the same building).

2-LAN is a network which is designed to operate over a small physical area

such as an office, factory or a group of buildings.

3-LAN’s are easy to design and troubleshoot. Exchange of information and

sharing of resources becomes easy because of LAN.

4-In LAN all machines are connected to a single cable.

5-Different types of topologies such as star, tree, bus, ring, etc Can be used  It
is usually a privately owned network

6- Nodes in a LAN are connected together with a certain topology. These

topologies include: ( Bus ,Ring Star)

 Metropolitan-area networks (MANs):

1-The computers are farther apart from each other and they are connected (in
the same city).

2-It is in between LAN & WAN technology that covers the entire city.

3-It can be a single network such as cable TV network, or a measure of

connecting a number of LAN’s or a large network so that resources can be
shared LAN to LAN as well as device to device.

 Wide-area networks (WANs):

1-The computers are farther apart and are connected but ( NOT in the same
city).

2-When network spans over a large distance or when the computers to be

connected to each other are at widely separated locations a local area network
cannot be used.

3-A wide area network(WAN) is installed. The communication between

different users of WAN is established using leased telephone lines, satellite
links and similar channels.

 Personal Area Network (PAN):

o computer network organized around an individual person.
o It generally consists of a mobile computer, cell phone or personal digital
assistant.
o PAN enables the communication among these devices and can also be used
for communication among personal devices themselves for connecting to a
digital level network and internet.
o The PANs can be constructed using wireless or cables.

 The campus area network(CAN)

o Is constructed from an interconnection of LAN with limited geographical
area.
o Network equipments such as( switches, routers and the transmission media

Figure1: types of computer networks

In addition to these types, the following [characteristics] are also used to

categorize different types of networks:
 Topology :
o The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies
include ( bus, star, and ring.
o The shape of a local-area network (LAN) or other communications system.
There are

Three principal topologies used in LANs.

1. Bus topology:
o All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus
networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks.
o Ethernet systems use a bus topology.
o Simple and low-cost • A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment) •
Only one computer can send messages at a time • Passive topology -
computer only listen for, not regenerate data
2. Ring topology :
o All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so
that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either
side of it.
o Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to install, but they
offer high bandwidth and can span large distances.
o Every computer serves as a repeater to boost signals
o Typical way to send data and Token passing but only the computer who
gets the token can send data

Disadvantages: Difficult to add computers-More expensive - If one

computer fails, whole network fails.

3. Star topology:
o All devices are connected to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy
to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass
through the hub.
o Each computer has a cable connected to a single point
o Disadvantages: More cabling, so it is higher cost -All signals transmission
through the hub; if down, entire network down -Depending on the
intelligence of hub, two or more computers may send message at the same
time

Figure2: principal topologies used in LANs

 Protocol :
o Is a common set of rules and signals that computers on the network use to
communicate.
o An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices.The
protocol determines the following: the type of error checking to be used data
compression method, if any how the sending device will indicate that it has
finished sending a message how the receiving device will indicate that it has
received a message.
o There are a variety of standard protocols from which programmers can
choose. Each has particular advantages and disadvantages; for example,
some are simpler than others, some are more reliable, and some are faster.
 Architecture :
o Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or
client/server architecture. One of the most popular architecture for LANs is
called Ethernet. Another popular LAN architecture for PCs is the IBM
token-ring network.
o A design. The term architecture can refer to either hardware or software, or
to a combination of hardware and software. The architecture of a system
always defines its broad outlines, and may define precise mechanisms as
well.
o An open architecture allows the system to be connected easily to devices
and programs made by other manufacturers. Open architectures use off-the-
shelf components and conform to approved standards.
o A system with a closed architecture, on the other hand, is one whose design
is proprietary, making it difficult to connect the system to other systems.

Internetworking

o The art and science of connecting individual local-area networks (LANs) to

create wide-area networks (WANs) , and connecting WANs to form even
larger WANs. Internetworking can be extremely complex because it
generally involves connecting networks that use different protocols.
Internetworking is accomplished with routers, bridges, and gateways.

Media

In computer networks, media refers to the cables linking workstations together.

There are many different types of transmission media, the most popular being
twisted-pair wire (normal electrical wire), coaxial cable (the type of cable used
for cable television), and fiber optic cable (cables made out of glass).

Segment

In networks, a section of a network that is bounded by bridges, routers, hubs, or

switches. Dividing an Ethernet into multiple segments is one of the most
common ways of increasing bandwidth on the LAN. If segmented correctly,
most network traffic will remain within a single segment, enjoying the full 10
Mbps bandwidth. Hubs and switches are used to connect each segment to the
rest of the LAN.

Ethernet

A local-area network (LAN) protocol developed by Xerox Corporation in

cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976. Ethernet uses a bus or star topology
and supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification served
as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies the physical and lower
software layers. Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle
simultaneous demands. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN
standards.

o Switched Ethernet :An Ethernet LAN that uses switches to connect

individual hosts or segments. In the case of individual hosts, the switch
replaces the repeater and effectively gives the device full 10 Mbps
bandwidth (or 100 Mbps for Fast Ethernet) to the rest of the network. This
type of network is sometimes called a desktop switched Ethernet. In the case
of segments, the hub is replaced with a switching hub.
o Shared Ethernet The traditional type of Ethernet, in which all hosts are
connected to the same bus and compete with one another for bandwidth. In
contrast, a switched Ethernet has one or more direct, point-to-point
connections between hosts or segments. Devices connected to the Ethernet
 with a switch do not compete with each other and therefore have dedicated
bandwidth.

APPLICATIONS of computer networks:

1. Sharing of resources such as printers

2. Sharing of expensive software's and database ,e.g. print document
3. Communication from one computer to another computer
4. Exchange of data and information among users via network
5. Sharing of information over geographically wide areas such as data
communication.

Advantages of computer networks:

o Increased speed and Reduced cost

o Improved security& Centralized software managements .
o Electronic mail and Flexible access

Disadvantages of computer networks

o High cost of installation

o Requires time for administration
o Failure of server o Cable faults

The network provided to the users can be divided into two categories

o Sharing
o Connectivity

Types of SHARING RESOURCES:

o Hardware: A network allows users to share many hardware devices such as(
printers , modems, fax machines, CD ROM, players )
o Software: sharing software resources reduces the cost of software
installation, saves space on hard disk.
From a user's point of view, the only interesting aspect about protocols is that
your computer or device must support the right ones if you want to
communicate with other computers. The protocol can be implemented either in
hardware or in software. conclusion

It is cheaper and more efficient to use the phone network for the link.  Most
WAN networks are used to transfer large blocks of data between its
users.conclusion

A newer version of Ethernet, called 100Base-T (or Fast Ethernet), supports data
transfer rates of 100 Mbps. And the newest version, Gigabit Ethernet supports
data rates of 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second.
.Switched Ethernets are becoming very popular because they are an effective
and convenient way to extend the bandwidth of existing Ethernets.

THE USE OF COMPUTER NETWORK

 Business Applications  online buying  Home Applications  mail, chat  Mobile

Users  wireless: laptops, PDA, mobile, in plane  Social Issues