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(1-5) Direct Costs:
· Workers sick pay.
Indirect Costs:
Moral:
The moral reason is to provide a reasonable standard of care and reduce the injuries, pain
to workers suffering from workplace accidents and ill-health.
Legal:
The legal reason is that to avoid any enforcement action and civil claims.
Economical:
The economic benefits include but not limited to, more motivated workforce, increase in
production rates, and reduce in premium rates and to avoid any costs associated with work
place accidents.
Also by maintaining the work place by preventing accidents shall increase the company
reputation and maintaining the image and reputation of the company with its
various stakeholders, Improve the good safety culture in the organization.
3. Give the meaning of the following term: (10)
(a) Health:
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity.
(b) Safety:
The condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.
(c) Welfare:
Statutory procedure or social effort designed to promote the basic physical and material well-
being of workers in need.
(d) Environmental Protection:
(e) Near Misses:
A near miss is an unplanned event that did not result in injury, illness, or damage – but had the
potential to do so.
Example: A stone falls from height and close to your body but there is no accident or damage to
the property.
(f) Commuting Accidents
Every accident is referred to as commuting accident, which an insured person suffers on the
way to or from the place of the insured activity. These are mainly road accidents, which
represent more than half of the commuting accidents.
Or
A commuting accident is an accident an employee suffers while travelling to or from his place
of work.
(g) Hazard
Something that has the potential to cause harm including ill health, injury, loss of product
and/or damage to plant and property e.g. substances, machines, methods of work etc.
For example:
(h) Risk
For example:
Cement there is a risk that it may cause harm but the level of risk depend on the circumstances
4. Outline:
1. Workers responsibility
(1-8)
- Take responsible care of their own safety and that of other people who might be affected by
the things that they do and the things that they fail to do.
- Comply with Organization safety instruction and procedures.
- Report any situation which they believe could be a hazard and which they cannot themselves
correct.
3. Employers responsibility
- To Provide and maintain workplaces, machinery and equipment and use working methods
that are safe.
- Give necessary instruction, training and supervision in application and use of health and
safety measures.
- Ensure that work organisation, particularly working hours and rest breaks, does not
adversely affect occupational safety and health.
- Take reasonably practical measures with a view to eliminating excessive physical and mental
fatigue.
5. Outline why it is important that all the persons in an organization are aware of their roles and
responsibilities for health and safety.
(8)
- By knowing their responsibilities is the right education and will preserve the employee free
from ill health.
- The awareness shall protect themselves and those around them from harm.
- The employees shall cooperate with employer including reporting any situation that present
imminent risk.
- The employee shall actively participate and exercise all health and safety related matters and
committees.
- The employee shall work towards and achieve the health and safety standards set by the
employer.
- The employee to be familiar with occupational health and safety legislation compliance while
at work.
- It will ensure them to keep the work place and the equipments are well maintained without
risk.
- Employers liability
- Contractors all risk
- Emergency supplies
- Production delays
- Overtime and temporary labour
- Investigation time
- Supervisors time diverted
7. Explain Employers Liability Insurance.
(3)
- This form of insurance also enables to pay any legal fees and court fines.
- The purpose of the health and safety policy of an organization is to create a structure and its
approach to health and safety.
- Protecting the safety and health of all members of the organization by preventing work
related injuries, ill health.
- Complying with relevant occupational safety and health national and international laws.
- The policy providing frame work for setting and reviewing OSH objectives.
- Ensuring that workers and their representatives are consulted and encouraged to participate.
- To ensure clear definition of the organizations goals, set our responsibilities for health
and safety matters.
2. Outline the issues that are typically included in the health and safety arrangements section of
a policy
(2-7)
- Carrying out risk assessment (Planning and organizing for health and safety).
- Accident and near miss reporting as per the internal reporting procedure, recording and
investigation.
- Developing safe system of work and permit to work system to control hazards in
the workplace.
- Identify and take appropriate control measures against specific type of hazards (e.g.
Machinery, Hazardous Substance, Manual Handling, Fire etc.,)
- Compliance monitoring, including auditing of system but also the measuring of workplace
parameters, e.g. noise, to assess the effectiveness of the arrangements.
3. Explain the purpose of the following sections of health and safety policy Or Identify the three
main sections of an organization’s health and safety policy AND Outline the purpose of EACH
(2-4)
- Arrangements: Set out in detail the systems and procedures to show how the policy is being
implemented. (General arrangements are Planning, Organizing, 4C’s, Accident and reporting
and Specific arrangements are fire, electricity, manual handling, work at height)
- Policy: The Company should have health and safety policies which contributes the company
business performance. This would allow the companies to satisfy the expectation of
shareholders, workers and customers. The policy must be cost effective and aimed to achieve
the health and safety standards. The health and safety policies influence all the work activities
and decisions of the company.
- Organizing: Organization those are successful in achieving high standards of health and
safety are structured and operated so as to put their health and safety policies into effective
practice. It must be organized by putting effective communication and promotes the
competency of workers which would enable the workers to contribute their effort.
- Audit: The formal process is specifically designed to determine the extent to which the
health and safety management system, or elements of it, are compliant with standards (in
place, adequate and effective)
- Action for improvement: Health and safety management system audits and management
reviews should be established to ensure the management system continues to be effective.
Arrangements should be established to aid the continual improvement of health and safety
management system.
§ Organisational changes, e.g. changes to key personnel, such as a new CEO or MD, or changes to
the management structure of the organisation.
§ Following enforcement action.
- To make sure that the company is complying with the moral and legal requirements for
health and safety.
- To make employees understand that the management is not only responsible but also
accountable for health and safety matters.
- To ensure that the effective OSH training plans are in place for all employees.
- To ensure that the company is giving health and safety as one of the top priority.
- To ensure that the workers may feel at ease in raising the health and safety issues to them
and an effective method of employees consultation is in place.
- Carry out regular H & S meetings so that the issues can be addressed timely manner.
- Involve and to be a part of health and safety committee to provide the platform to resolve
health and safety issues.
- To carry out safety tours to meet workers and compare the theory with the reality.
(b) Supervisors;
(6)
- To implement the safe system of work e.g. works to be carried out as per approved
system work.
- To take reasonable care for all OSH matters of the employees working under his supervision.
- To make sure that the employees with special risks like young workers, disabled and
pregnant ladies.
- Conduct regular tool box talks and to communicate all the health and safety issues to
the workers.
- To take initiatives in carrying out the jobs safely in consultation with the workers.
- To be a part of team conducting risk assessments so that his knowledge and experience will
be helpful in foreseeing the risks associated with the activities.
- To take disciplinary actions for all the breach of health and safety issues by the workers.
- Issue and ensure all personal protective equipment are used while at work and
are maintained.
- To advise on health and safety issues implementation to the site management, supervisors
and health and safety manager
- To play his role in implementing health and safety policy, procedures within the company
- To carry out induction trainings for the workers/visitors coming at the workplace
- To carry out daily inspection of plant and premises in order to highlight the issues that
require urgent attention and can lead to accidents at workplace
- To keep record of accident, incident and near miss and other health and safety records
- To prepare health and safety reports for the company on monthly, weekly basis according to
the requirement
- To monitor the welfare facilities provided to the employees and provide recommendations
for improvement
- To carry out safety surveys and safety tours in coordination with health and safety manager
and top management
- To notify the supervisors about any changes in the applicable health and safety legislation so
that the supervisor can implement the same within his group of employees
- To carry out health and safety audits for effective implementation of health and safety
management system
2. Identify precautions that could be taken to help to ensure the health and safety of visitors
- Provision of badges.
- Provide suitable PPE to the visitors while they are inside the site visit.
3. Identify a range of methods that an employer can use to provide health and safety
information directly to individual workers
(8)
(3-16)
- Notice boards;
- Team Briefings;
- Tool box talks;
- News letter;
- Safety Campaign;
- Posters;
- Competition and signs;
4. Outline why it is important that all persons are aware of their roles and responsibilities
(3-16)
- By knowing their responsibilities is the right education and will preserve the employee free
from ill health.
- The awareness shall protect themselves and those around them from harm.
- The employees shall cooperate with employer including reporting any situation that present
imminent risk.
- The employee shall actively participate and exercise all health and safety related matters and
committees.
- The employee shall work towards and achieve the health and safety standards set by the
employer.
- The employee to be familiar with occupational health and safety legislation compliance while
at work.
- It will ensure them to keep the work place and the equipments are well maintained without
risk.
Outline how the organizations could work together to help ensure the workplace is safe
and healthy.
- The organization should take as far as reasonably practicable to ensure competency of its
employees and is satisfied with the works that are being carried out properly.
- Proper risk assessment to be conducted and provision for serious and imminent danger.
- All the contractors should coordinate and cooperate where they have common workplace to
satisfy themselves that arrangements are adequate.
- Organization should ensure that all relevant workers and in particular, competent workers
appointed are aware and fully take part.
- To ensure the contractors must take reasonable steps to inform other employers concerned
of risks to their workers’ health or safety that may arise out of their scope of work.
- Organize and ensure that required first aid materials and first aider in place.
- All the workers are trained for emergency procedure and hazardous present at site.
(3-13)
- The meaning of the term ‘Perception’ is the way that a person views a situation (or)
improved.
(6)
(3-15)
- By providing training
- Instruction
- By conducting Drills
- Disciplinary actions
- By providing Incentives
8. A serious accident has occurred. During the investigation it is found that an inspection of the
work site had taken place before the accident.
Outline possible reasons why the inspection did not lead to an unsafe situation being
corrected. (8 marks)
The possible reasons are
- Inspection did not identify the hazards which could have lead to the incident.
- Poor employees health and safety culture towards the identified control measures.
- Securing the commitment of management and ensuring that managers lead by example;
- Involving and consulting with employees on matters affecting their health and safety;
- Procedure and standards for all aspects of critical work and mechanisms for reviewing;
- Incident investigation and the effective use of information drawn from such investigations
- Adequate and effective supervision with the authority to remedy deficiencies when found
10. Outline ways in which an organization could encourage workers to be involved in setting
- Good levels of supervision, health and safety information’s and training which may affect the
health and safety awareness and therefore culture
- Management commitment to health and safety, including formal aspects such as health and
safety policy, organizational structure and job descriptions
- Clarification of responsibilities.
- Adequate resources ( budget, people and facilities) made available for the effective
management of health and safety
- Compliance with relevant health and safety law and the safety rules and procedures of the
organization.
- Involving workers in health and safety decisions (by consultation, team meetings,
for example)
11. An organization needs to review its provision of health and safety training for its workers.
§ Hazard and risk profile of the organisation, e.g. if woodworking machinery is used, training in its
safe use should be provided.
§ Accident history of the organisation, which may indicate areas where awareness is lacking
or training is needed.
§ Level of training previously provided, together with the details of which employees have been
trained and when.
b. Identify measures that might be used to assess the effectiveness of health and safety
training. (In Test book go to page 3-20) (4)
§ Number of quality suggestion made, concerns raised by employees with respect to health and
safety.
- Knowledge
- Ability
- Training
- Experience
- Fitness records;
- Legislation awareness;
- Knowledge about health and safety compliance that may required for work;
(3-20)
§ It is important to keep records of any training given, not only to record who has been trained but
also to update and show progress against the training plan.
§ The date of the training and highlight when any refresher training is required.
§ These records may be used to demonstrate to regulators that adequate training was provided
§ To prove in a civil claim or an accident investigation that an employee had received training.
12. Identify factors that could have contributed to the deterioration of the health and safety
§ Lack of worker consultation.
13. Identify how induction training programmes for new workers can help to reduce the
number of accidents in
the work place. (8)
§ Better understanding and involvement raises all workers job satisfaction resulting in reduced
accidents in work place.
§ Training would benefit the new workers to understand the system of work and
controls needed to reduce risk.
§ Training will help the new workers to understand the welfare arrangements aids health, safety
and hygiene.
§ Induction training will help them to understand and evacuate the premises in case
of emergencies.
§ Induction training helps the new workers to understand the legislation requirements and to
avoid any legal or court fines.
§ Will help to increase the moral of the workforce.
15. (a) Identify FOUR types of health and safety information that could be displayed on a
§ Emergency procedures
§ Employers liability insurance
§ Safety representatives
§ First aiders
§ Minutes of safety committee meeting
§ Accident statistics
§ Notice board information should be written in appropriate language where the employees can read
and understand;
- Where possible provide pictures to describe the information which would make easy to
understand the issues correctly;
§ Information should be bold, clear and concise and easy to read and understand;
16. (a) Identify two main purpose of first aid treatment. (In Test book go to page 3-
23) (2)
§ Preserve life.
§ Prevent deterioration.
§ Promote recovery.
§ Accident history.
§ Specific procedures required, e.g. some toxic materials have specific antidotes or first-
aid protocols.
§ Presence of vulnerable persons.
§ Spread of the workplace.
§ Identify the Hazards (Mechanical hazards, Electrical hazards, Thermal hazards, noise and
vibration, radiation,)
§ Decide who may be harmed and how (operatives/ workers, maintenance staff, cleaners,
contractors, visitors/public)
§ Evaluate the risks and decide whether precautions are adequate or whether more should be
done (Likelihood* consequence)
§ Record the findings
§ Duration of the journey
§ Level of training provided
§ Valid driving license
§ Work Experience
§ Ergonomic factors (e.g. tail lifts)
§ Sufficient fuel availability
3. (a) Explain, using the examples, the meaning of the term ‘risk'. (4-7) (2) Risk is the
likelihood of the hazard will cause harm in combination with severity of injury, damage or
loss that might foreseeably occur.
§ The level of training in health and safety generally, and in carrying out risk assessments in
particular.
§ Awareness of the individual’s owns limitations and the occasions when specialist assistance
might be required.
(4) (4-9)
It should be good enough to fulfill legal requirements and prevent foreseeable injuries and ill
health from happening. In particular it should:
§ Identify the significant hazards and risks arising out of or connected with the work, i.e those
which are most likely to occur and result in harm being at an acceptable low level
§ Identify all those persons who could be at risk, including workers and others such as visitors.
Vulnerable people such as young people should also be identified.
§ Identify other protective measures that are required to control the risk to an acceptable level.
§ Be appropriate to the nature of the work and remain proportionate to the risks.
§ Extreme of temperature (eg. Working under sunlight)
§ Violence
§ stress
§ Suspend the pregnant women from the workplace-suspend them for maternity leave for some
period of time
§ Rest time-provide enough rest / break times to reduce the stress due to their work.
6. Give the meaning of the term ‘safe system of work’. (In the test book page no 4-
25) (2)
• Accident records.
• Medical records.
• Absence records.
• Risk assessments.
• Maintenance reports.
• Safety representative inspections.
• Audit reports.
• Manufacturers’ operating instructions.
• Trade associations.
Analysis can be provided through job safety analysis (the SREDIM method mentioned
earlier). Select the task to be analyzed. Record the steps or stages of the task. Evaluate the risks
associated with each step. Develop the safe working method. Implement the safe working
method. Monitor to ensure it is effective.
The equipments which we are using for that process present some hazards naturally,
we want to identify those hazards and implement some control measures in order to avoid
those hazards.
Who will carry out this task and how many of them are involving in that task.
For the above identified hazards what is the control measure taken in order to
minimize the hazards or some control measure that can be given by the manufacturer.
§ What emergency provision is in place Are the control measures adequate or are additional
controls needed.
9. An organization has had an increase in the number of manual handling accidents and
associated ill health.
OR
§ Statutory instruments
§ Manufacturers information
§ Industry or trade literature
§ Result of risk assessments
§ The employees involved
(a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘hierarchy of control’. (In the test book page no: 4-
19) (2)
The “hierarchy of control” is a concept used a great deal in health and safety. It is a
list of options in order of importance, effectiveness or priority, written so that the most extreme
and effective method of control is at the top of the hierarchy, with the least effective at
the bottom.
(b) Outline, with examples, the standard hierarchy that should be applied with respect to
controlling H & S risks in the workplace.
• Elimination.
• Substitution.
• Engineering controls.
• Administrative controls.
• Personal protective equipment.
Elimination
If a hazard can be eliminated then the risk created by that hazard disappears.
For example, an assembly workshop could stop welding steel in order to avoid the risks
inherent in welding operations, and could buy in pre-fabricated metal components.
Substitution
Engineering Controls
• Isolation or total enclosure - the aim here is to isolate the hazard physically so that nobody is
exposed to it. This might be done by total enclosure or containment of the hazard, e.g. total
enclosure of a process which generates dust to prevent its acoustic enclosure of a noisy
machine to reduce the noise exposure of those nearby
Administrative controls are those that rely on procedures and behaviour, such as:
• Safe Systems of Work:
Reduce time of exposure - many health hazards in the workplace cause a degree of harm that is
entirely dependent on the dose that a worker receives, e.g. the harm caused by noise,
vibration, radiation and most hazardous chemicals (such as lead).
–– Time of exposure.
For example, the harm to hearing caused by exposure to loud noise is entirely determined by
the noise intensity (measured in decibels) and the duration of exposure:
Personal Protective Equipments:
There are instances where none of the above control measures can be used and there
are times when some of them can, but residual risk still remains. If this is the case then it may
be necessary to use personal protective equipment (PPE). Many different types of PPE are
available, such as:
• Ear defenders for noise.
14. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should only be considered after other control measures
have been found to be ineffective or not practicable.
Give reasons why PPE should be considered only after other control measures. (In the test book
page no: 4-22)
§ It does not remove the hazard so should be used when other control measures have been
exhausted.
§ It only protects one person – the wearer. Also its correct use relies on the wearer so training in
correct use is necessary.
§ It may not be compatible with other items that have to be worn or used. Fit is also affected by
personal features such as beards and spectacles. If it fails it fails to danger. It may be
contaminated if not stored correctly.
§ People often do not like wearing PPE so it may not be worn. PPE may be more expensive than
addressing the hazard at source.
Permit systems are commonly used to control hot work where naked flames will be used
(e.g. propane, butane or oxy-acetylene torches) or where a significant ignition source will be
created (e.g. welding or grinding operations).
Typical precautions for control of hot work:
• Floor is swept clean.
The high risk associated with working on or near live electrical systems means that this
type of work is usually subject to permit control. In particular, permits are usual for work
on or near high voltage systems.
Machinery Maintenance:
Confined Spaces:
Entry into confined spaces can be extremely hazardous, so should always be under the
control of a permit to work system. This will require a competent person to carry out a risk
assessment and then develop a safe system of work which identifies all the
necessary precautions for entry and the emergency arrangements that must be put in place.
Prohibition - directed at stopping dangerous behavior, e.g. “No Smoking”. The signs are circular
with a black pictogram on a white background with a red border and red diagonal cross bar.
Warning - tell people to be careful of a particular hazard, e.g. “Fork Lift Trucks Operating In The
Area”. The signs are triangular with a black pictogram on a yellow background with a black
border.
Mandatory - instruct people to take a specific action, often relating to wearing personal
protective
Equipment, e.g. “Eye Protection Must Be Worn”. They are circular with a solid blue background
with a white pictogram.
Safe condition - identify safe behavior or places of safety, e.g. “First Aid Station”. They are
rectangular or square with a white pictogram on a green background.
The competent person must work closely with the workers who will be doing the work. The
workers involved should take an active part in all stages of both the development and review
of safe systems of work. Their practical knowledge and skills provide a valuable source of
information about the nature of the risks, including unusual ones, and methods of working.
They can also contribute by assessing plans and written documentation, and provide feedback
on the effectiveness of the system in practice.
18. Identify the factors to be considered to help reduce the risk to workers required to work
alone. (In the test book page no 4-29)
Various control measures may have to be implemented in the safe system of work:
§ Arrangements for remote supervision.
§ The issue of lone worker alarm systems to raise the alarm and pin-point the worker.
§ Emergency procedures.
§ Training for workers in those procedures.
The key features of health and safety inspections are; the straightforward observation of a
work place, and/or the activities or requirement within it. A general safety inspection, usually
carried out by a manager or employee representative and often aided by the use of a checklist,
may be carried out routinely and has the aim of identifying hazards and assessing the use and
effectiveness of control measures.
An audit is a tool that can be used to assess compliance in the workplace. An audit involves a
survey to:
When properly conducted, an audit can help to identify and correct regulatory deficiencies,
which, in turn, can improve workplace safety and help reduce liability. Audits can serve to
increase employee awareness and understanding of environmental and safety regulations, and
the audit process can also be an opportunity to demonstrate your company's commitment
to compliance.
regulatory requirements. This also increases the moral of the workforce. By doing an audit
lapses in the
exiting polices and procedures could be identified and make necessary changes to the existing s
ystem. It will also help to decide whether a change is also required in the current risk
assessments or not.
2. Identify the:
§ Safety inspection
§ Safety sampling
§ Safety tour
§ Safety survey
§ Safety audit
§ Review of Ill-health records
3. Outline the meaning of the terms.
Active monitoring is about checking to ensure that standards are met and that the workplace is
in fact safe and free of health risks before any untoward event takes place.
(b) ‘Reactive’ Monitoring. (2)
• Training records.
• Minutes of safety committee meetings.
• Emergency arrangements.
• Records of worker complaints.
5. Identify the advantages AND disadvantages of carrying out a health and safety audit of an
organization’s activities by:
(i) An internal auditor. (4) (In the test book page no: 5-10)
Advantages:
· Less expensive.
· Auditors already familiar with the workplace and what is practicable for the industry.
· Improves ownership of issues found.
· Builds competence internally
Disadvantages:
(ii) An external auditor. (4)
Advantages
· Independent of any internal influence.
· Fresh pair of eyes.
Disadvantages
§ Time-consuming.
6. Give two strengths of using a checklist when carrying out an inspection. (Test book page no: 5-4)
(2)
§ It does not require particular expertise for the user since normally it contains the tick boxes to fill
§ It is ready to use recipe rather than wasting time in getting the site known where it can be used
§ Sometimes not covering the grey areas which can lead to major accident
8. A Worker has been seriously injured after being struck by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay
a. Give four reasons why the accident should be investigated by the person’s employer. (4) The main
reasons for investigating the accidents are,
§ Determining economic loss.
§ Location of the incident.
§ Details of injury sustained.
§ Assessment of any breaches of legislation
c. Outline:
Four possible immediate causes (In the test book page no: 5-14) Possible immediate causes are;
· Mechanical failure.
· Lack of supervision.
§ Overly-complicated reporting procedures.
§ Excessive paperwork.
§ Blame culture.
§ Concern over the impact on the company or departmental safety statistics (especially if this is
linked to an incentive scheme).
§ Reluctance to receive first-aid treatment
· Identifying witnesses.
· Undertaking an investigation.
· Revising work procedures.