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Surveying
Surveying is the art of making suitable measurements in horizontal or vertical planes. This is one of the
important subjects of civil engineering. Without taking a survey of the plot where the construction is to
be carried out, the work cannot begin.
Surveying Chart
Levelling
Levelling is the art of representing relative positions in the vertical plane of different points on the
earth’s surface.
It helps in determining the areas that are to be levelled to achieve a certain slope.
Principles of Surveying
All the surveys that are conducted are based on two fundamental principles. They are as follows:
In order to localize errors and prevent their accumulation, a set of control points is always established
with great precision first for the whole area to be surveyed.
Later on, details or filled in between these control points to a relatively smaller precision.
Survey stations are fixed by atleast two measurements, either both linear or angular measurements or
linear and angular measurements from two control points.
Let A and B be two control points. Another point C can be located by any of the following methods:
The point C is plotted by intersection of arc taking AC and BC as radius and with centres A and B.
Angle Method
Angle Method