LESSON 9

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS - TORQUE

 Relationship between torque and current and
torque and slip

 Conditions under which motor develops

maximum power

 Conditions under which motor develops

maximum torque
 V
I  1

2
R
(R  )  j( X  X )
1
2

1 2
s
 Torque is directly proportional to (1) square of
current and (2) hypothetical rotor resistance R2/s

 However hypothetical rotor resistance and

current are inversely proportional to each other

 Increase in rotor resistance increases torque

linearly

 Increase in rotor resistance decreases current

 Decrease in rotor current causes decrease in
torque

 Whether overall torque increases or decreases

depends upon whether the current or the
hypothetical rotor resistance is playing the
dominant role
 At standstill slip is unity and rotor resistance
is R2
 Neglecting stator impedance
V
Rotor current I  1


R X
2 2 2

2 2

 R2<< X2
R2
 At starting Tds  3I 2
2
s s
As s decreases R2/s increases

As long as R2/s is less than X2 reduction in

rotor current is small

V
Rotor current I2≈ 1

X 2
 When slip falls below breakdown slip that is
slip at maximum torque (sb) the hypothetical
resistance becomes the dominant factor

 R2/s >>X2

 Rotor current can be approximated as

sV
I 
2
1

R2
 Torque increases with current

Torque decreases with slip

Torque decreases with slip

There is a particular slip at which maximum torque is achieved

1. Stator winding resistance kept very small
2. Stator winding reactance minimised by reducing mean turn length of coil
 From the equivalent circuit

V1
I2 
Re  jX e  R2 (1  s) / s

 Where Re =R1 +R2

 and Xe =X1+X2
 R2
Pd  3I 2
2 (1  s )
s
V12
3 R2 (1  s ) / s
Re  jX e  R2 (1  s ) / s
3V12 R2 (1  s ) / s
 2
Re  X e2  [ R2 (1  s ) / s ]2  2 Re R2 (1  s ) / s
 Differentiating Pd and making it equal zero

2
R 
Re2  X e2   2 (1  s p )
 sp 

R2
or Ze  (1  s p )
sp
 The maximum power is developed by an
induction motor when the equivalent load
resistance equals the standstill motor
impedance
 R2
sp 
R2  Z e

replacing s by sp gives

3  V12 
Pdm   
2  Re  Z e 
 A 120 V, 60 Hz, 6 pole, Δ connected motor
has a stator impedance of 0.1 + j0.15
Ω/phase and an equivalent rotor impedance
of 0.2 + j0.25 Ω/phase at standstill. Find the
maximum power developed by the motor and
the slip at which it occurs. What is the
corresponding value of the torque developed
by the motor.
 Pdm = 27 kW, sp = 0.28 Td = 300.94 Nm
 A 440 V, 50 Hz, 8 pole, Δ connected motor
has a stator impedance of 0.05 + j0.25
Ω/phase and an equivalent rotor impedance
of 0.15 + j0.35 Ω/phase at standstill. Find
the maximum power developed by the motor
and the slip at which it occurs. What is the
corresponding of the torque developed by the
motor.
 A 208 V, 60 Hz, 4 pole, Υ connected motor
has a stator impedance of 0.08 + j0.5
Ω/phase and an equivalent rotor impedance
of 0.1 + j0.6 Ω/phase at standstill. Find the
maximum power developed by the motor and
the slip at which it occurs. What is the
corresponding of the torque developed by the
motor.
 Pd Pd
Td  
m  s (1  s )
3V12 R2
 s
 2  R2 (1  s )  2 Re R2 (1  s ) 
2

R e  X e     s
2

 

 s s 
 Differentiating with respect to s and setting
the equation equal to zero

R2
sb 
R12  ( X 1  X 2 ) 2

 Breakdown slip is proportional to rotor

resistance and can be adjusted with external
rotor resistance
replacing s with s b in Td

3V 2
1 
Tdm  1
 
2 s  R1  R12  X 12  X 22 ) 
 
 Maximum torque is independent of rotor
resistance

 Slip at which maximum torque occurs is

dependent on rotor resistance
 Stator impedance small and can be neglected

R2
sb 
X2

3V12  1  3V12  sb 
Tdm   X   2 R 
2 S  2 S  2
 If we neglect stator impedance we can
develop the relationship between the toque at
any slip and maximum torque
 V1
I2 
R2 / s  jX 2
 3 I 22 R2
Td 
s s

 3V12  R2
 2
 2  s s
2
 2
( R / s ) X
 2
3V
1 R2
Td ( R2 / s)  X 2 ss
2 2
 2
Tdm 3V1 sb
2s R2
 2
3V 1 R2
Td ( R2 / s ) 2  ( R22 / sb2 ) s s
 2
Tdm 3V1 sb
2 s R2
1 R2
R22 (1 / s 2  1 / sb2 ) s

sb
2 R2
T 2
d

T (1 / s  1 / s ) ss
dm
2 2

b b

2s s 2 2

 b

( s  s ) ss
2 2

b b

2 ss
 b

s s2 2

b
 A 208-V, 60-Hz, 8-pole, Y-connected, three-
phase wound-rotor induction motor has
negligible stator impedance and a rotor
impedance of 0.02 + j0.08 Ω/phase at standstill.
 Determine the breakdown slip and the
breakdown torque.
 What is the starting torque developed by the
motor?
 If the starting torque of the motor has to be 80%
of the maximum torque, determine the external
resistance that must be added in series with the
rotor.
 R 0.02
s 
b
  0.25
2

X 0.08 2

120 f 120 * 60
N  s
  900rpm
p 8
4f
  s
 94.248rad / s
p
3V s 3 *120 * 0.25
2 2

T   1 b

2 R 2 * 94.248 * 0.02
dm

s 2

 2864.782 Nm
T 2 ss

ds b

Tdm
s s 2 2

2 *1* 0.25
T  T
1  0.25
s 2 2 dm

 0.47T dm

 1348.133 Nm
 If Ts=0.8Tdm

2 * 1 * sb
 0.8
1  sb
2 2

0.8 s  2 sb  0.8  0
2
b

2  4  2.56
sb 
1.6
 0.5or 2.0
 New R2n =sbn*X2=0.5 * 0.08=0.04Ω

 Since R2 = 0.02Ω

 Resistance to be added in series with the

rotor is 0.02Ω
 The rotor impedance at standstill of a three-
phase, Y-connected, 208-V, 60-Hz, 8-pole,
wound-rotor induction motor is 0.1 + j0.5
Ω/phase.
 Determine the breakdown slip, (0.2) the
breakdown (maximum) torque, (458.37 Nm) and
the power developed by the motor at maximum
torque (34.6kW).
 What is the starting torque of this motor? (176.3
Nm)
 Determine the resistance that must be inserted in
series with the rotor circuit so that the starting
torque is 50% of the maximum torque. (0.034Ω)
 A 6-pole, 50-Hz, Δ-connected, three-phase
induction motor has a rotor impedance of
0.05 + j0.5 Ω/phase. The stator winding
impedance is negligible.
 Determine the additional resistance required
in the rotor circuit so that it develops
maximum torque at starting.
 An 8 pole, 230-V, 60-Hz, star-connected, three-
phase induction motor has a rotor impedance of
0.025 + j0.l Ω/phase. The stator winding
impedance is negligible. Determine (a) the speed
at which the motor develops the maximum
torque, (b) the maximum torque of the motor,
and (c) the starting torque as a percentage of
maximum torque.
 What additional resistance must be inserted in
the rotor circuit to make the starting torque
equal to 75% of the maximum torque?