CRAMSESSION - Admin I

Sun Solaris 9 Certified System Administrator I
Sun
Solaris 9 Certified System

Administrator I
Version 3.0.0
Abstract:
This study guide will help you prepare for the Sun Solaris 9 Certified System
Administrator I exam. Exam topics include: managing file systems; installing
software; performing system boot process; performing user and security
administration; managing network printers and system processes; and performing
system backups and restores.
Find even more help here:
© 2002 All Rights Reserved – BrainBuzz.com

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Contents:
Prerequisites ................................................................................................. 5
File Systems.................................................................................................. 5
Root Subdirectories..................................................................................... 5
File Types .................................................................................................. 6
Filenames, Inodes and Data Blocks ............................................................... 7
Hard Links ................................................................................................. 8
Disk Architecture ........................................................................................ 9
Physical Structure.................................................................................... 9
Disk Components .................................................................................... 9
Disk Slices.............................................................................................. 9
Disk Slice Naming Convention ................................................................... 9
How to List Devices....................................................................................10
The /etc/path_to_inst File........................................................................10
The prtconf Command.............................................................................11
The format Command .............................................................................11
How to reconfigure devices .........................................................................12
Disk Partitioning ........................................................................................12
File System Types......................................................................................15
Disk-Based File Systems..........................................................................16
Distributed File Systems ..........................................................................16
Pseudo File Systems ...............................................................................16
How to create a ufs File System ...................................................................17
How to Mount File Systems .........................................................................17
Mount Points and the mount Command .....................................................17
Mounting a File System ...........................................................................17
The Virtual File System Table (vfstab)...........................................................18
Software Installation .....................................................................................19
System Requirements ................................................................................19
Before You Begin .......................................................................................19
Software Packages.....................................................................................20
Package Information ...............................................................................20
Package Installation................................................................................21
Package Check .......................................................................................22
The var/sadm/install/contents File ............................................................23
The Boot PROM.............................................................................................23
What is the Boot PROM...............................................................................23
What is NVRAM? ........................................................................................23
Boot PROM commands................................................................................23
Boot PROM Version Identification ..............................................................24
Boot The System ....................................................................................24
List/Change NVRAM Parameters ...............................................................24
Display Devices Connected to the Bus .......................................................25

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Identify Boot Device ...............................................................................25

Create and Remove Custom Device Aliases ................................................26
View and Change NVRAM Parameters from the Shell ...................................26
Interrupt a Hung System .........................................................................28
The Boot Process .......................................................................................28
System Shutdown Procedures......................................................................29
The following describe the different types of system shutdowns:..........................29
User and Security Administration.....................................................................29
Components of a User Account ....................................................................29
User Creation and Management ...................................................................30
User Creation.........................................................................................30
User Modification ....................................................................................30
User Deletion .........................................................................................31
Group Creation and Management .................................................................31
Group Account Creation...........................................................................31
Group Account Modification......................................................................31
Group Account Deletion ...........................................................................31
System Access Control ...............................................................................32
Difference between /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow .......................................32
The pwconv Command ............................................................................32
Monitor Failed Login Attempts ..................................................................33
Monitor System Access............................................................................33
Printer Management and Administration ...........................................................34
Print Management Tools .............................................................................34
Printer Configuration Types .........................................................................34
The Solaris LP Print Service .........................................................................34
Print Service Directory Structure ..................................................................35
The Printing Process...................................................................................35
Creating Printer Classes..............................................................................36
Set or Change Default Printer or Printer Class ................................................36
Remove Printer Configuration ......................................................................37
Client Side Removal ................................................................................37
Server Side Removal...............................................................................37
Stop and Start the LP Print Service...............................................................38
Enable and Disable Printers .........................................................................38
Move Print Requests...................................................................................38
View System Processes...............................................................................39
Scheduling Command Execution ..................................................................40
System Backups and Restores ........................................................................40
Tape Media Types and Capacities .................................................................40
Tape Device Naming Conventions.................................................................40
Backup Types............................................................................................41
The ufsdump Command ..............................................................................41
The ufsrestore Command ............................................................................41

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Perform a File System Restore .....................................................................42

Determine Number of Tapes Required...........................................................43

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Prerequisites
It will be very beneficial to have access to a Sparc system running Solaris 9. If you
do not have Solaris 9 installed on your Sparc system, you can download it free of
cost at:
http://survey1.sun.com/servlet/viewsflash?cmd=showform&pollid=sol9_download
File Systems
Root Subdirectories
There are several root directories that are created upon the installation of the Solaris
Operating System. Each of these directories resides under the root (/) directory and
serves a special purpose.
• / - This is the root of the entire file system’s name space
Think of a / directory as the equivalent of the root of the C drive in Windows.

Everything else must be under “C:\”; for example, “C:\Windows\”
• /bin – This directory is a symbolic link to the /usr/bin directory which stores
binary files or system commands
Think of a binary or binary file as the equivalent of a program or exe file in

Windows. We will talk more about symbolic links later in this section
• /dev – Stores symbolic links to device files in the /devices directory
Note: Names in this directory will look like the following examples:
/dev/rdsk – Raw disk device
/dev/rmt - Raw magnetic tape device
/dev/sound - Audio device or its control files
/dev/term - Serial device
• /devices – This directory stores physical device names and device files
• /etc – Stores configuration files and databases specific to the system

Names in this directory will look like the following examples:

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/etc/default - Stores default information for programs
/etc/lp – Stores configuration information for the printer subsystem
• /export – This is the default directory for commonly shared file systems.
These include user home directories and client file systems
• /home – This is the default location or mount point for user home
directories
• /kernel - Directory of kernels required as part of the boot process. These

kernels are platform-independent
• /mnt – This is a temporary mount point for file systems
• /opt – Default directory for application packages
• /sbin – Executables used in the boot process as well as a manual system

recovery
• /tmp – Directory for temporary files. These files are cleared every time the
system is rebooted.
• /usr – USR is an acronym for UNIX System Resources. It holds many

different components and files required by the operating system. A few
examples of the directories under the /usr directory are as follows:
/usr/bin – system commands
/usr/dt - Common Desktop Environment (CDE) software
/usr/java - Directories containing Java programs and libraries
• /var – Directory for varying files. This usually includes log or temporary files
File Types
There are four main file types in the Solaris Operating Environment.
• Regular files
• Directories
• Symbolic Links
• Device Files

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The first three file types store data. Device files do not store data. They provide
access to devices. It is very easy to differentiate between them by using the ls
command.
# cd /etc
# ls -l
total 458
drwxr-xr-x 2 adm adm 512 Jun 20 18:26 acct
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Jun 20 17:50 aliases ->
./mail/aliases
drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 512 Jun 20 18:30 apache
-rw-r--r-- 1 root bin 83 Jun 20 20:34 auto_home
-rw-r--r-- 1 root bin 113 Jun 20 17:50 auto_master
<Output Truncated>
# cd /devices/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3
# ls –l
total 0
brw-r----- 1 root sys 136, 0 Jun 20 17:57 dad@0,0:a
crw-r----- 1 root sys 136, 0 Jun 20 17:57 dad@0,0:a,raw
brw-r----- 1 root sys 136, 1 Jun 20 17:57 dad@0,0:b
crw-r----- 1 root sys 136, 1 Jun 20 17:57 dad@0,0:b,raw
<Output Truncated>
The character in the first column indicates the file type.
• - – Regular files
• d – Directories
• l – Symbolic links
• b – Block special device files
• c – Character special device files
Filenames, Inodes and Data Blocks

Before we proceed any further, it is important to understand how files are stored on
the physical disk. All files in a Solaris environment make use of a filename and an
Inode. Many files also use data blocks.
• Filename –Object used to access and manipulate files

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• Inode – Object used to record information about a file. This information

includes size, permissions, ownership and pointers
• Data block – Unit of disk space used to store data
Hard Links
The association between a file name and an inode is called a hard link. Think of a
filename as a hard link to an inode. Let’s create a file and then link it.
Step 1: Creating a file

# touch file1
# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root other 0 Jun 22 15:38 file1
Step 2: Linking file1 and file2

# ln file1 file2
# ls -l
total 0
# ls -li
total 0
721025 -rw-r--r-- 2 root other 0 Jun 22 15:38 file1
As you can see, the inodes for both files are identical. This means that both the
filenames point to the same physical location. In other words, inode 721025 has two
hard links. One to file1 and the other for file2.
Step 3: Deleting file1

# rm file1
# ls -li
total 0
Even though we deleted one of the files the same information can be accessed via
the filename “file2.”

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Disk Architecture
Physical Structure
If you have ever opened a hard disk enclosure, you know that it is made up of
magnetic platters stacked on a spindle. The spindle spins at high speeds while the
heads move between them reading and writing data. The heads are moved by the
head actuator arm.
For a pictorial description of what a disk looks like, visit:

http://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htm/printable
Disk Components
Each disk platter is further divided into the following components:
• Sector – Also known as a disk block, a sector is the smallest addressable unit
on a platter. Each sector contains 512 bytes
• Track – A concentric path of sectors on a disk is called a track
• Cylinder - A stack of tracks
Disk Slices
Each disk can be divided into logical partitions known as slices. Slices are groupings
of cylinders and are used to organize data by function.
A disk can have a total of 8 slices from 0 to 7. Slice 2 is conventionally used to

represent the complete disk. It records information about the size and cylinders of
the total disk.
Disk Slice Naming Convention

A disk slice name is an eight-character string that identifies the controller, target,
disk and slice numbers. For example, c0t0d0s1 points to Controller 0, Target 0, Disk
0, Slice 1.
• Controller Number – Identifies the host bus adapter, which controls

communications between the system and disk unit

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• Target Number – Target numbers correspond to a unique address switch

setting that is selected for each disk, tape, or CD-ROM
• Disk Number – The disk number indicates the number of disks at the target
location. The disk number is often referred to as the logical unit number
(LUN)
• Slice Number – A number between 0 and 7 that identifies a logical partition

on the physical disk
How to List Devices

There are three methods of listing devices in a Solaris system.
The /etc/path_to_inst File

The system records for all devices are stored in the /etc/path_to_inst file. The
information in this file is read at boot time and is used by the kernel to identify every
possible device. The italicized text in parenthesis has been added to help you
understand the contents of the file.
# more /etc/path_to_inst
#
# Caution! This file contains critical kernel state
#
"/pci@1f,0" 0 "pcipsy"
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1" 0 "simba" (pci bus A controller)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1" 0 "ebus" (extended bus)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/power@14,724000" 0 "power" (power management
bus)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/fdthree@14,3023f0" 0 "fd" (floppy disk)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/SUNW,CS4231@14,200000" 0 "audiocs"
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/su@14,3062f8" 1 "su" (mouse)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/se@14,400000" 0 "se" (serial ports A and B)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/su@14,3083f8" 0 "su" (keyboard)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/ecpp@14,3043bc" 0 "ecpp" (extended
capability parallel port)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3" 0 "uata"
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3/sd@2,0" 0 "sd"
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3/dad@0,0" 0 "dad" (disk)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/network@1,1" 0 "hme" (Fast-Ethernet)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/SUNW,m64B@2" 0 "m64" (color memory frame buffer)
"/pci@1f,0/pci@1" 1 "simba" (pci bus A controller)
"/options" 0 "options"
"/scsi_vhci" 0 "scsi_vhci"
"/pseudo" 0 "pseudo"

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The prtconf Command

The prtconf command is used to display the system’s configuration information. This
includes the total amount of memory installed and the configuration of system
peripherals formatted as a device tree. This command lists all instances of devices,
and whether the device is attached or not attached to the system.
In order to get a list of connected devices, we are filtering the output of the prtconf
command by using “grep –v not”. The “grep –v not” command is used to omit all
lines that contain the word “not.”
# prtconf | grep -v not

System Configuration: Sun Microsystems sun4u
Memory size: 512 Megabytes
System Peripherals (Software Nodes):
SUNW,Ultra-5_10
options, instance #0
pci, instance #0
pci, instance #0
ebus, instance #0
power, instance #0
se, instance #0
su, instance #0
su, instance #1
fdthree, instance #0
SUNW,CS4231, instance #0
network, instance #0
SUNW,m64B, instance #0
ide, instance #0
dad, instance #0
sd, instance #0
pci, instance #1
pseudo, instance #0
The format Command

The format command can be used to display logical and physical device names for all
available disks.
# format
Searching for disks...done
AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS:

0. c0t0d0 <ST39120A cyl 17660 alt 2 hd 16 sec 63>
/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3/dad@0,0

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Specify disk (enter its number):
How to reconfigure devices

In order to reconfigure a system, a reconfiguration boot must be invoked. This boot
process adds the device to the device tree and to the /dev and /devices directories.
1. Create a /reconfigure file.
# touch /reconfigure
2. Shut down the system.
# init 5
3. Power off all external devices.
4. Install the new device.
5. Power on all external devices.
6. Power on the main system.
7. Use the prtconf or the format command to verify that the peripheral device
has been detected and added.
Disk Partitioning
The format command is used to repartition disks.
1. Type format. You must be logged in as root.
2. Select the disk that you wish to work on. In our example, we will work on
disk zero.
3. Type partition.
4. Type print.
5. Type slice number. In our example, we will be selecting slice zero.
6. Type a name for the new slice or press Return to keep the default. You can
also type ? to get a list of choices.
7. Press Return for the default tag.

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8. Type ? to get a list of available choices for permissions. Usually wm is

selected.
9. Press Return for default flags.
10. Press Return to keep the starting cylinder the same.
11. Enter a new partition size. In this example, we are not changing anything.
12. Type print.
Now, let’s take a look at an example to get familiar with the menus. In this example,
we will not really change anything but will run through the menus.
# format
Searching for disks...done
AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS:

0. c0t0d0 <ST39120A cyl 17660 alt 2 hd 16 sec 63>
/pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3/dad@0,0
Specify disk (enter its number): 0
selecting c0t0d0
[disk formatted, no defect list found]
Warning: Current Disk has mounted partitions.
FORMAT MENU:
disk - select a disk
type - select (define) a disk type
partition - select (define) a partition table
current - describe the current disk
format - format and analyze the disk
repair - repair a defective sector
show - translate a disk address
label - write label to the disk
analyze - surface analysis
defect - defect list management
backup - search for backup labels
verify - read and display labels
save - save new disk/partition definitions
volname - set 8-character volume name
!<cmd> - execute <cmd>, then return
quit
format> partition

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PARTITION MENU:
0 - change `0' partition
select - select a predefined table
modify - modify a predefined partition table
name - name the current table
print - display the current table
label - write partition map and label to the disk
quit
partition> print
Current partition table (original):
Total disk cylinders available: 17660 + 2 (reserved cylinders)
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks

0 root wm 1041 - 4458 1.64GB (3418/0/0)
3445344
1 swap wu 0 - 1040 512.37MB (1041/0/0)
1049328
2 backup wm 0 - 17659 8.49GB (17660/0/0)
17801280
3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0)
0
0
0
0
7 home wm 4459 - 17657 6.34GB (13199/0/0)
13304592
partition> 0
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
0 root wm 1041 - 4458 1.64GB (3418/0/0)
3445344
Enter partition id tag[root]: ?

Expecting one of the following: (abbreviations ok):
unassigned boot root swap
usr backup stand var

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home alternates
Enter partition id tag[root]:

Enter partition permission flags[wm]: ?
Expecting one of the following: (abbreviations ok):
wm - read-write, mountable
wu - read-write, unmountable
rm - read-only, mountable
ru - read-only, unmountable
Enter partition permission flags[wm]:

Enter new starting cyl[1041]:
Enter partition size[3445344b, 3418c, 4458e, 1682.30mb, 1.64gb]:
partition> quit
FORMAT MENU:
disk - select a disk
type - select (define) a disk type
partition - select (define) a partition table
current - describe the current disk
format - format and analyze the disk
repair - repair a defective sector
show - translate a disk address
label - write label to the disk
analyze - surface analysis
defect - defect list management
backup - search for backup labels
verify - read and display labels
save - save new disk/partition definitions
volname - set 8-character volume name
quit
format> quit
File System Types

Solaris supports three types of file systems.
• Disk-Based File Systems
• Distributed File Systems
• Pseudo File Systems

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Disk-Based File Systems

This type of file system is found on storage devices and media. Note that the
acronyms are not capitalized. This is how they are commonly referred to in Solaris
documentation.
• Unix File System (ufs) – Based on the Berkeley fast file system, this is the
standard UNIX file system.
• High Sierra File System (hsfs) – A special file system developed for CD-
ROM media.
• PC File System (pcfs) – A UNIX implementation of the FAT32 file system

found in DOS/Windows.
• Universal Disk Format (udf) – A special optical storage file system for DVD
and CD-ROM media.
Distributed File Systems

Distributed file systems allow network access to resources.
• Network File System (nfs) – Allows files sharing between different systems
in a network.
Pseudo File Systems

Pseudo file systems are memory resident or memory based. They allow access to the
kernel.
• Temporary File System (tmpfs) – This file system is created at boot time
and is not persistent. It is “flushed” when the system is rebooted. The file
system is used for file storage in memory without the I/O overhead
associated with disk-based file systems.
• Swap File Systems (swapfs) – Used by the kernel to manage the swap
space on disks.
• File Descriptor File System (fdfs) – Provides names for opening files using
file descriptors such as /dev/fd/0.
• Process File System (procfs) – Contains a list of active processes. The list
is stored in the /proc directory.

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How to create a ufs File System

Before we can store any data on a partition, it must have a file system. The ufs file
system can be created using the newfs command.
1. Type the newfs command for the partition you want to build the file system
on; e.g., newfs /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0.
2. Type y to proceed.
That’s all there is to creating an ufs file system. However, the new partition must be
mounted before it can be used.
How to Mount File Systems

Mount Points and the mount Command
A mount point is a directory that points to a location in the file system. This is how
users and the operating system interact with each other. To obtain a list of mounted
file systems, you can type the mount command. This displays the mount point, the
device name, mount options and date and time when it was mounted.
# mount
/ on /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0
read/write/setuid/intr/largefiles/xattr/onerror=panic/dev=2200000 on
Thu Jun 20 18:41:03 2002
/proc on /proc read/write/setuid/dev=38c0000 on Thu Jun 20 18:41:02
2002
/etc/mnttab on mnttab read/write/setuid/dev=3980000 on Thu Jun 20
18:41:02 2002
/dev/fd on fd read/write/setuid/dev=39c0000 on Thu Jun 20 18:41:04 2002
/var/run on swap read/write/setuid/xattr/dev=1 on Thu Jun 20 18:41:16
2002
/tmp on swap read/write/setuid/xattr/dev=2 on Thu Jun 20 18:41:18 2002
/export/home on /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7
read/write/setuid/intr/largefiles/xattr/onerror=panic/dev=2200007 on
Thu Jun 20 18:41:18 2002
/home/athar on /export/home/athar read/write/setuid/dev=2200007 on Mon
Jun 24 11:38:35 2002
Mounting a File System

In order to mount a file system you can type:

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# mount /dev/disk/c0t0d0s7 /home
This would mount the slice seven on disk zero as the home directory. Since we did
not specify any file system options, ufs is used by default. If another file system is
required, it must be specified. This is most commonly used with floppy disks. For
example,
# mount –F pcfs /dev/floppy /floppy
The Virtual File System Table (vfstab)

The /etc/vfstab file lists all the file systems that need to be mounted automatically
at boot time. The file can be manually edited by the root user.
Let’s take a look at the contents of this file:
# cat /etc/vfstab
#device device mount FS fsck mount
mount
#to mount to fsck point type pass at boot
options
#
fd - /dev/fd fd - no -
/proc - /proc proc - no -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs 1
no -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home ufs
2 yes -
swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -
Notice that these fields do not align properly because they are tab separated. This
can lead to confusion. It appears correctly formatted on the screen. Here is the
output copied and pasted in the Solaris Text Editor.

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Software Installation
System Requirements
To install Solaris 2.9, your system must meet the following requirements.
• SPARC 32 or 64-bit platform
• 600MB of disk space for desktops. Or, 1GB for servers
• 64MB of RAM
Notice that the Intel platform is no longer supported. The software spans 3 CD-
ROMs.
Before You Begin

Before you begin installation, you should have the following information ready or
thought out.

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• Host Name
• IP Address/Subnet Mask or DHCP
• Name service to use (e.g., DNS)
• IP Address(es) for Name Service Server (e.g., DNS Servers)
• Geographic Region
• Root Password
• Language to install
Software Packages
Similar to a setup.exe file that we are familiar with on a Windows platform, software
products for the Solaris platform are called packages. These are basically a collection
of files and directories.
Package Information
In the following example, we are using the pkginfo command and filtering for lines
that contain the word “application.” The pkginfo command displays the category,
package instance and names of all installed packages.
# pkginfo | grep application | more

application NSCPcom Netscape Communicator
system SUNWadmap System administration applications
application SUNWdialh Buttons/Dials Header Files
system SUNWdtbas CDE application basic runtime environment
system SUNWdtbax CDE application basic runtime environment
(64-bit)
application SUNWfbc Frame Buffer Configuration Utility
application SUNWj2pi Java Plug-in
application SUNWjhdem JavaHelp Demos
application SUNWjhdev JavaHelp Development Utilities
application SUNWjhdoc JavaHelp Documentation
<Output Truncated>
To get information about a particular application, you would need to specify a name.
For example:
# pkginfo -l SUNWman
PKGINST: SUNWman

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NAME: On-Line Manual Pages

CATEGORY: system
ARCH: sparc
VERSION: 42.0,REV=58
BASEDIR: /usr
VENDOR: Sun Microsystems, Inc.
DESC: System Reference Manual Pages
PSTAMP: tinkertoym01184752
INSTDATE: Jun 20 2002 18:28
HOTLINE: Please contact your local service provider
STATUS: completely installed
FILES: 7268 installed pathnames
3 shared pathnames
85 directories
85786 blocks used (approx)
Package Installation
You can use the pkgadd command to install an application from an installation
source. The usual syntax is as follows:
# pkgadd –d /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/<path to package>
In the following example, we will initiate an installation but will not complete it:
# pkgadd -d /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_9/Product/
The following packages are available:
<Output Truncated>
18 SUNWadmap System administration applications

(sparc) 11.9,REV=2002.04.14.23.49
19 SUNWadmc System administration core libraries
(sparc) 11.8,REV=2002.04.14.22.42
20 SUNWadmfw System & Network Administration Framework
(sparc) 11.8,REV=2002.04.14.22.42
Select package(s) you wish to process (or 'all' to process

all packages). (default: all) [?,??,q]: 18
Processing package instance <SUNWadmap> from

</cdrom/sol_9_sparc/s0/Solaris_9/Product>
System administration applications

(sparc) 11.9,REV=2002.04.14.23.49

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Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Use is subject to license terms.
This appears to be an attempt to install the same architecture and

version of a package which is already installed. This installation
will attempt to overwrite this package.
Using </> as the package base directory.

## Processing package information.
## Processing system information.
139 package pathnames are already properly installed.
## Verifying package dependencies.
## Verifying disk space requirements.
## Checking for conflicts with packages already installed.
## Checking for setuid/setgid programs.
The following files are being installed with setuid and/or setgid
permissions:
* /usr/bin/admintool <setuid root>
* - overwriting a file which is also setuid/setgid.
Do you want to install these as setuid/setgid files [y,n,?,q] n
Do you want to continue with the installation of <SUNWadmap> [y,n,?] n
Installation of <SUNWadmap> was terminated due to user request.

No changes were made to the system.
<Output Truncated>
Select package(s) you wish to process (or 'all' to process
all packages). (default: all) [?,??,q]: q
Package Check
The pkgchk command checks the contents and attributes of an installed package. For
example:
# pkgchk SUNWadmap
If no message is displayed, it means that the package installation was successful.
To list files in a package:
# pkgchk -v SUNWadmap
/usr
/usr/bin
.

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.
<Output Omitted>
.
.
/usr/snadm/lib/libnsnis.so.1
/usr/snadm/lib/libnsnisplus.so
/usr/snadm/lib/libnsnisplus.so.1
/usr/snadm/lib/libnsnone.so
/usr/snadm/lib/libnsnone.so.1
#
The var/sadm/install/contents File

This file holds information about all the software packages installed on the system.
$ more /var/sadm/install/contents
/bin=./usr/bin s none SUNWcsr
/dev d none 0755 root sys SUNWcsr SUNWcsd
/dev/allkmem=../devices/pseudo/mm@0:allkmem s none SUNWcsd
/dev/arp=../devices/pseudo/arp@0:arp s none SUNWcsd
/dev/conslog=../devices/pseudo/log@0:conslog s none SUNWcsd
/dev/console=../devices/pseudo/cn@0:console s none SUNWcsd
<Output Truncated>
The Boot PROM

What is the Boot PROM
The boot Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM) chip is typically 8 Kilobytes and
located on the same board as the CPU. It is used to test the hardware and boot the
operating system. The firmware on the boot PROM is often referred to as the monitor
program.
What is NVRAM?
The Non-Volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM) is another key component in the
Sun system. NVRAM stores the Ethernet address, host ID, and time.
Boot PROM commands

The boot PROM has remarkable capabilities even when a system is “down.” It can be
used to perform quite a few administrative tasks to help repair and restore a system.

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Boot PROM Version Identification

The banner command lists information about the system such as model, memory,
host ID, Ethernet address, and the boot PROM version number.
ok banner
Sun Ultra 5/10 UPA/PCI (UltraSPARC-IIi 400MHz), Keyboard Present

OpenBoot 3.25, 512 MB memory installed, Serial #13596499.
Ethernet address 8:0:20:cf:77:53, Host ID: 80cf7753.
Boot The System

In order to boot the system, the boot command is used at the ok prompt.
To boot to the normal multiuser mode, type:
ok boot
To boot the system to a single-user mode:

ok boot -s
List/Change NVRAM Parameters

To get a list of all NVRAM parameters, type:
ok printenv
To display a specific parameter, type the printenv command followed by the

parameter name. For example:
ok printenv boot-device
boot-device = disk:a disk net
To change or set a NVRAM parameter, you can use the setenv command. In this
example, we will check the current value for auto-boot and then change it:
ok printenv auto-boot?
auto-boot? = true
ok
ok setenv auto-boot? False
ok reset
Resetting ...
The reset command commits changes to the NVRAM and resets the system.

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Display Devices Connected to the Bus

Sun organizes devices attached to a system into a “device tree.” This device tree is
built at boot time (during the POST phase) with the information gathered by the
OpenBoot firmware. The show-devs command is used to view the device tree.
ok show-devs
<Output Omitted>
Other commands to list and identify peripheral devices include the following:
• probe-ide
• probe-scsi
• probe-scsi-all
Identify Boot Device

The boot device for a system is defined in the NVRAM within the “boot-device”
parameter. To determine the type of device used for the boot process:
ok printenv boot-device
boot-device = disk
Then use the devalias command to identify the device.
ok devalias
screen /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/SUNW,m64B@2
net /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/network@1,1
cdrom /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3/cdrom@2,0:f
disk /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3/disk@0,0
disk3 /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3/disk@3,0
ide /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3
floppy /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/fdthree
ttyb /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/se:b
ttya /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/se:a
keyboard! /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/su@14,3083f8:forcemode
keyboard /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/su@14,3083f8
mouse /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ebus@1/su@14,3062f8
name aliases

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25
Create and Remove Custom Device Aliases

Sun architecture allows systems to be booted from external devices. However,
external devices do not usually have defined device aliases. To address this issue,
Sun reserves a portion of the NVRAM, called the NVRAMRC, to hold parameters for
such custom device aliases.
The nvalias command is used to create custom device aliases and is used as follows:
ok nvalias alias-name device-path
For example:
ok nvalias cramdisk /pci@1f,0/pci@1/pci@1/SUNW,isptwo@4/sd
This stores the command line in the NVRAMRC.

A system administrator will typically use the show-disks command to list all the disks
and then copy and paste the device path into the nvalias command.
As we learned previously, the setenv command can be used to set this newly created
disk as the boot device.
To remove a custom device alias name, run:

ok nvunalias alias-name
This deletes the alias name from the NVRAMRC.
View and Change NVRAM Parameters from the Shell

Until now, we have been manipulating NVRAM parameters at the “ok” prompt. Now,
we will learn how to use the /usr/sbin/eeprom command to do the same from within
the Solaris environment. Let’s start with a list of all the parameters we can work
with.
# eeprom
tpe-link-test?=true
scsi-initiator-id=7
keyboard-click?=false
keymap: data not available.
ttyb-rts-dtr-off=false
ttyb-ignore-cd=true
ttya-rts-dtr-off=false
ttya-ignore-cd=true

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ttyb-mode=9600,8,n,1,-
ttya-mode=9600,8,n,1,-
pcia-probe-list=1,2,3,4
pcib-probe-list=1,2,3
mfg-mode=off
diag-level=max
#power-cycles=56
system-board-serial#: data not available.
system-board-date: data not available.
fcode-debug?=false
output-device=screen
input-device=keyboard
load-base=16384
boot-command=boot
auto-boot?=true
watchdog-reboot?=false
diag-file: data not available.
diag-device=net
boot-file: data not available.
boot-device=disk:a disk net
local-mac-address?=false
ansi-terminal?=true
screen-#columns=80
screen-#rows=34
silent-mode?=false
use-nvramrc?=false
nvramrc: data not available.
security-mode=none
security-password: data not available.
security-#badlogins=0
oem-logo: data not available.
oem-logo?=false
oem-banner: data not available.
oem-banner?=false
hardware-revision: data not available.
last-hardware-update: data not available.
diag-switch?=false
To list a single parameter, type eeprom followed by the parameter name:
# eeprom boot-device
boot-device=disk:a disk net
To change the value of a parameter:
# eeprom boot-device=cramdisk
#

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Now, to check the new value of the boot-device parameter:
# eeprom boot-device
boot-device=cramdisk
Interrupt a Hung System

An unresponsive system is referred to as a frozen or hung. When a system is in such
a state, it must be interrupted. Interrupting a system instantly stops the processor,
does not allow the memory to be flushed, or the file systems to be synchronized.
There are several strategies that can be used to interrupt an unresponsive system.
1. Logging in remotely to kill the offending process.
2. Attempting to “gracefully” reboot the system.
3. Holding down the “stop-a” sequence.
4. Synchronizing the file system using the OpenBoot PROM (OBP) sync
command. This causes the system to create a crash dump of the memory and
reboot.
The Boot Process

The boot process consists of four phases:
Phase Details
PROM Runs POST
boot locates boot-device
Boot PROM Phase
boot reads bootblk
boot loads bootblk
bootblk loads secondary boot program (ufsboot)
Boot Programs Phase
ufsboot loads kernel (32-bit kernel or 64-bit kernel)
kernel initializes itself and loads modules
Kernel Initialization Phase
Reads configuration file /etc/system
kernel starts /etc/init
init phase
init starts rc scripts

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System Shutdown Procedures

The following describe the different types of system shutdowns:
• Shut down to single-user mode
• Shut down to display the ok prompt
• Shut down and power off
• Shut down automatically and reboot to multi-user mode
The following commands can be used by root to perform these shutdowns:
• /sbin/init – Can be used with run levels S, 1, 0, 5 or 6 to shut down, power

off, or reboot the system gracefully. This command performs an immediate
shutdown without warning to logged on users
• /usr/sbin/shutdown – Works just like the init command except that it

delays the shutdown for 60 seconds (by default) and warns users with a
default or customized message
• /usr/sbin/halt – Performs an immediate shutdown without notification to

users. Stops the Solaris Operating Environment and brings the system to an
ok prompt
• /usr/sbin/poweroff – Performs an immediate shutdown without

notification to users
• /usr/sbin/reboot – Performs an immediate shutdown without notification

to users and brings the system to a run level 3 by default
User and Security Administration

Components of a User Account
User accounts consist of five main components:
• User Name – A unique name used to log into a system
• Password – A combination of six or more letters, numbers or special

characters that must be entered with a user name to access a system

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• User’s Home Directory – A directory that the user is placed in upon login
• User’s Login Shell – A work environment set up by the initialization files

defined by the user’s login shell. The Bourne shell, K shell, C shell, Z shell,
BASH shell and the TC shell are the six possible shells that a user may be
assigned
• User Initialization Files – Shell scripts that determine how the work
environment is set up for the user
User Creation and Management

User and Group account creation and modification are very critical parts of a system
administrator’s tasks. Therefore, it is imperative that you read the man pages extra
carefully for all the commands covered in the following sections.
User Creation
Users can be added to the local system by using the useradd command. This
command adds an entry for the user to the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files.
For example:
# useradd -u 100 -g other -d /export/home/cramusr1 -m -s /bin/ksh –c

“Account for CramSession” cramusr1
This creates a user named cramuser1 with the following properties:
• User ID: 100
• Group Name: other
• Home Directory: /export/home/cramuser1
• Shell: K Shell
• Comment: Account for CramSession
User Modification
Users can be modified on the local system by using the usermod command
For example, the following command renames cramusr1 to cramusr2 while retaining
all its properties:

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# usermod -d /export/home/cramusr2 -m -l cramusr2 cramusr1
User Deletion
The userdel command can be used to delete a user’s account from a system. It can
also remove the user’s home directory and its contents if used with the “-r” option.
For example:
# userdel –r cramusr2
Group Creation and Management

Group accounts are commonly used to manage permissions to shared resources but
may also be leveraged for other purposes.
Group Account Creation

The groupadd command is used to create new group accounts. This command
updates the /etc/group file with an entry for the newly created account.
For example, the following command creates a new group account called cramusrs
with a group ID of 301.
# groupadd -g 301 cramusrs
Group Account Modification

The groupmod command is used to modify group accounts. This command updates
the /etc/group file appropriately.
In the following example, we will change the Group ID (GID) from 301 to 400:
# groupmod -g 400 cramusrs
Group Account Deletion

The groupdel command is used to delete group accounts. This command updates the
/etc/group file appropriately.
In the following example, we will delete the cramusrs group account from the local
system:
# groupdel cramusrs

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System Access Control

Difference between /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow
The /etc/passwd file contains almost everything about a user except for the
password. This file is readable by anyone. The password itself is encrypted and
stored in the /etc/shadow file. This file is readable only by root.
Notice the difference between the two files (especially the “x” following a user
name):
# cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh
daemon:x:1:1::/:
bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:
sys:x:3:3::/:
adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:
lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp:
uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp:
nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico
smmsp:x:25:25:SendMail Message Submission Program:/:
listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls:
nobody:x:60001:60001:Nobody:/:
noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/:
nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x Nobody:/:
athar:x:100:0::/home/athar:/bin/sh
# cat /etc/shadow
root:s5JR561b9zPVs:6445::::::
daemon:NP:6445::::::
bin:NP:6445::::::
sys:NP:6445::::::
adm:NP:6445::::::
lp:NP:6445::::::
uucp:NP:6445::::::
nuucp:NP:6445::::::
smmsp:NP:6445::::::
listen:*LK*:::::::
nobody:NP:6445::::::
noaccess:NP:6445::::::
nobody4:NP:6445::::::
athar:QROSXsUei6iEU:11859::::::
The pwconv Command

The pwconv command updates the /etc/shadow file with information from the
/etc/passwd file. If the /etc/shadow file does not exist, the pwconv command creates
it. If you look closely in the preceding section, you will notice that in the /etc/passwd

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file, there is an x following the user name. This “x” indicates that the password for
the user exists in the /etc/shadow file.
Monitor Failed Login Attempts

Failed login attempts are recorded in the /var/adm/loginlog. This file does not exist
by default and needs to be created or “touched.”
# touch /var/adm/loginlog
Once this file has been created, all failed login activity after five attempts is recorded
in this file automatically. If there are fewer than five failed attempts, the file will not
contain any information.
Once the file is created, and we purposefully enter incorrect passwords at a telnet
session, the following message is displayed in a terminal window on the console:
# Jul 7 15:25:07 unknown login: REPEATED LOGIN FAILURES ON /dev/pts/4

FROM dhcp-249-16-75.mydomain.com, athar
Also, the following entries are added to the /var/adm/loginlog:
# cat /var/adm/loginlog
athar:/dev/pts/4:Sun Jul 7 15:24:24 2002
Monitor System Access

The who command lists users connected to a system. The command reads the
/var/adm/utmpx file to obtain this information.
# who
root pts/3 Jul 7 15:41 (mylaptop.mydomain.com:6954.0)
root dtremote Jul 4 23:39 (mylaptop.mydomain.com:6954)
Also, the last command is used to display a record of system access. It obtains this
information from the /var/adm/wtmpx file.
# last
athar ftp mylaptop.mydomai Sun Jul 7 15:30 still logged
in

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root dtremote mylaptop.mydomai Thu Jul 4 23:39 still logged

in
<Output Omitted>
wtmp begins Thu Jun 20 18:40
Printer Management and Administration
The LP print service in Solaris allows printers to be shared across systems and allows
users to print while continuing to work on other tasks.
Print Management Tools

There are three components native to the Solaris Operating Environment that enable
system administrators to set up and administer printers.
• Solaris Operating Environment Print Manager – A new graphical tool that

enables system administrators to configure and manage printers both on the
local as well as remote systems. This tool is preferred over admintool and can
be started from /usr/sadm/admin/bin/printmgr
• admintool – An older graphical tool used to set up and manage printers on a

local system
• LP print service commands – A command line interface used to perform

the same functions as the previous two tools
Printer Configuration Types

Printers can be set up and accessed in any of the following configurations:
• Local Printer – A printer physically connected to the system
• Network Printer – A printer attached to the network with its own hostname
and IP address without being attached to a print server
• Remote Printer – A printer attached to a remote system or the network
The Solaris LP Print Service

The LP print service performs four basic functions.
• Initialization – The service initializes the printer to ensure that it is in a

known state before it sends a print request
• Queuing – The service schedules print requests as they are spooled

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• Tracking – The service tracks the status of all print requests. This allows
users to view and cancel their own requests. And, it allows root to manage
them if necessary. Any errors that occur are logged by the tracking feature
• Fault Notification – In the event that a print request cannot be fulfilled, this
feature of the service notifies the user either by a message on the console or
via email
Print Service Directory Structure

The following is a brief introduction to some of the more important directories:
• /usr/bin – Contains user commands including lp, lpstat and cancel
• /usr/sbin – Contains administrative commands including lpadmin, lpusers

and lpshut
• /usr/share/lib/terminfo – Contains terminfo database which contains

printer and terminal capabilities
• /usr/lib/lp – Contains lpsched daemon, binary files used by the print

service, postscript filters and default printer interface programs
• /etc/lp – Contains a hierarchy of LP server configuration directories and

files. This directory is maintained by the lpsched daemon and should not be
edited manually
/etc/lp/printers – Contains a directory for each local printer. These

subdirectories contain configuration information for the respective
printer
/etc/lp/interfaces – Contains interface program files for each

printer
• /var/spool/lp – Contains a list of print requests in queue
• /var/lp/logs – Contains a history of finished print requests
The Printing Process

A print processes consists of the following steps:
1. lp send a request to lpsched.
2. lpsched spools the print request.

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3. lpsched matches the printer type and file content type. It also identifies the
destination printer for the print client.
4. If necessary, lpsched filters the print request.
5. lpsched starts the printer’s interface program.
6. The interface program downloads the file to the printer
7. The document is printed at the printer.
Creating Printer Classes

A printer class is a group of printers identified by a common name. Users can submit
print requests to a class name instead of a specific printer. The LP print service
automatically routes the request to the first available printer within the class. This
feature is often used for load balancing purposes.
Printer classes are created using the lpadmin command.
In the following example, we will create a printer class called “complab” for a college
computer lab with two printers.
# lpadmin -p printer1 -c complab
Notice that the complab class is created automatically when printer1 is added to it.
Now, we will add the second printer to this class.
# lpadmin -p printer2 -c complab
Now that both printers are added to the class, students may submit print requests as
follows:
# lp –d complab myfile
Set or Change Default Printer or Printer Class

The lpadmin command is used to set or change the default printer or printer class for
a system.
To set complab as the default printer class:

# lpadmin -d complab

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To remove the default printer class:

# lpadmin -d
Remove Printer Configuration

Printer configurations can be removed from two locations – the client or the server.
Client Side Removal

To remove the printer configuration from the client:
1. Log in as root on the system.
2. Use the lpadmin command to delete the printer configuration:
# lpadmin -x printer1
This removes the configuration information from the /etc/lp/printers directory

on the client.
Server Side Removal

To remove the printer configuration from the print server:
1. Log in as root on the print server.
2. Stop accepting additional print requests on the printer.
# reject printer1
3. Stop the printer.
# disable printer1
4. Delete the printer using the lpadmin command.
# lpadmin -x printer1

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This removes the configuration information from the /etc/lp/printers directory

on the print server.
Stop and Start the LP Print Service

The lpshut and lpsched commands are used to stop and start the print service
respectively.
# /usr/lib/lpshut
Print services stopped.
# /usr/lib/lpsched
Print services started.
Enable and Disable Printers

The enable and disable commands are used to activate and deactivate printers.
For example to activate printer1:
# /usr/bin/enable printer1
printer “printer1” now enabled
Now to deactivate printer1:
# /usr/bin/disable –W –r “Printer shut down for 10 minutes” printer1

printer “printer1” now disabled
The “-W” switch causes the command to wait to until the current print request is
completed. Conversely, if the “–c” switch had been used, the current print request
would have been cancelled.
Move Print Requests

The lpmove command is used to move one or all print requests from one printer to
another.
1. Log in as root on the print server.
2. Use the reject command to prevent additional print requests from being
accepted.

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# reject –r “Printer1 will be back in one hour” printer1
3. Use the lpstat command to view pending requests.
lpstat –o
<Output Omitted>
4. Verify that new printer is accepting print requests
# lpstat –a printer2
printer printer2 accepting requests since Sun May 5
5. Move all print requests from printer1 to printer2
# lpmove printer1 printer2
Or, to move a specific print request (e.g. printer1-25):
# lpmove printer1-25 printer2
6. Re-activate printer1 when it is back online.
# accept printer1
destination “printer1” now accepting requests
View System Processes

Any program that runs on the system is called a process and is assigned a unique
Process Identification Number (PID) which is used by the kernel to track and manage
it. The following methods are used to view processes running on a system:
• The CDE Process Manager – A graphical tool that can be launched from the
CDE workspace or from the command line by typing /usr/dt/bin/sdtprocess
• The ps command – The Process Status (ps) command is the most commonly
used method
• The prstat command – This is a new and improved command that was
included with Solaris 8

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Scheduling Command Execution

Commands can be scheduled to run either once or at a recurring interval.
The at and batch commands are used to schedule a one-time execution at a certain
time. For recurring execution of commands, a crontab file is used. These files are
located at /var/spool/cron/crontabs
System Backups and Restores

Tape Media Types and Capacities
It is beneficial to become familiar with the types of tape devices typically used to
backup file systems.
Media Capacity
½ Inch Reel Tape 140 MB
¼ Inch QIC Cartridge Tape 8 GB
4 mm 24 GB
8 mm Cartridge Tape 40 GB
½ Inch DLT Cartridge Tape 70 GB
Tape Device Naming Conventions

Tape devices are usually named in the format /dev/rmt/0hn
Let’s take a closer look at the “0hn” part of the name:
• 0 – This is the logical number of the tape. For example, the first tape could be
named /dev/rmt/0 and so on
• h – This part of the name indicates the tape density. For example:
l – Low Density
m – Medium Density
h – High Density
c – Compressed

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u – Ultra Compressed
• n – This part of the name indicates whether a tape is to be rewound when the
operation is completed. If there is an “n” in the name, this indicates that the
tape is not to be rewound
Going back to our example, we can see that the tape in question is the first logical
tape of high density and is not to be rewound.
Backup Types
There are only two types of backups in the Solaris Operating Environment.
• Full – A complete backup of the entire file system
• Incremental – A backup of new and modified files since the previous backup
The ufsdump Command

Although there are other backup tools available from Sun as well as other vendors,
the command you need to be extremely familiar with for this exam is the ufsdump
command.
The /usr/bin/ufsdump command can be used to perform a backup at a level 0

through 9 and also to verify the contents of the backup. A level 0 backup is a full
backup. Levels 1 through 9 are incremental. The difference between any given level
and another is that it will perform a backup of all files that have been created or
changed since the last lower level backup. The command can also be used to update
the /etc/dumpdates file which contains the file system, date and dump level
information.
Usually the crontab file is used to schedule nightly, weekly and monthly backups.
The flexibility of the ufsdump and crontab offer endless possibilities and allow system
administrators to create backup strategies specific to their needs. Be sure to read the
man pages for this command and understand the various options and usage.
The ufsrestore Command

The ufsrestore command is used to restore file systems that were backed up by the
ufsdump command. The command copies files to disk relative to the present working
directory and the incremental backups that follow it. It also creates a
restoresymtable that can be removed once the restore has been completed.

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Perform a File System Restore

Obviously the most important file system is / or root. Since this is what the system
uses to boot from, it is a little tricky to restore. In the following example, we will go
through a restore of the / partition to the boot disk c0t0d0s0.
1. Boot with the Solaris CD
ok boot cdrom –s
2. Create a new file system
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
3. Mount the file system to an empty mount point (e.g. /x)
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /x
# cd /x
4. Restore the root file system from backup. Note that we need to always start a
restore from the tape that contains the level 0 backup. Here let’s assume that
it resides on tape 0.
# ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0
5. Remove the restoresymtable
# rm restoresymtable
6. Install bootblk on the boot disk.
# cd /usr/platform/`uname -m`/lib/fs/ufs
# installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
7. Unmount the new file system
# cd /
# umount /x
8. Check the file system
# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
9. Reboot the system

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42
# init 6
10. Perform a full back up of the new file system. This is necessary because the
ufsrestore command changes the position of the files and re-allocates inodes.
# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
Step 6 is important when restoring the root partition. It can be skipped when
restoring the /usr and /var file systems. In order to restore regular file systems,
steps 1, 6 and 9 can be skipped.
Determine Number of Tapes Required

The ufsdump command can be used to determine the number of bytes needed to
perform a backup of a given file system at a particular backup level
For example, if we want to find out how many bytes it would take to perform a full
backup of the / partition:
# ufsdump 0S /
1249763328
Or, if we want to find out the number of bytes required to perform a level 3 back up
the /export/home file system:
# ufsdump 3S /export/home
122871808
Now we can take the number of bytes reported back and divide it by the capacity of
the tape. This will give us the number of tapes required to perform the backup.
Special thanks to
Athar Khan for contributing this
Cramsession.
Please visit his site at
http://www.atharkhan.net/

7/19/2002
43

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Sun Solaris 9 Certified System Administrator I

Solaris 9 Certified System

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Identify Boot Device ...............................................................................25

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Perform a File System Restore .....................................................................42

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• / - This is the root of the entire file system’s name space

Think of a / directory as the equivalent of the root of the C drive in Windows.

Think of a binary or binary file as the equivalent of a program or exe file in

• /dev – Stores symbolic links to device files in the /devices directory

 /dev/rdsk – Raw disk device

 /dev/rmt - Raw magnetic tape device

 /dev/sound - Audio device or its control files

 /dev/term - Serial device

• /etc – Stores configuration files and databases specific to the system

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 /etc/default - Stores default information for programs

 /etc/lp – Stores configuration information for the printer subsystem

• /kernel - Directory of kernels required as part of the boot process. These

• /mnt – This is a temporary mount point for file systems

• /opt – Default directory for application packages

• /sbin – Executables used in the boot process as well as a manual system

• /usr – USR is an acronym for UNIX System Resources. It holds many

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The character in the first column indicates the file type.

• b – Block special device files

• c – Character special device files

Filenames, Inodes and Data Blocks

• Filename –Object used to access and manipulate files

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• Inode – Object used to record information about a file. This information

• Data block – Unit of disk space used to store data

Step 1: Creating a file

Step 2: Linking file1 and file2

Step 3: Deleting file1

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For a pictorial description of what a disk looks like, visit:

• Track – A concentric path of sectors on a disk is called a track

• Cylinder - A stack of tracks

A disk can have a total of 8 slices from 0 to 7. Slice 2 is conventionally used to

Disk Slice Naming Convention

• Controller Number – Identifies the host bus adapter, which controls

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• Target Number – Target numbers correspond to a unique address switch

• Slice Number – A number between 0 and 7 that identifies a logical partition

How to List Devices

The /etc/path_to_inst File

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The prtconf Command

# prtconf | grep -v not

The format Command

AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS:

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Specify disk (enter its number):

How to reconfigure devices

1. Create a /reconfigure file.

2. Shut down the system.

3. Power off all external devices.

4. Install the new device.

/dev/rdsk – Raw disk device

/dev/rmt - Raw magnetic tape device

/dev/sound - Audio device or its control files

/dev/term - Serial device

/etc/default - Stores default information for programs

/etc/lp – Stores configuration information for the printer subsystem