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Number System 2
A computer is a digital system that stores and processes
different types of data in the form of 0s and 1s.
Decimal system
Binary system
Hexadecimal system
Octal system
The number system that we now use has
provided mathematicians, engineers and
scientist with a great advantage over those
of previous civilization. It has proven to be
an important factor in the rapid
advancement of modern science and
technology.
Number System 7
The Decimal System for accounting has been
so widely used from time immemorial. It is
based upon the ten fingers of man. This
system is nothing more than a code where
each distinct quantity is assigned a symbol. In
the decimal system the following digits are
used :0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9. These symbol
are called the Arabic numerals.
Number System 8
The Binary System is the positional
numeration system to the base 2 Binary
notation uses only two symbols: 0 and 1. In
any position of the notation, the symbol 0
represents the absence of an assigned value;
the symbol 1, represents the presence of an
assigned value.
Number System 9
Digital age and information age
Digital computers
General purposes
Many scientific, industrial and commercial applications
Digital systems
Telephone switching exchanges
Digital camera
Electronic calculators, PDA's
Digital TV
Discrete information-processing systems
Manipulate discrete elements of information
For example, {1, 2, 3, …} and {A, B, C, …}…
Number System 10
Base (also called radix) = 10
10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } 2 1 0 -1 -2
Digit Position
5 1 2 7 4
Integer & fraction
Digit Weight 100 10 1 0.1 0.01
Position
Weight = (Base)
Magnitude 500 10 2 0.7 0.04
Sum of “Digit x Weight”
d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0+d-1*B-1+d-2*B-2
Formal Notation
(512.74)10
Number System 11
Base = 8
8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 } 64 8 1 1/8 1/64
Weights 5 1 2 7 4
Position
Weight = (Base) 2 1 0 -1 -2
Magnitude 5
2 *8 2
+1 *8 1
+2 *8 0
+7 *8 -1
+4 *8 -
Number System 12
Base = 2
2 digits { 0, 1 }, called binary digits4or “bits”
2 1 1/2 1/4
Weights 1 0 1 0 1
Position
Weight = (Base) 2 1 0 -1 -2
Magnitude 1
2 *2 2
+0 *2 1
+1 *2 0
+0 *2 -1
+1 *2 -
(1E5.7A)16
Number System 14
n 2n n 2n
0 20=1 8 28=256
1 21=2 9 29=512
Kilo
2 22=4 10 210=1024
3 23=8 11 211=2048
4 24=16 12 212=4096
20 220=1M Mega
5 25=32
6 26=64 30 230=1G Giga
Number System 15
Decimal Addition
1 1 Carry
5 5
+ 5 5
1 1 0
= Ten ≥ Base
Subtract a Base
Number System 16
Column Addition
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 = 61
+ 1 0 1 1 1 = 23
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 = 84
≥ (2)10
Borrow a “Base” when needed
1 2 = (10)2
0 2 2 0 0 2
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 = 77
− 1 0 1 1 1 = 23
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 = 54
Bit by bit
1 0 1 1 1
x 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Number System 20
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
Number System 21
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
Number System 22
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Number System 23
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16 Etc.
23 10111 27 17
Number System 24
Evaluate
Magnitude
Octal
(Base 8)
Evaluate
Magnitude
Decimal Binary
(Base 10) (Base 2)
Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
Evaluate
Magnitude
The possibilities:
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 26
2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916
Base
Number System 27
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Next slide…
Number System 28
Weight
Base
Number System 29
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 30
Technique
Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
Add the results
Number System 31
Bit “0”
1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
Number System 32
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 33
Technique
Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
Add the results
Number System 34
7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Number System 35
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 36
Technique
Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
Add the results
Number System 37
ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Number System 38
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 39
Technique
Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
Second remainder is bit 1
Etc.
Number System 40
Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
Take the remainder (either 0 or 1) as a
coefficient
Take the quotient and repeat the division
Example: (13)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
13/ 2 = 6 1 a0 = 1
6 /2= 3 0 a1 = 0
3 /2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1 /2= 0 1 a3 = 1
Answer: (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2
MSB LSB
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
12510 = 11111012
Number System 42
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 43
Technique
Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
Number System 44
7058 = ?2
7 0 5
7058 = 1110001012
Number System 45
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 46
Technique
Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
Number System 47
10AF16 = ?2
1 0 A F
10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Number System 48
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 49
Technique
Divide by 8
Keep track of the remainder
Number System 50
Example: (175)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
175 / 8 = 21 7 a0 = 7
21 / 8 = 2 5 a1 = 5
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2
Answer: (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)8 = (257)8
Example: (0.3125)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.3125 * 8 = 2 . 5 a-1 = 2
0.5 *8= 4 . 0 a-2 = 4
Answer: (0.3125)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)8 = (0.24)8
123410 = ?8
8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2
123410 = 23228
Number System 52
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 53
Technique
Divide by 16
Keep track of the remainder
Number System 54
123410 = ?16
16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4
123410 = 4D216
Number System 55
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 56
Octal Binary
8 = 23 0 000
Each group of 3 bits 1 001
represents an octal digit 2 010
Assume Zeros
Example: 3 011
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 4 100
5 101
6 110
( 2 6 . 2 )8 7 111
1 3 2 7
10110101112 = 13278
Number System 58
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 59
Technique
Group bits in fours, starting on right
Convert to hexadecimal digits
Number System 60
Hex Binary
16 = 24 0
1
0000
0001
Each group of 4 bits 2
3
0010
0011
represents a hexadecimal 4 0100
5 0101
digit Assume Zeros 6 0110
Example: 7 0111
8 1000
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
(1 6 . 4 )16 E 1110
F 1111
10 1011 1011
2 B B
10101110112 = 2BB16
Number System 62
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 63
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
Number System 64
Convert to Binary as an intermediate step
Example:
( 2 6 . 2 )8
( 0 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 )2
(1 6 . 4 )16
1 0 7 6
2 3 E
10768 = 23E16
Number System 66
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Number System 67
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
Number System 68
1F0C16 = ?8
1 F 0 C
1 7 4 1 4
1F0C16 = 174148
Number System 69
Base 10 Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001
Number System 70
Base 2 Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024
Number System 71
In the lab…
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties
/ 230 =
Number System 72
Determine the “free space” on all drives on a
machine in the lab
Free space
Drive Bytes GB
A:
C:
D:
E:
etc.
Number System 73
Number point or radix point
Decimal point in base 10
Binary point in base 2
No exact relationship between fractional
numbers in different number bases
Exact conversion may be impossible
74
Decimal number Base or radix
… a5a4a3a2a1.a1a2a3… aj
Decimal point Power
105 a5 104 a4 103 a3 102 a2 101 a1 100 a0 101 a1 102 a2 103 a3
Example:
7,329 7 103 3 102 2 101 9 100
Coefficient: aj = 0 to r 1
Example: Base-2 number
(11010.11)2 (26.75)10
1 24 1 23 0 22 1 21 0 20 1 21 1 22
(12.0625)10 = (1100.0001)2
.14579
x 2
Decimal
3.14579
to binary 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.
p. 50
Number System 79
Examples:
Convert the decimal number (225.225)10 into octal number.
Solution:
Fractional part:
0.225 x 8 = 1.800 1
0.800 x 8 = 6.400 6
0.400 x 8 = 3.200 3
0.200 x 8 = 1.600 1
0.600 x 8 = 4.800 4
(225.225)10 = (341.16314)8
Examples:
Convert the decimal number (225.225)10 into hexadecimal
number.
Solution:
Fractional part:
0.225 x 16 = 3.600 3
0.600 x 16 = 9.600 9
(225.225)10 = (E1.39)16
Conversion from binary to octal can be done by positioning the binary number into
groups of three digits each, starting from the binary point and proceeding to the left
and to the right.
(10 110 001 101 011 . 111 100 000 110) 2 = (26153.7406)8
2 6 1 5 3 7 4 0 6
Conversion from binary to hexadecimal is similar, except that the binary number is divided into
groups of four digits:
1) 28.55510 = ________________________________2
2) 101.0101112 = ________________________10
Number System 83
For common bases, add powers
ab ac = ab+c
Number System 84
Two 1-bit values
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”
pp. 36-38
Number System 85
Two n-bit values
Add individual bits
Propagate carries
E.g.,
1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46
Number System 86
Decimal (just for fun)
35
x 105
175
000
35
3675
pp. 39
Number System 87
Binary, two 1-bit values
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Number System 88
Binary, two n-bit values
As with decimal values
E.g., 1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
Number System 89
1. 111 5. 10101
x 101 x 111
---------- ---------------
2. 11.00 6. 100011
x 10.10 x 1100011
------------- ------------------
3. 101
x 11
---------------
4. 1011
x 1001
---------------
Number System 90
Binary numbers can also be negative, just like decimal numbers. If a
larger number is subtracted from a smaller number, the negative
sign is prefixed in the answer.
A B A–B
0 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
“w/ a
0 1 0 borrow of
1”
Number System 91
The following examples:
Binary Decimal
1010 10
- 100 - 4
110 6
100011 35
- 1111 - 15
10100 20
1000.11 8.75
- 11.01 - 3.25
101.10 5.50
Number System 92
1. 1011011 4. 100010110
- 10010 - 1111010
----------------- --------------------
2. 1010110 5. 101101
- 101010 - 100111
----------------- --------------------
3. 1000101 6. 1110110
- 101100 - 1010111
--------------- --------------------
Number System 93
Binary division is a very simple process. Division is defined as the
process of determining how many times one number, the divisor,
can be subtracted from another number, the dividend, while still
leaving a position remainder. The number of times this can be done
is the result, or quotient.
A B A/ B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
Number System 94
11
12/4=3
100 1100
100
100
100
------
0
Number System 95
Number System 96
1. 100 / 10 =
2. 111 / 11 =
3. 1010 / 100 =
4. 1101 / 11 =
5. 10111 / 10 =
Number System 97
Decimal to decimal (just for fun)
pp. 46-50
Number System 98
Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875
pp. 46-50
Number System 99
.14579
x 2
Decimal
3.14579
to binary 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.
p. 50