Thermodynamics Problems

24. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 2.0 kg of water from 25°C to 80°C?
25. How much heat is lost when 1.00 kg of copper cools from 90°C to 20°C?
26. What will be the temperature change in each of the following? (a) 10.0 kg of water loses 456 kJ.
(b) 4.80 kg of ethyl alcohol gains 12.6 kJ.
27. A 6.0 g pellet of lead at 30°C gains 36.8 J of heat. What will be its final temperature?
28. When 2.1 x 103 J of heat is added to 100 g of a substance, its temperature increases from 15°C to 40°C. What is the
specific heat capacity of the substance?
29. A 70 kg person is on a diet that provides 8.36 x 106 J (2000 Calories) daily. If a corresponding amount of heat were
added to 70 kg of water at 37°C, what would be its final temperature?
30. How much water at 80°C must be added to 200 g of water at 10°C to give a final temperature of 36°C?
31. When 0.500 kg of water at 90°C is added to 1.00 kg of water at 10°C, what is the final temperature?
32. A copper calorimeter cup with a mass of 100 g contains 96 g of water at 13°C. If 70 g of a substance at 84°C is
dropped into the calorimeter, the temperature increases to 20°C. Find the specific heat capacity of the substance.
33. Someone pours 150 g of heated lead shot into a 250 g aluminum calorimeter cup that contains 200 g of water at 25°C.
The final temperature is 28°C. What was the initial temperature of the lead shot?
34. How long does it take a 1000 W electric kettle to bring 1.0 L of water to the boiling point if the initial temperature of
the water is 15°C and the kettle is made of 400 g of iron? Assume that no water is boiled, that no heat is lost to the
surroundings, and that the kettle is 100% efficient.
35. A farmer drives a 100 g iron spike with a 2.0 kg sledge hammer. The sledge hammer moves at 3.0 m/s and comes to
rest on the spike after each swing. Assuming all the energy is absorbed by the nail and ignoring the work done by the
nail, how much would its temperature rise after 10 successive swings?
36. A waterfall is 50 m high. If all of the gravitational potential energy of the water at the top of the falls were converted to
heat energy at the bottom of the falls, what would be the increase in the temperature of the water at the bottom? (Hint:
Consider one kilogram of water going over the waterfall.)
37. How much heat is given off when 300 g of water at 0°C freezes to ice at 0°C?
38. How much heat is required to convert 100 g of ice at -10°C to water at 50°C?
39. What will be the final temperature if 1.9 x 102 kJ of heat is added to 0.50 kg of ice at 0°C?
40. A 70 kg hockey player moving at 8.0 m/s stops quickly. How much ice melts due to the friction between the player's
skates and the ice? Assume that only 60% of the energy lost by the skater goes to melting the ice, and that the
temperature of the ice is 0°C.
41. A 200 g piece of ice at -10°C is placed in 200 g of water at 50°C. After a few minutes the ice-water mixture reaches
thermal equilibrium. How much water is there in the mixture now?
42. How much heat is required to: (a) convert 50 g of water at 100°C to steam at 100°C? (b) change 50 g of water at 80°C
to steam at 120°C? (c) change 100 g of ice at -10°C to steam at l30°C?
43. To what temperature will 100 g of water at 24°C be heated by the condensation of 3.0 g of steam at 100°C?
44. During an aerobics exercise class, a person gives off 1.2 x 106 J of heat energy in 45 min. Assuming all this energy is
used to evaporate water from the skin, how much water is lost?
45. In an investigation to measure the heat of vaporization of water, some students collected the following data:
mass of aluminum calorimeter = 126.0 g
mass of calorimeter + water = 286.0 g
mass of calorimeter + water + steam water = 296.1 g
initial temperature of water = 8°C
final temperature of water = 40°C
Find the heat of vaporization of water.
46. An ice-water mixture has a mass of 180 g and is contained in a 100 g aluminum calorimeter. When 35 g of steam at
100°C is condensed in the water, the temperature rises to 50°C. How much ice was in the container initially?
47. Accidentally 0.20 kg of water at 0°C is poured into a large thermos containing liquid nitrogen at -196°C. If the heat of
vaporization of nitrogen is 2.0 X 105 J/kg, how much nitrogen vaporizes?
48. Natural gas (methane) has a heat of combustion of 5.5 x 107 J/kg.
(a) How much gas is required to heat a house that requires 2.0 x 109 kJ for the whole winter? Assume that the furnace
is 80% efficient.
(b) If the density of methane is 7.2 x 10-7 kg/L, calculate the volume of gas used.
(c) If natural gas costs on average $0.46/m3, how much did it cost to heat the house?

Answers to selected questions

24. 4.4 x 105 J

25. 2.73 x 104 J
26. (a) 10.9 °C (b) 11.4 °C
27. 77 °C
28. 8.4 x 102 J/kg·°C
29. 65 °C
30. 1.2 x 10-1 kg
31. 38 °C
32. 6.9 x 102 J/kg·°C
33. 192 °C
34. 6.2 min
35. 6.9 °C
36. 12 °C
37. 9.9X104J
38. 5.6 x 104 J
39. 12 °C
40. 4.1 X 10-3 kg
41. 314 g
42. (a) 1.2 x 105 J (b) 1.2 x 105 J (e) 3.1 x 105 J
43. 40 °C
44. 5.2 x 10-1 kg
44. 2.3 x 106 J/kg
46. 138 g
47. 7.4 x 10-1 kg
48. (a) 2.9 x 104 kg
(b) 4.0 x 1010 L, or 4.0 x 104 m3 (e) $1840