Literature Review.

Figure 1.

The purpose of the following literature review will be to provide information that can be
collected and used for the discussion on how technology is making a change in education
and what types of technology school's of today are using. 

Figure 1. Graph showing the major uses of technology (Internet) for children ages 5-13
young adult from ages 14-24 in school Report conducted by Robert Gloveer from the
National Telecommunications and Information Administration 2004.

                                                                               Abstract

            Technology has change the way students learn and how they interact with their
professors for help and questions. Making not only students change their method to learn
but changing teacher’s method to teach. This literature review provides information about
the changes on educational technology with their main events on how has change students
way of leaning. It provides statistics on how much time students spend on technology and
their improvements. It recognizes positive and negative points of view about the topic and
how teachers are getting assistance for this technology. 

                                          The Benefits of Technology on Education: A review of

the Literature.

    Technology has become part of our lives with the pass of the years, to the point most
people will start depending on this technology. One of the changes most people have notice
is inside the classroom. Students observe a variety of common tools to identify the major
types of technology according to the human desires most of them meet, and then fake
initial definitions of technology. Students and teachers have seen the advances, noticing
how technology has expanded the opportunity to study. Starting, from the invention of
paper and pencil, to overhead projectors, all the way to having the opportunity of
experiencing the new touch technology era. 

1. What kinds of technology are used in the education field?

2. How often students use technology on school and at home?
3. What are the positive/negative effects on the Academic Performance and experience
of the students?
4. Are teachers receiving the adequate technology to prepare students for their future?
    The following review on literature will focus on these questions and will include
information about positive/negative effects, the use of this technology and the types of
technology.

                                               What kinds of technology are used in the education

field?

    Adapting to technology is not an option, technology is changing constantly and people
will learn every day something new. Technology at schools has progressed on several ways
starting with the invention of writing on upon-stone, to metal sheet to what people know
now paper and the use of pen or pencil. This happened 30,000 years ago and people are
still and will keep using the invention of paper and pen for quite some more years.
Technology has made a huge impact on all schools, jobs, hospitals etc. giving the
opportunity of having a higher education and accurate results. The role schools being were
the skills and abilities of young people are developing, school should be the place were
technology can be introduce to the young generation this way they will learn and control
their advantage to this. Educational technology as on the book The Educational Technology
Handbook by Steven Hackbarth explains is a systematic process of developing solutions to
problems of teaching and learning. (Hackbarth, 1996) How technology has transformed
education by providing sophisticated tools were the whole educational system has changed.
The first public school founded in the United States named Boston Latin School in 1635,
were the only way of teaching was the professor talking with no way of having a visual
example from the teacher were students used paper and ink. One of the biggest inventions
of all were the source of research getting the first modern library by John Dury on 1651,
having the advantage of books  believed to be invented by the Sumerians around 1300BC.
Having chalkboards for teachers and chalkboards slates for students till the 1700 and
introducing the modern pencil Nicolas-Jacques Conte until 1795. Audiovisual Age 1930,
where film strip projector was introduce on schools having the opportunity to what
educational videos and a year after 1940 the overhead projector was invented changing the
way of teaching and students learning. Technology was not constantly there for the use of
the students, they started form the bottom to where we are now (Greggs, 2011). Having on
mind the immense changes of technology and all this changes had been done because of
the necessities of the people and their education. Having greater education on technology
will show people what else can be invented to require a better knowledge.

    Interactive whiteboards mostly know as smart boards introduced on 1991 (Cabarera,
2012) have replaced the traditional chalkboards, Smart-boards are the new way students
and professors are interacting. This new technology gives the advantage to keep their
normal whiteboard and add a device which will make their normal whiteboard to smart
boards, where students can go to front and touch or write with their finger the answer on
the board taking physical ink from the whiteboard without the use of the projector making
the environment of the classroom friendlier to students. According to Chris Dede (2009) the
number of computers inside the classroom continues to increase making the computer the
most important tool in school, making the internet having big part of student’s life.
Programs have been invented through the internet making turning in work easier and fast,
Blackboard could be one of the numerous programs internet can provide to schools. (Pg.11,
Prg.4) For some people using this technology can be easy but for others it will take longer
on understanding how a program works. Having the opportunity of finishing your work on a
computer and turning it in right away in the same device can come handy.  Teachers post
their lessons and future assignments under these programs or send them to the students
email, but sometimes people need to understand students have a tide budget and they
cannot afford a computer. They need to make a trip to their local library and borrow a
computer. Before students had the advantage of all this technology they would have to
write down their notes, use pen or pencil to do their homework, go to teacher’s office hours
to get tutoring etc. students did not have all their assignments in a computer or USB. They
would do double the work students do now, but considering the work students do in this
century is double on what other centuries used to give their students. 

    Some high schools have programs about how students can borrow computers, laptops
and the newest technology the school can afford they provide. On 1868 Christopher Sholes
invents the first typewriter with a QWERTY keyboard, do to this shorthand classes were
introduced in schools giving the students the privilege to learn how to write the double
number of words in half of the time. 1977 first personal computers were introduced to
schools, were 18% of United States public school had one computer for instruction only,
1991 computers were in all school and were 1 computer for every 18 students and it kept
going to increase the number of computers to the year of 2000 were 1 computer for every 5
students in school were available. Adding to the evolution of computers the first handheld
calculator was invented by Texas Instruments in 1967 (Greggs, 2011), since that year
besides making the long process of getting an answer a machine would do it.  Technology
needs education to work, this way by the education people have they will invent the new
tools most people have in their hands now a day. “Educational technology is not, and never
will be, transformative on its own, however. It requires the assistance of educators who
integrate technology into the curriculum, align it with student learning goals, and use it for
engaged learning projects.” (Bentalla, 2011, p.3). Technology would be taking most of our
knowledge today, but that doesn’t mean we need to rely on it most of the time. By people
understanding how technology would one day vanish the same way one day appeared, will
make people be prepare by not living traditional lessons aside. 

                                              How often students use technology on school and at

home?

    In the 21 century, teachers who use technology frequently in their classrooms remark
greater benefits to students learning, from teachers who are less regular users. That's one
of the major findings from a K-12 technology study released by researchers out of the
Richard W. Riley college of Education and Leadership at Minnesota's Walden University.
According Nagel (2010) explains the increase of the use of technology: 

 22 percent of those surveyed were considered frequent users of technology,

spending 31 percent or more of class time using   technology to support learning.
(p.2)
 17 percent were defined as moderate users, those who spend, 21 percent to 30
percent of class time using technology. (p. 2)
 26 percent sporadic users, spending 11 percent to 20 percent of class time using
technology. (p.2)
 34 percent infrequent users, who reported spending 10 percent or less of class time
supporting learning with technology. (p. 2)

    The outcomes from K-12 study explain how most students use technology at school than
at home having more access to technology at school because of the computers, clickers,
tablets, cellphones etc. most of their material at school now a days involve more use of
technology that just reading a book. For frequent, moderate and infrequent users most of
their times at school are using some kind of technology, while at home parents can limit the
access to their children and have a moderate use of technology. 

  
                                                                                      The Use of Technology

    In figure 1 approximately 77 % of preteens (ages 10-13) and 86% of teens (ages 14-17)
use the Internet when doing their school-work (Gloveer, 2004) the graph shows how
children don’t used the same amount as adult teen uses technology, but children still have a
huge percent of technology use and their time is more use on playing games online, while
the teens and adult teen use their time on e-mail provably talking to professor, getting
grades etc. and school work. 

            In conclusion between both statistics on how much technology students use inside
the classroom and at home and the second statistics show that their time using technology
is greater than the first report of statistics, but both repost agreed on most of their time
using technology is at school or school-work related.

    Some schools can provide the latest technology to their students, having this technology
students and teachers can understand why the increase on the use of technology inside the
classroom. By spending time on their laptops, others on their newest tablets can get great
sources for their research on their projects. Calculators and smart-boards can be lead to
these percentages on their use on technology. “Often students are looking for a site where
they can go to the quickest and the most information with minimal effort,” said Julie
Caccamise (2013, Parag.11) what some teachers do when the time of researching on their
given topics is that they will provide a list of reliable web side were students could make
their research and found great results besides relying on Google, Wikipedia etc.

    On the other side some students cannot afford these luxuries and stick with what their
schools can provide, some schools have programs where they provide some types of
technology to students because of economic need. These way students can have the
opportunity to have a laptop and do their homework at home.  

               What are the positive/negative effects on the Academic Performance and

experience of the students?

    On every change there has to be positive and negative results, sometimes students need
to be aware of this result because they will know if the changes are working or they are not
improving in their learning.  To let directors and teachers know if it is worth it to give the
advantage of computers and other technology to students. By paying attention to the
improvement of the students and how they are using this technology, giving a sense of
being worth spending thousands of dollars to the increase of computers to colleges and local
schools

According to Don Knesek (2008) explains the results of the addition of technology to
education:

    The research findings presented in this brief demonstrate that technology is being
effectively integrated into teaching and learning and is having a positive impact on
increasing student achievement through test scores and the acquisition of 21st century
skills. Fortifying today’s generation with a foundation of technology-based skills that fit
within the larger picture of global competitiveness. (p. 4) 
    By measuring their knowledge teacher will understand how their students are using
technology.  Sometimes technology doesn’t help the students improve; maybe can do the
opposite it can be just a tool that distract students form their main focus on homework and
other things. In cases where students won’t show any improve they will take this
advantages and let students work by traditional style, were they will need to go to the
library and read a book.  By the advantage of technology teachers need to learn how this
technology works and how they can teach their students the importance of this advantage.
If teachers are not familiar with the content students are exposed to, teachers will not know
to how much information’s students are getting the access off.  

    Bill Powers “Why ‘I don’t have time for Technology’ is no longer Excusable” explain by its
title how people cannot give more excuses about not using technology, now a days
Facebook and Twitter between others has given the most opportunities and connections 
students , teachers and other people outside the education field. “I have connected with
educator’s right here in Springfield I had never and may not have ever met others across
the state of Missouri at Edcamp and on Twitter, and even more from coast-to-coast and
outside the borders of the United States. I couldn’t make those connections without social
media. I’ve learned with and connected with more educators in the last two years than most
educators have in a lifetime” (Powers, 2013, Parag.5) Teachers now can communicate with
their students outside the classroom, whenever students have questions or thoughts they
can easily send an email and most likely their professors will answer. Students and teachers
have to show improvements and withdraw on this subject. Some students will feel better
with this technology but other students can get the advantage of this and used for their own
on school and not achieving the progress other students are showing. 

                         Are teachers receiving the adequate technology to prepare

students for their future?

    Teacher’s education system is to prepare their students to meet the demands their
classes in the future will ask.  By teachers having the access to technology can make a huge
change on their way of teaching making students have a better learning experience. The
personal technology in class can make teachers feel unclear because they will not know if
students will use this as a way of cheating or against the same teachers who are allowing
this. 

    Advances in technology have always changed the way people are educated and how
education is changing technology and students are in charge of how their improvements will
be. Technology has transformed everyone teachers, students etc. but problems some
teachers will have are how to use this technology,  programs can give all the technology
teachers are looking for but for some this technology can  be a bad dream. Some teachers
are not used to all this technology, but as many people mentions “you can never get used
to technology” maybe some may just loose the interest to have all this advantages to learn
this technology skills.  Some technology is necessary some other is not as Jorge Baeza
teacher in charge of The Department of Multimedia and Virtual classes in Tec. de Monterrey
in 2010 said “Some of these tools are friendly then others, as long as the course content
justifies their use they can enhance their learning experience” (2013) Having the
appropriate tools in class to make the lecture more entertaining and getting students
attention are essential, this way students will be encourage to keep the hard work up and
keeping their grades on level. In the interview Professor Baeza was ask if he was happy with
the technology school provided, answering right away: yes. By this answer he started
explain how necessary technology is for his teaching and being in charge of the Multimedia
classes hiving the latest technology is a gift for him. Mentioning how bad sometime is to
repair a computer but the love Baeza has for the computer and other technology is infinite.
High School students have the opportunity to get Business Computers classes were they
learn the basics for the main programs use in colleges and jobs. Leaning what they probably
will use for most of their life has been appreciated for college students now.  “The reality is
that students of the 21st century need a technology-based education to survive in a
technological world.” (Daggett, 2010. Pg.4, Prg.6) not having the correct technology to have
a correct education can affect a student’s future. Most have made will this technology a
better environment inside the classroom were students will like to interact in class and other
will have the opportunity to still interact but from a remote because some students are not
as social as others and preferred to stay that way. 

                                                                          Conclusion

    In conclusion, most opportunities on having technology and learning how to use it are
more every day. Most classrooms around the world are adding technology to their way of
teaching, and technology has revolutionized education on positive and negative ways.
Adding programs were students can achieve their goals no matter where they are living,
internet having most of the part on this movement. Giving opportunities of jobs to students
by learning to use the most popular programs the computers provides. Educational
technology is the process of developing solutions and forms of teaching using technology to
the advantage of the students and teachers.