Ribosomes and

Golgi apparatus

Biology
9700
 RIBOSOME
O A minute particle
O Consisting of r-RNA and
associated proteins found in
large numbers in the cytoplasm
of living cells.
O They bind messenger RNA and
transfer RNA to synthesize
polypeptides and proteins.
 WHAT ARE
RIBOSOMES MADE UP
OF? of proteins and
O Ribosomes are made
ribonucleic acid (abbreviated as
RNA),
O In almost equal amounts.
O It comprises of two sections, known
as subunits.
O The tinier subunit is the place the
mRNA binds and it decodes,
O whereas the bigger subunit is the
place the amino acids are included.
How many ribosomes
are in a cell?
O Ribosomes are found
'free' in the cytoplasm or
bound to the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) to form
rough ER. In a mammalian
cell there can be as many
as 10 million ribosomes .
 WHAT IS S ?
O The "S" stands for svedbergs, a unit used
to measure how fast molecules move in a
centrifuge.
O Bacteria and archaebacteria have
smaller ribosomes, termed 70S ribosomes,
which are composed of a small 30S subunit
and large 50S subunit.
O All prokaryotes
have 70S (where S=Svedberg
units) ribosomes while eukaryotes contain
larger 80S ribosomes in their cytosol.
The 70S ribosome is made up of a 50S and
30S subunits. 
 Centrifuge

O A machine with a rapidly rotating

container that applies centrifugal force
to its contents, typically to separate
fluids of different densities (e.g. cream
from milk) or liquids from solids.
 Do ribosomes have
DNA?
O A ribosome is made out of RNA and
proteins, and each ribosome consists of
two separate RNA-protein complexes,
known as the small and large subunits. ...
In eukaryotes, ribosomes get their
orders for protein synthesis from the
nucleus, where portions of DNA (genes)
are transcribed to make messenger
RNAs (mRNAs).
 What do ribosomes
look like?
O A ribosome itself looks like a
little hamburger bun. It's
made of two subunits: a big
one (the top bun) and a small
one (the bottom bun).
 Ribosomes are made in the
nucleolus, a cluster of
proteins and RNA found in
the center of a cell's nucleus.
 How does the
ribosome work?
O The ribosomal subunits
come together and combine
with the mRNA during
protein synthesis
O They bind to the mRNA and
start the synthesis of
proteins.
O
 WRAP UP
O https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=WjnUJusSYAo
QUIZ ON RIBOSOMES
O https://www.ducksters.com/science/
quiz/cell_ribosome_questions.php
O Golgi
Apparatus
O (Complex)
 Discovery
O Camillo Golgi -Italian
Scientist
O The existence of the cell
organelle which is now
known as Golgi apparatus or
Golgi complex, or simply as
'the Golgi', was first reported
by Camillo Golgi in 1898
Golgi Apparatus(Complex)
O A complex of vesicles and
folded membranes
O within the cytoplasm of
most eukaryotic cells,
O involved in secretion and
O intracellular transport.
 What is stored in the Golgi
apparatus?
O The Golgi apparatus gathers simple
molecules and combines them to make
molecules that are more complex.
O It then takes those big molecules,
packages them in vesicles, and
O either stores them for later use or sends
them out of the cell.
O It is also the organelle that builds
lysosomes (cell digestion machines).
What is the main function of
the Golgi apparatus?
O The Golgi apparatus is responsible for
transporting, modifying, and
packaging proteins and lipids 
O into vesicles for delivery to targeted
destinations.
O As the secretory proteins move through
the Golgi apparatus, a number of
chemical modifications may transpire.
 Structure
O The Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi
complex or Golgi body,
O is a membrane-bound organelle found
in eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly
defined nuclei)
O that is made up of a series of flattened
stacked pouches called cisternae.
O It is located in the cytoplasm next to
the endoplasmic reticulum and near
the cell nucleus.
CIS /TRANS FACE OF GA
O The cis face of a Golgi stack is the end
of the organelle where substances
enter from the endoplasmic reticulum
for processing,
O while the trans face is where they
exit in the form of smaller detached
vesicles.
 How are Golgi apparatus
formed?
O Cisternae Maturation Model shows that
proteins from the ER join to make parts
of the Golgi,
O so the Golgi can be made. ...
O In summary, packages of processing
enzymes and new proteins originating in
the ER fuse together to form the Golgi 
O and as the proteins are processed and
mature, the next Golgi compartment is
created.
 What is the size of a Golgi
apparatus?
O Golgi bodies look like a stack of flat
membranous sacs of
various sizes and dimensions and form
a complex.
O The organelles measure 2 mm to 5 mm
in size and consists of 6-20 double
membranes stacked one above the
other or side by side.
LINK FOR VIDEO(WRAP-UP)
O https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=TYyo9VwOnlg
CLASS WORK (PADLET)
O How does the structure of the Golgi
apparatus relate to its function?
 ONLINE QUIZ ON GOLGI
APPARATUS
O https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/
quizshow.php?title=golgi-
apparatus&q=2
 HOME WORK
O https://quizizz.com/admin/
quiz/5bd880849f45e0001aa2d7db/
golgi-body
How does the structure of the
Golgi apparatus relate to its
function?
O The Golgi apparatus serves as a
processing center for the exportation of
proteins, lipids and other large
molecules to their final destinations
outside of the cell. ... Each cisterna is
made up of a flattened disk that carries
enzymes meant to help or modify the
protein cargo that travels through them.