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SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
COURSE
OBJECTIVE
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT
• On completion of the course, the student
is expected to be able to
• understand the characteristics of different
types of solid and hazardous wastes and the
factors affecting variation
• define and explain important concepts in the
COURSE field of solid waste management
• suggest suitable technical solutions for REFERENCES
OUTCOME treatment of municipal and hazardous wastes
• design the different elements of waste
management systems
• understand the legislation and the role of
different stakeholders‘ to apply the basic
scientific principles for integrated solid waste
management
MANAGEMENT
• To impart knowledge and skills in the
collection, storage, transport, treatment,
disposal and recycling options for solid
wastes including the related engineering
principles, design criteria, methods and
equipments
• SOURCES, CLASSIFICATION AND
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
• WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND
SOURCE REDUCTION
• STORAGE, COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
OF WASTES
• WASTE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
• WASTE DISPOSAL
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT
• George Tchobanoglous, Hilary Theisen and Samuel A, Vigil,
“Integrated Solid Waste Management, Mc-Graw Hill
International edition, New York, 1993.
• CPHEEO, “Manual on Municipal Solid waste management,
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering
Organisation , Government of India, New Delhi, 2016
• William A. Worrell, P. Aarne Vesilind, Solid Waste Engineering,
Cengage Learning, 2012.
• Michael D. LaGrega, Philip L Buckingham, Jeffrey C. E vans and
"Environmental Resources Management, Hazardous waste
Management", Mc-Graw Hill International edition, New
York,2010.
• John Pitchtel,Waste Management Practices, CRC Press,Taylor and
Francis Group,2014.
• Frank Kreith, George Tchobanoglous ,Handbook of Solid Waste
management,Mc Graw Hill, 2002
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SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT -Lesson Plan
Solid and Hazardous Wastes - Sources-
Classification -Impacts - scope of SWM
Solid Waste Management Rules - 2016
Hazardous Waste (M&H) Rules- 2016
Sampling and Characterization of Solid
Wastes
Sampling and characterization
Hazardous wastes
Storage and Collection of Solid Wastes
Storage and Collection of Hazardous
Wastes
Analysis of Solid waste collection systems
Transfer and transport of solid Wastes
Source Reduction and Recycling Solid of
Wastes
Test I
Since the beginning Human kind
has been generating waste
With the progress of civilization the
waste became of a more complex nature
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DEFINITION OF WASTE
• “Waste" means materials, that are not products
or by- products, for which the generator has no
Mechanical Processing for Material Recovery
Aerobic and Anaerobic Biological Processing of further use for the purposes of production,
Wastes
Composting of Solid Wastes transformation or consumption.
Biomethanation of Solid Wastes
Thermal Processing ( Incineration) of Solid – generated during, the extraction of raw materials, the
of
Wastes processing of raw materials into intermediates and
Physico chemical Treatment of hazardous wastes
Landfill Basics and Landfill Process final products, the consumption of final products, and
Landfill site selection Process through other human activities and excludes residuals
Design of Liner Systems and Cover Systems
Landfill Leachate and Gas management recycled or reused at the place of generation
Landfill operations, Closure and Monitoring
Centralized Hazardous waste treatment facility – By-product means a material that is not intended to
Biomedical waste management be produced but gets produced in the production
Electronic waste Management
Integrated waste management process of intended product and is used as such
Remediation of contaminated sites
Ref:- Hazardous and other wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement)
Test II
Rules, 2016)
Waste is often Highly Heterogenous
Example: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
As a function of source (many generator types)
• Residential (single-, multi-family homes)
• Commercial (restaurants, retail companies)
• Institutional (schools, hospitals)
• Industrial (packaging and administrative businesses)
As a function of property (mixed chemical composition)
• Organic (paper, plastics, food, yard waste, textiles and rubber)
• Inorganic (glass, metals, ashes, refrigerators, stoves)
• Hazardous (pesticides, batteries, paint containers)
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• MUNICIPAL
Wastes – Classification according to their origin
Major
– Garbage • Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage,
Categories rubbish, construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging
of Solid – Rubbish materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by any municipality.
• Industrial wastes: wastes generated by manufacturing & processing
– Inerts units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas,
Waste? sanitary & paper etc.
• INDUSTRIAL • Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers,
intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis, treatment &
– HAZARDOUS research activities of medical sciences.
– NON HAZARDOUS • E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments.
They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some
• BIOMEDICAL electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants
such as Pb, Cd, Be or brominated flame retardants.
• E WASTES • Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually
these are byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are
• C&D wastes not directly involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some
radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc.
• Radioactive wastes

Wastes are Biodegradable/ Degeneration Time-Solid Wastes

Category Type of waste Approximate time taken
Non Biodegradable to degenerate
Biodegradable Non-biodegradable Organic waste such as A week or two
vegetable and fruit peels,
food waste etc

consist of Paper Upto 30 days

Biodegradable
consist of organic inorganic and
Cotton cloth 2-5 months
matter and can be recyclable
degraded materials which Woollen items 1 year
cannot be
degraded Wood upto15 years
Non-biodegradable Tin, aluminum, and other 100-500 years
metal items such as cans
Paper, food waste, vegetables and Plastics,Glass,Metals
fruit peels, wood, etc. Plastic bags One million years?
Glass bottles Undetermined
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Some Wastes are Hazardous Regulated Wastes in India

Health – related
Safety – related
(Health hazards) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
(Physical Hazards)
 Toxicity Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and
 Corrosivity  Carcinogenicity Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.
 Ignitability  Infectivity Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules,
 Reactivity  Irritant ( allergic) E-Waste (Management) Rules,
 Radioactivity Construction and Demolition Waste Management
 Explosivity
 Teratogenicity Rules, 2016
 Flammability  Mutagenicity Plastic Waste ManagementRules, 2016
Characteristics hazardous waste are established on Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
the basis of their ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity
and toxicity

“domestic hazardous waste”

"solid waste" means and includes
means
• solid or semi-solid domestic waste • waste contaminated with hazardous chemicals or infectious
• sanitary waste waste such as
• commercial waste • discarded paint drums
• institutional waste • pesticide cans
• catering and market waste and • CFL bulbs, tube lights
• other non residential wastes, street sweepings, silt removed • expired medicines, broken mercury thermometers
or collected from the surface drains, horticulture waste, • used batteries, used needles, gauge and syringes, etc.
agriculture and dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste
– generated at the household level.
• excluding industrial waste, bio-medical waste and e-waste,
battery waste, radio-active waste generated in the area under
the local authorities and other entities
Source: Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
Source: Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

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DOMESTIC
HAZARDOUS WASTES

Food Wastes Greenwaste

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Packaging

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Wastes from a Vegitable market Waste from an IT Park

Waste from a Supermarket CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION

WASTES

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Metal Scraps Bulky Wastes

Septic tank Sludge

Street Sweepings,
Catch Basin Sediments, and
Stormwater Pond Sediments

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EMERGING WASTES –E WASTES

Miscellaneous Recyclable Products

 ~250,000,000 tires are thrown
out annually in US, but many
landfills refuse to accept them.
As a result they accumulate in
mountainous tire graveyards
(hazardous if ignited)

E Wastes (WEEE) E-Waste - Hazardous components

 Discarded/Obsolete Electronic
Products
 not fit for their original intended
use
 have reached their end of life
 Wastes/Scraps generated during
production of Electronic Goods
• IT & Telecom Equipments
• Large Household Appliances
• Small Household Appliances
• Consumer & Lighting Equipments
• Electrical & Electronic Tools
• Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment
• Medical Devices
• Monitoring & Control Instruments
 Printed board assemblies
 Batteries, accumulators
 Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
 Mercury switches and relays
 Electron beam generator
 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
 Switches and Flat Screens
 Capacitors
 PVC-coated copper cables
and plastic cases
 Cartridges from
photocopying machines
• Heavy metals (lead, mercury,
cadmium, arsenic)
• Batteries containing
cadmium and Electrolytes
• Cathode ray tubes with lead
oxide & barium
• Brominated flame-retardants
on printed circuit boards,
cables and plastic casing.
• Mercury in switches
• Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl’s
(PCB’s) in older capacitors &
transformers

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EMERGING WASTES
End of Life Vehicles

Hazardous Health
Care Wastes

which unless rendered safe may prove hazardous

or cause infection

End of life Vehicles and scrap

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Why should we care about solid waste?

Wasted Resources
Public Health
Pollution

Waste or Resource???

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Issues in solid waste NEED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Increasing • Increasing waste quantity PUBLIC HEALTH POLLUTION
Quantity/Varying Quality • Change in characteristics of wastes • Breeding of flies • Open burning
• Pathogens in the waste are spread by vectors (flies, rats, etc.) or infected or
transmitting vectors are attracted by the waste – Spreading of – Air Pollution
Public health issues: • Odours, flies, etc. Waste being spread by dogs, wind etc. becomes un-
esthetical pathogens – Dioxin
• Waste components transferred to air, water or soil • Breeding of rats • Aesthetic Nuisance
Environmental pollution may cause contamination – Odour
– Plague/Dengu fever
– Plastic Carry Bags
Resource issues: • Waste contains resources that should be used in order – Economic loss • Occupational hazards to
to save on other resources
• Blockage of drains workers
• Poor Community • Leachate Pollution
Social: • Low priority of waste managementParticipation – Mosquito breeding
• Lack of understanding of the magnitude of the problem – Overflows • Landfill Gas
• scale of waste generation makes economy an important – Global Warming
Economy: issue RESOURCE DEPLETION
Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies,Anna University, Chennai -600 025 ; E mail:kuttiani@gmail.com

SOLID WASTE - HEALTH IMPACT

• act as harborage and breeding places of flies,
Heavy Metals in Household Items
cockroaches & rodents
• increase of pests results to increase in communicable
diseases • Lead
• Mosquito malaria, yellow fever, elephantiasis, – Consumer electronics (television sets, radios, etc.), glass,
encephalitis, dengue fever ceramics, plastics, brass, bronze, used oil
• Cadmium
• Housefly diarrhea, tuberculosis, anthrax,
ophthalmia, intestinal worms, poliomyelitis,
– Nickel-cadmium batteries, plastics, consumer
typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery electronics,appliances (dishwashers, washing machines,
etc.), pigments,glass, ceramics, rubber, used oil
• Rodents food poisoning, Murine typhus fever, • Mercury
meningitis, trichinosis, Leptospirosis – Batteries, light bulbs, paint residues, thermometers,
pigments from inks and plastics
• Cockroach leprosy, coliform bacilli, food poisoning,
diarrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis

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Solid Waste Management Waste Management Systems

Solid Waste Management (SWM) deals

with controlling the generation,
separation, storage, collection,
transfer, transportation,
processing and disposal of wastes
in a way that takes into account
public health, economics,
conservation, aesthetics and the
environment, and is responsive to
public demands.

Street
Market/ Waste to
sweeping/
Street Unauthorised
Collection by
wastes dumpsites
Civic body

Waste to Transfer

HOW DO WE Station

MANAGE OUR Household/

Commercial
Waste Storage in
Community bins
Waste for
Land dumping
WASTES ??? Waste
generators
and collection by
Civic body
by Civic body

Recovery Recovery Rag-picking

by by at Dump
Recycling
Household & Rag pickers Transfer pickers
Dealers
Itinerant/ from station
Buyers Dustbins

SCHEMATIC OF CURRENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN INDIA

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Uncollected Wastes in Urban Areas & Waste

Littering by Street Animals and Birds

Uncollected Wastes in Urban Areas and

Waste Littering by Street Animals

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COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION -INEFFICIENT AND

UNHYGENIC

Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies,Anna University, Chennai -600 025 ; E mail:kuttiani@vsnl.com

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Land Pollution
Contamination of Port area with waste oil

Waste Oil leaking at NS Port

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Hazardous wastes stored in defunct units is a major issue Hazardous waste stored in defunct unit

Hazardous wastes at Mahesh Chemicals Mahad Tarapur Hazardous Wastes

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Tarapur hazardous wastes Liquid effluent at Tarapur

Hazardous waste from Aventis Pharma.jpg

ILLEGALLY DUMPED HW- GUJARAT

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Hexavalent
Hexavalent chromium
chromium waste
wasteatat
Vadodara Hema
Vadodara Chemicals
Hema Chemicals
Hazardous waste dumping in Gujarat

… which seriously pollutes wells

Hazardous waste dumping

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Contaminated coke water at ECP Contaminated ground water

Discarded Solid Waste Litters Beaches

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• Love Canal, New York, began in 1892 when William T. Love proposed digging
a canal to connect the upper and lower parts of the Niagara River. The canal
was never completed. However, from 1920-1953, the canal was used to
dump hazardous wastes.
• In 1953, the canal area was covered with dirt and presumed safe. When
area residents started reporting health problems, officials began to
investigate the dumping of the hazardous wastes. They decided that Love
Canal was a health hazard and evacuated the area.
• Love Canal became the first man-made disaster to receive such
a designation

BHOPAL
Union Carbide and Bhopal
• Citizens were not informed of proper actions in
the case of a disaster
– 4,037 died
– 60,000 injured
• Covering face with wet cloth would have
prevented most injuries and deaths
Half a million people were exposed to the gas and
about 20,000 have died as a result of their exposure.
Hindustan Lever, Kodaikanal
• Mecury bearing waste was generated between 1984 and
2001 at a mercury-thermometer plant operated in the
southern Indian town of Kodaikanal by Unilever’s
subsidiary, Hindustan Lever.
• Dozens of tons of elemental mercury were released
into local forests and rivers, and even dumped in the
town itself, polluting the area and leaving its people to
deal with an enduring health and environmental crisis.
• On May 29, 2003, a ship carrying 290 tons of mercury-
contaminated glass waste owned by Unilever was sent
to New York from India.

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Wastes –DPSIR Analysis

D rivin g F orc e s R e s po ns e s
• W a st e m a n a ge m e n t
• P op u la t io n g row th ra t es (u rba n / n o n u rb a n) • W a s te co lle c tio n
• S oc io -e co n o m ic a l D e v e lo p m e nt (G D P )
• C on tr olle d la nd fill s it es
• C h a n g in g h ou s e h old c on s u m p tio n p a tte rn s
• Inc in er a tio n
& d is tr ib ut io n c h an n e ls • R e c yc lin g
• In c re a s in g p ro du c tio n a nd u s e o f
• W a st e m inim is a tion
h a za rd ou s m a te r ia ls
• C o s t r e co v e ry
• In c re a s in g p ro du c tio n a nd u s e o f no n • (N o n O bs e rv e d E c on o m y)
h a za rd ou s m a te r ia ls In fo rm a l s e c to r

P re s su re Im p a c t
• H u m an h e alth
• Inc re a s e d v o lu m e s o f • E p id em ic d ise a s e s
h a za rd ou s /n o n- h aza rd o us • D is rup tio n of s c e n ic
w as t e s re q uirin g c o lle ct io n a nd
la n d sc a p e
t re at m e n t/d is p o s al
• Inc re a s e d w a s t e tra n s po rt • S m e ll s
• Inc re a s in g n u m b e r o f dis po s a l,
t re at m e n t a n d in c in e ra tion s ite s

S tate
• W a te r / so il c o nta m in atio n
• E m is s io ns o f ga s e s

ELEMENTS TO WASTE
Waste Management Hierarchy
MANAGEMENT POLICY
LEGISLATION AND • Laws and Regulations , Norms, standards and guidelines
REGULATIONS • Compliance and enforcement, Environmental liability

• With particular supplier industries

VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS • introduces particular measures (e.g. certain extended producer responsibility)

• Taxes and levies, Fees and user-charges ,Subsidies,

ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS Green public procurement

• Awareness raising campaigns, Educational programs,

EDUCATION/AWARENESS Advice centres, Eco-labelling

• Research for new or improved solutions , Technology

TECHNOLOGY CHOICE transfer , Selection and choice

INFORMATION AND • Information exchange and collection , Reporting ,

MONITORING Assessment of performance

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A successful waste management policy requires
policy and legislative infrastructure
• Legislation and subsidiary regulations (including legislation in compliance
with relevant obligations under international law), along with
implementation, compliance, and enforcement actions to ensure their
effectiveness
• Clear delineation of responsibilities and mandates among actors (e.g.
national and local authorities, producers, importers) and adequate
allocation of resources, authority, and power to fulfil these responsibilities
(including sub-national or regional cooperation mechanisms)
• Monitoring of progress and gathering and publication of data and
information
• Supporting institutions and coordination among them
• Sharing of technologies and best practices, and where appropriate,
regional cooperation
A successful waste management policy requires
policy and legislative infrastructure
• Coordination with other relevant areas of policy, e.g. trade
policy
• Supporting frameworks for waste reduction, and for materials
recovery and recycling operations (e.g. extended producer
responsibility agreements or regulations)
• System of taxes and financial incentives that support the
sector, such as providing necessary investments, or avoiding
perverse subsidies
• Pilot programs and technical support/exchange initiatives to
assist local implementation

A successful waste management policy requires

policy and legislative infrastructure Waste Management Hierarchy
• Appropriate regulation and control of private sector
behaviour
• Community participation mechanisms Each step in
• Education and publicity programs to change public attitudes the waste
and behaviour management
• Programs to develop and maintain a body of skilled and hierarchy
committed waste management workers, not only in the waste
management industry itself but also in government (at all
requires
levels) and in those organisations that are major generators of engagement
waste with different
• Mechanisms for review and reform stakeholders.

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Different steps in the hierarchy Solid waste management is a

may involve different stakeholders. multi-dimensional issue.
• Waste prevention requires engagement with the production and
commercial sectors to influence design, choice of materials, production
• Effective system is not only based in
and marketing. technological solutions but also
• Close engagement with waste generators, including the general public, as
well as others such as office management personnel, is likely to be needed
environmental, socio cultural, legal,
to achieve high levels of source separation institutional and economic linkages that
• Reuse involves engagement with collectors, dealers, second-hand goods
retailers and charitable institutions.
should be present to enable the overall
• Recycling involves engaging both formal and informal recycling sectors, system to function.
including waste pickers, as well as producers and designers in the context
of extended producer responsibility initiatives.
• Engagement is also required with the operators of waste management
services, including: collection, transport, large-scale composting and
anaerobic digestion, landfill and waste-to-energy.

SOUND WASTE MANAGEMENT SOUND WASTE MANAGEMENT

CONTRIBUTES TO: CONTRIBUTES TO:
• BETTER HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT • ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES
– Increasing business opportunities contributing to GDP
– Preventing environmental impacts on air, water, soil, wildlife and
the marine environment – Providing savings to businesses, especially in resource extraction and
use, by waste prevention actions, recovery and/or recycling activities
– Protecting human health in communities and at waste
– Achieving economic savings by improvements in human health and
management facilities the environment, leading to higher productivity, lower medical costs,
– Minimizing risks associated with hazardous waste better environmental quality and the maintenance of ecosystem
– Improving occupational health services.
– Reducing greenhouse gas emissions – Creating employment, including low, medium, and high-skilled jobs
– Integrating and professionalising employment in the informal sector
– Reducing litter and odour
(the route to addressing equity and poverty issues)
– Avoiding flood risks – Delivering more attractive and pleasant human settlements and better
– Encouraging resource efficiency, reducing the demand for social amenity
primary raw materials and the threat of their depletion – Encouraging changes in community attitudes and behaviours.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT GOVERNANCE
• Public health legislation mandating provision of waste
collection services
• Environmental legislation prescribing the level of
environmental protection to be achieved by waste
management facilities
• Legislation on resource recovery bans on disposal of certain
waste fractions, e.g. organic waste; recycling targets, Landfill
diversion targets etc.
• Regulations on those handling wastes specifying a ‘duty of
care’ for all parties generating or handling wastes.
• Tracking waste movements from ‘cradle’ to ‘grave’ to ensure
that the waste does not get ‘lost’ en route - usually focused
on hazardous wastes
MONITORING, INFORMATION,
AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
• Every good policy decision is underpinned by
information of various kinds, including:
– Data and information about waste: rates of generation, composition,
methods of disposal
– Information about the waste management system, e.g. numbers and
types of waste collection vehicles, numbers of employees, levels of
skills
– Information about waste management policies and programs adopted
elsewhere
– Information about impacts of waste or of policy choices
– Information about related matters such as industry structure and
operations and consumer choices.
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Implementing regulations means
• Translating the legal requirements for protection of public
health and the environment into technical guidelines or
statutory codes of practice regarding
– waste collection day-to-day operations
– infrastructure and waste recycling (source segregation)
– technologies applied in terms of their technical
characteristics
– day-to-day operations of the facilities
– environmental performance monitoring and reporting ,
– waste management information systems (record keeping,
requirement to weigh wastes, sharing data with the
authorities, compilation and publication of statistics).
Solid waste services have a cost as
any other services provided
• But in general the expenditures are not recovered.
– Resources are required with the objective of
having skilled personnel, appropriate equipment,
right infrastructure, proper maintenance and
operation.
– Financial support of the central government, the
interest of the municipal leaders in waste
management issues, the participation of the
service users and the proper administration of the
funds are essential for a modernized sustainable
system.
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Sustainablity Approaches in
SWM –Dynamism
Engineering
• New technologies, materials and chemicals are appearing ever more rapidly,
usually without considering the potential for waste problems later on Traditional Engineering Sustainable Engineering
• Changes in the prices of materials may alternatively encourage and threaten Considers the object or process Considers the whole system in which
recycling. For example, metals prices may rise steeply or alternatively collapse, the object or process will be used
changing the economics of recovery operations, (although those operations
Focuses on technical issues Considers both technical and non-
remain environmentally beneficial)
technical issues synergistically
• Waste management technology and waste management best practices
themselves lead to new options and opportunities: at times product innovation Solves the immediate problem Strives to solve the problem for
focuses on improving waste management options (e.g. light weighting of beverage infinite future (forever?)
containers). Considers the local context Considers the global context
• Demographic and geographic changes, e.g. the growth in cities, lead to rapid
changes in local demand for waste management services, and may also supply Assumes others will deal with Acknowledges the need to interact
labour for waste management operations. political, ethical, and societal issues with the experts in other disciplines
related to the problem
• Choices of consumers change and the structure of industry shifts with changes in
income and wealth. These factors in turn lead to changes in the volume and
composition of waste

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Integrated Solid Waste Management

Integrated waste management Life-cycle Perspective

INPUTS BIOLOGICAL OUTPUTS

Waste MATERIALS
TREATMENT Emissions
RECYCLING
Energy
COLLECTION
Other & Leachate
Materials SORTING
THERMAL
LANDFILL
Money TREATMENT Residuals

Secondary Compost Useful

Materials Energy
PRODUCTS

Integrated Solid Waste Management Seven-Step Approach for Developing a

Stakeholders/Management Perspective Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan

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Seven-Step Approach for Developing a

MSWM – Gap Analysis Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan(Contd..)

Seven-Step Approach for Developing a

Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan (Contd..) Your Task
1. Form a Team (Not Exceeding Five in a Group)
2. Select a community area for the study
3. Visit the community area and conduct survey of
how solid waste is currently being disposed.
4. Analyse the data and make inferences
5. Research and suggest strategies to manage waste
effectively
6. Create an action plan for implementing the
strategies in the locality
7. Make presentation of the study towards the end of
this Course

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