FALGUNI MISS

BIOLOGY SUMMARY
06. RESPIRATION IN PLANTS (2019 – 20).

➢ Scope: A brief outline of process of Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and its significance.
Reference to aerobic and anaerobic respiration with chemical equations in each
case. Experiments on gaseous exchange and on heat production.

➢ Respiration: It is a catabolic process of releasing energy from glucose and other

organic molecules (enzymes) for carrying out life processes.
➢ Types of respiration: Depending on the use of oxygen it is classified as:
o Aerobic Respiration and
o Anaerobic Respiration.
➢ Aerobic or Oxybiotic respiration:
o Aerobes: Organisms that respires aerobically are termed aerobes.
o Definition: Aerobic respiration is a catabolic process of releasing energy from
complete oxidation of glucose and other organic molecules (enzymes) with
the formation of carbon dioxide and water as end products.
o Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP (energy/heat).
o It proceeds only with oxygen.
o Note: Commonly respiration refers to aerobic respiration.
o Site of aerobic respiration: Cytoplasm and Mitochondria.
o Characteristics:
▪ The living cell oxidizes organic substances (glucose) and releases
carbon dioxide, water and energy.
▪ The breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) to carbon dioxide and water
occurs in a series of chemical steps.
o Source of Respiration: There are two sources – Oxygen and Glucose.
▪ Oxygen: Oxygen diffuses in and out of the cell through:
o Stomata present in leaves.
o Lenticels present in old woody stem.
o General surface of the roots.
▪ Glucose: Glucose is manufactured by the plant by the process of
photosynthesis and stored in the cytoplasm as starch granules.
o Exchange of gases:
▪ Entire plant body respires day and night.
▪ During the day:
• By the process of photosynthesis, leaves produce oxygen,
some of which is used for respiration and rest is diffused out.

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• Carbon dioxide produced by respiration is used by leaves as
raw material for photosynthesis process.
▪ During the night: Leaves get oxygen from the atmosphere through
the plant surface and gives out carbon dioxide.
o Process:
▪ Two major stages are:
• Glycolysis: (glucose → pyruvate or pyruvic acid) occurring in
the cytoplasm, does not need oxygen.
• Krebs cycle: (pyruvate or pyruvic acid → CO2 + H2O + ATP)
occurring in the mitochondria, and needs oxygen.
▪ Each breakdown step takes place with a specific enzyme.
▪ The energy liberated in the breakdown of the glucose molecule is in
the form of heat energy and chemical energy in the form of a
chemical substance called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
▪ ATP – The energy currency of the cell. Immediate
source of energy for all activities within a living cell
is stored in the form of a chemical compound
called Adenosine Tri Phosphate – ATP.
Hence, ATP is referred to as “The energy
currency of the cell.”

➢ Anaerobic or anoxybiotic respiration:

o Anaerobes: Organisms that respires anaerobically are termed anaerobes.
o Definition: Anaerobic respiration is a catabolic process of releasing little
energy from incomplete oxidation of glucose and other organic molecules
(enzymes) with the formation of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and carbon dioxide
as end products.
𝑬𝒏𝒛𝒚𝒎𝒆
o Equation: C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP
o It proceeds without oxygen.
o Site of anaerobic respiration: Cytoplasm.
o Process:
▪ Two major stages are:
• Glycolysis: (glucose → pyruvate or pyruvic acid) occurring in
the cytoplasm, does not need oxygen.
• Formation of ethanol: (pyruvate or pyruvic acid → Ethanol +
CO2 + 2ATP) occurring in the cytoplasm, without oxygen.
▪ Each breakdown step takes place with a specific enzyme.

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➢ Difference between:
o Plant respiration and photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis
Oxygen is released as an end product.
Uses carbon dioxide and water.
Light energy is converted into chemical
energy and stored.
Occurs only in presence of light.
Results in gain in weight.
Food (glucose) manufactured.
(Constructive process, anabolic).
Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll.
o Respiration in plants compared to respiration in animals:
Respiration in plants
There is no gaseous transport, gases
diffuse in and out of the cell.
Heat produced is less.
Anaerobic respiration gives ethanol.
o Respiration and Burning (Combustion):
Respiration
It is a cellular process (occurs in living It is a non cellular process (doe not occur
cells only).
It occurs in series of chemical steps.
Carried out by enzymes.
Takes place at body temperature.
Energy liberated and stored as ATP and
some as heat.
It is a Biochemical process.
o Aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plants:
Aerobic respiration
Occurs normally throughout life.
Complete breakdown of glucose.
Energy liberated in large quantity. (38
ATP) from one mole of glucose.
End-products are carbon-dioxide and
water.
Proceeds in presence of oxygen.
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Respiration
Carbon dioxide is released as an end
product.
Uses oxygen and glucose.
Chemical energy is partly converted into
heat energy and partly into useful energy
for various activities.
Occur at all times.
Results in weight loss.
Food (glucose) broken down. (Oxidized,
destructive or catabolic).
Occurs in all living cells.
Respiration in animals
There is transportation of gases by
blood.
Heat produced is more.
Anaerobic respiration gives lactic acid.
Burning/Combustion.
in living cell ).
It occurs in a single step.
Carried out by heat.
Takes place at high temperature.
All energy is liberated as heat and light.
It is a Physico-chemical process.
Anaerobic respiration
Occurs temporarily for short periods.
Incomplete breakdown of glucose.
Energy liberated in small quantity (2 ATP)
from one mole of glucose.
End-products are ethyl-alcohol and
carbon dioxide.
Proceeds in the absence of oxygen.
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o Anaerobic respiration between plants and animals:
Anaerobic respiration in plants Anaerobic respiration in Animals
Definition: Anaerobic respiration is a Definition: Anaerobic respiration is a
catabolic process of releasing little energy catabolic process of releasing little
from incomplete oxidation of glucose and energy from incomplete oxidation of
other organic molecules (enzymes) with glucose and other organic molecules
the formation of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) (enzymes) with the formation of lactic
and carbon dioxide as end products. acid as end product.
𝐸𝑛𝑧𝑦𝑚𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑧𝑦𝑚𝑒
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP. C6H12O6 → 2C6H5OCOOH + 2ATP.
Ethanol and CO2 is produced. Lactic acid is produced with no CO2.
It proceeds without oxygen. It proceeds without oxygen.
o Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis:
Kreb’s cycle Glycolysis
It is the process which converts pyruvate It is a process which converts glucose →
or pyruvic acid → CO2 + H2O + ATP, in the pyruvate or pyruvic acid, occurring in the
mitochondria, and needs oxygen. cytoplasm and does not need oxygen.
o Catabolism and anabolism:
Catabolism Anabolism
Destructive or breaking down process, in Constructive or biosynthetic processes,
which energy is released. in which energy is consumed.

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