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  • The Flower - BIOLOGY IX ICSE

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    124 Ansichten8 Seiten
    Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms (flowering plants) and play a crucial role in the plant life cycle. They are not only visually appealing but also exhibit remarkable biological complexity. This essay will provide a detailed exploration of the biological aspects of flowers, focusing on their various parts, including androecium and gynoecium, whorls, functions, locations, placentas, scientific terms, and examples. Flower Structure: A flower consists of four main parts: sepals, petals, stamens (androecium), and carpels (gynoecium). These parts are arranged in concentric circles known as whorls. Sepals: The outermost whorl, called the calyx, comprises sepals. Sepals are typically green, leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the developing flower bud. Petals: Inside the calyx, the next whorl is the corolla, consisting of petals. Petals are often brightly colored and scented, attracting pollinators such as insects, birds, or bats. Androecium: The androecium is the male reproductive part of the flower. It is composed of stamens, which consist of an elongated stalk called the filament and a pollen-bearing structure called the anther. Each anther contains pollen sacs (microsporangia), where pollen grains develop. Gynoecium: The gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower. It consists of one or more carpels, which enclose the ovules. Each carpel has three parts: the stigma, the style, and the ovary. The stigma is the receptive surface for pollen grains, the style is a slender tube connecting the stigma to the ovary, and the ovary contains one or more ovules. Functions of Flower Parts: Each part of a flower serves a specific function vital to sexual reproduction and successful pollination. Sepals: Sepals protect the developing flower bud and may also play a role in attracting pollinators. Petals: Petals attract pollinators through their color, shape, and scent, facilitating pollination by providing a reward (such as nectar) or serving as landing platforms. Androecium: Stamens produce pollen, the male gametes necessary for fertilization. Pollen grains are released from the anther and must be transferred to the stigma for successful pollination. Gynoecium: The carpels of the gynoecium contain ovules, which are the female gametes. After pollination, if fertilization occurs, the ovules develop into seeds inside the ovary. Location and Whorls: The arrangement of flower parts into specific whorls can vary among different species. Most flowers have sepals in the outermost whorl, followed by petals, androecium (stamens), and gynoecium (carpels) in the innermost whorls. Placenta and Scientific Terms: The placenta is a structure found within the ovary of the gynoecium. It is responsible for nourishing the developing seeds. Depending on the species, the placentation can be categorized into different types, including axile, parietal, free-central, and basal, among others. Scientific terms associated with flower structure and reproduction include: Anther: The part of the stamen that produces pollen. Stigma: The receptive surface at the top of the carpel, where pollen grains land and germinate. Style: The slender tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary. Ovary: The swollen base of the carpel that contains ovules and develops into a fruit after fertilization. Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization: The fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote. There is an incredible diversity of flowers across different plant families. Some examples of flowering plants with distinctive flower structures include: a) Rose (Rosa spp.): Roses have numerous sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, and exhibit a wide range of colors and scents. b) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus): Sunflowers have a prominent disc-like structure with tiny individual flowers called florets. c) Orchids (Or

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    Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms (flowering plants) and play a crucial role in the plant life cycle. They are not only visually appealing but also exhibit remarkable biological complexity. This essay will provide a detailed exploration of the biological aspects of flowers, focusing on their various parts, including androecium and gynoecium, whorls, functions, locations, placentas, scientific terms, and examples. Flower Structure: A flower consists of four main parts: sepals, petals, stamens (androecium), and carpels (gynoecium). These parts are arranged in concentric circles known as whorls. Sepals: The outermost whorl, called the calyx, comprises sepals. Sepals are typically green, leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the developing flower bud. Petals: Inside the calyx, the next whorl is the corolla, consisting of petals. Petals are often brightly colored and scented, attracting pollinators such as insects, birds, or bats. Androecium: The androecium is the male reproductive part of the flower. It is composed of stamens, which consist of an elongated stalk called the filament and a pollen-bearing structure called the anther. Each anther contains pollen sacs (microsporangia), where pollen grains develop. Gynoecium: The gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower. It consists of one or more carpels, which enclose the ovules. Each carpel has three parts: the stigma, the style, and the ovary. The stigma is the receptive surface for pollen grains, the style is a slender tube connecting the stigma to the ovary, and the ovary contains one or more ovules. Functions of Flower Parts: Each part of a flower serves a specific function vital to sexual reproduction and successful pollination. Sepals: Sepals protect the developing flower bud and may also play a role in attracting pollinators. Petals: Petals attract pollinators through their color, shape, and scent, facilitating pollination by providing a reward (such as nectar) or serving as landing platforms. Androecium: Stamens produce pollen, the male gametes necessary for fertilization. Pollen grains are released from the anther and must be transferred to the stigma for successful pollination. Gynoecium: The carpels of the gynoecium contain ovules, which are the female gametes. After pollination, if fertilization occurs, the ovules develop into seeds inside the ovary. Location and Whorls: The arrangement of flower parts into specific whorls can vary among different species. Most flowers have sepals in the outermost whorl, followed by petals, androecium (stamens), and gynoecium (carpels) in the innermost whorls. Placenta and Scientific Terms: The placenta is a structure found within the ovary of the gynoecium. It is responsible for nourishing the developing seeds. Depending on the species, the placentation can be categorized into different types, including axile, parietal, free-central, and basal, among others. Scientific terms associated with flower structure and reproduction include: Anther: The part of the stamen that produces pollen. Stigma: The receptive surface at the top of the carpel, where pollen grains land and germinate. Style: The slender tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary. Ovary: The swollen base of the carpel that contains ovules and develops into a fruit after fertilization. Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization: The fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote. There is an incredible diversity of flowers across different plant families. Some examples of flowering plants with distinctive flower structures include: a) Rose (Rosa spp.): Roses have numerous sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, and exhibit a wide range of colors and scents. b) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus): Sunflowers have a prominent disc-like structure with tiny individual flowers called florets. c) Orchids (Or

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    124 Ansichten8 Seiten

    The Flower - BIOLOGY IX ICSE

    Hochgeladen von

    the lilly
    Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms (flowering plants) and play a crucial role in the plant life cycle. They are not only visually appealing but also exhibit remarkable biological complexity. This essay will provide a detailed exploration of the biological aspects of flowers, focusing on their various parts, including androecium and gynoecium, whorls, functions, locations, placentas, scientific terms, and examples. Flower Structure: A flower consists of four main parts: sepals, petals, stamens (androecium), and carpels (gynoecium). These parts are arranged in concentric circles known as whorls. Sepals: The outermost whorl, called the calyx, comprises sepals. Sepals are typically green, leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the developing flower bud. Petals: Inside the calyx, the next whorl is the corolla, consisting of petals. Petals are often brightly colored and scented, attracting pollinators such as insects, birds, or bats. Androecium: The androecium is the male reproductive part of the flower. It is composed of stamens, which consist of an elongated stalk called the filament and a pollen-bearing structure called the anther. Each anther contains pollen sacs (microsporangia), where pollen grains develop. Gynoecium: The gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower. It consists of one or more carpels, which enclose the ovules. Each carpel has three parts: the stigma, the style, and the ovary. The stigma is the receptive surface for pollen grains, the style is a slender tube connecting the stigma to the ovary, and the ovary contains one or more ovules. Functions of Flower Parts: Each part of a flower serves a specific function vital to sexual reproduction and successful pollination. Sepals: Sepals protect the developing flower bud and may also play a role in attracting pollinators. Petals: Petals attract pollinators through their color, shape, and scent, facilitating pollination by providing a reward (such as nectar) or serving as landing platforms. Androecium: Stamens produce pollen, the male gametes necessary for fertilization. Pollen grains are released from the anther and must be transferred to the stigma for successful pollination. Gynoecium: The carpels of the gynoecium contain ovules, which are the female gametes. After pollination, if fertilization occurs, the ovules develop into seeds inside the ovary. Location and Whorls: The arrangement of flower parts into specific whorls can vary among different species. Most flowers have sepals in the outermost whorl, followed by petals, androecium (stamens), and gynoecium (carpels) in the innermost whorls. Placenta and Scientific Terms: The placenta is a structure found within the ovary of the gynoecium. It is responsible for nourishing the developing seeds. Depending on the species, the placentation can be categorized into different types, including axile, parietal, free-central, and basal, among others. Scientific terms associated with flower structure and reproduction include: Anther: The part of the stamen that produces pollen. Stigma: The receptive surface at the top of the carpel, where pollen grains land and germinate. Style: The slender tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary. Ovary: The swollen base of the carpel that contains ovules and develops into a fruit after fertilization. Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization: The fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote. There is an incredible diversity of flowers across different plant families. Some examples of flowering plants with distinctive flower structures include: a) Rose (Rosa spp.): Roses have numerous sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, and exhibit a wide range of colors and scents. b) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus): Sunflowers have a prominent disc-like structure with tiny individual flowers called florets. c) Orchids (Or

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    FALGUNI MISS

    BIOLOGY SUMMARY
    03. THE FLOWER 2019 – 20.

    ➢ Scope: Brief Introduction to complete and incomplete flower. Essential and non-
    essential whorls of a bisexual flower, their various parts and functions. Inflorescence
    and placentation (only meaning).

    ➢ Flowers are seed-bearing structures, containing reproductive organs in a plant body.


    ➢ Location: At the tip of the stalk/pedicle/peduncle on a branch of a plant.
    ➢ Characteristics:
    o They are present only in flowering plants called angiosperms.
    o They belong to phyla - magnoliophyta.
    o Flowers are specialized shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral
    structures or whorls.
    o They are colorful.
    o Some flowers produce diaspora without fertilization – Parthenocarpy.
    ➢ Function:
    o They act as vectors for transfer of pollen.
    o They are site of gametophytes forms.

    Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 1
    FALGUNI MISS
    ➢ Parts of a typical Flower:
    o A typical flower has four whorls.
    o The four whorls are borne on thalamus.
    o Calyx, Corolla, Androceium and gynocieum.
    Calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium
    Individual Sepals Petals Stamen Carpels/Pistil
    Location It is the It is second It is the third whorl It is the fourth whorl
    outermost whorl present present after corolla. present innermost to
    whorl of a after calyx. corolla, at center of
    flower. thalamus.
    Characteristic Green color. White color - It is the male part of a - It is the female part of a
    Mostly five in or flower. flower.
    number. Bright color. - Each stamen consist of: - Each carpel consists of:
    Epicalyx: It is an Filament, Connective Ovary, style and stigma.
    extra whorl and Anther. - Stigma: Terminal knob
    constitutes leaf - Filament: Long slender like part of carpel. It is
    like structure. stalk. sticky (glandular
    Ex: Hibiscus It supports anthers. papillae) or feathery
    Perianth: - Connective: Connects (hair).
    Undifferentiated sepals and petal. two anther lobes It receives pollens
    Each is called tepals. together. - Style: Tubular slender
    Petaloid: - Anthers: stalk arising from ovary
    It is non green Perianth. Bilobed, consist of two and bearing stigma.
    Attracts insects for pollination. pollen sacs each (4). Serves as a path for
    Ex: Gulmohar Pollen sacs contains pollen tube.
    Sepaloid: pollen grains or pollen. - Ovary: It is the swollen
    It is green Perianth. On maturity, pollen basal part of carpels. Has
    Performs photosynthesis. sac ruptures to release one chamber (unilocule)
    pollens for fertilization or many chambers
    - Pollen: Powdery (multilocules).
    particles of different It contains ovules. Each
    shapes and size ovules contains female
    containing the male gamete or egg cell.
    gamete.
    Function Protects the Its bright color Produce pollen grains, - Produce ovules,
    flower in bud and fragrance - containing male gametes containing female
    stage. attracts Insects for reproduction. gamete for
    for pollination. reproduction.
    It protects inner
    whorls - stamen
    and pistils.

    Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 2
    FALGUNI MISS
    Classification of Polysepalous: Polypetalous: Monadelphous: Apocarpous:
    whorls: sepals may be Petals may be Filaments are united as a Free carpels.
    free. free. single tube and anthers Ex: Rose.
    Ex: Mustard, Ex: Mustard, are free.
    radish. Rose Ex: China rose, cotton
    Gamosepalous: Gamopetalous: Diadelphous: Syncarpous:
    sepals may be petals are fused Filaments are united in Fused carpels.
    fused or united. in a tubular two bundles and anthers Ex: Petunia,
    Ex: China Rose form. are free. Mustard,
    Ex: Datura, Ex: Pea, sesbania. China Rose.
    Petunia. Polyadelphous: The
    filaments are united in
    several bundles, anthers
    are free.
    Ex: Bombax, silk cotton,
    castor.
    Syngenesious: Filaments
    are free and anthers are
    united.
    Ex: Sunflower
    Synandrous: Both
    anthers and filaments
    are fused.
    Ex: Gourd
    Epipetalous: Stamen is
    fused with corolla.
    Ex: China rose
    Polyandrous: Indefinite
    number of free stamens
    in a flower.
    Ex: Crochorus

    ➢ Inflorescence: Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on a twig.


    ➢ Placentation:
    o Definition: Placentation is the arrangement of ovules to the wall of the
    ovary.
    o Placenta is a tissue that attaches the ovule to the wall of the ovary.
    ▪ Location: In the ovary of a flower.
    ▪ Function: Acts as a medium of arrangement for the ovules.
    ➢ Post fertilization changes:
    o Ovary turns into fruit.
    o Ovules turn into seeds.
    o The seeds exhibit different forms of arrangement as those of pea, tomato,
    mango, lotus, etc.

    Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 3
    FALGUNI MISS
    ➢ Differences between:
    o Flower and inflorescence:
    Flower Inflorescence
    Flowers are seed-bearing structures, Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement
    containing reproductive organs in a plant of flowers on a twig.
    body.
    o Petals and Petaloid sepals:
    Petals Petaloid sepals
    They are single units of second whorl, The undifferentiated non green petals and
    corolla of a flower. sepals form the Petaloid sepal in a flower.

    o Polyandrous and Polyadelphous androecium:


    Polyandrous androecium Polyadelphous androecium
    Indefinite number of free stamens in a The filaments are united in several
    flower. bundles, anthers are free.

    o Complete and incomplete flower:


    Complete flowers Incomplete flower
    It contains all four whorls It has one or more whorls absent.
    o Essential and non-essential whorls:
    Essential whorls Non – essential whorls
    Essential whorls are concerned with Non – essential whorls protect the
    reproduction. reproductive parts and attract
    pollinating agents for pollination.
    Consists of androceium and gynoceium. Consists of Calyx and corolla.
    o Bisexual (Hermaphrodite) and unisexual:
    Bisexual or Hermaphrodite or Unisexual or imperfect flowers
    perfect flowers
    This flower contains both stamens and This flower contains only one of the
    carpels. reproductive parts, either stamen or
    carpel.
    Ex: Hibiscus, Mango, Rose etc. Ex: Papaya , Palm, orchid, canna
    o Staminate (Male flower) and Pistillate (Female flower):
    Staminate or male flower Pistillate or female flower
    A unisexual flower which contains only A unisexual flower which contains only
    the stamens. the carpels.
    Ex: Orchids and Canna Ex: Orchids and Canna
    o Monoecious Plant and Dioecious Plant:
    Monoecious Plant Dioecious Plant
    A plant on which staminate (male) A plant on which either staminate
    and Pistillate (female) flowers are (male) or Pistillate (female) flowers
    present. are present.
    Ex: Maize, cucumber, pumpkin. Ex: Palm, Papaya.

    Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 4
    FALGUNI MISS
    ➢ Summary of examples:
    Name Category
    1 Bombax Polyadelphous
    2 Bougainvillea Large colorful bracts
    3 Canna Unisexual
    4 China Rose Gamosepalous, Monadelphous, Syncarpous, Epipetalous
    5 Cotton Monadelphous, Polyadelphous
    6 Cucumber Monoecious
    7 Datura Gamopetalous
    8 Gourd Synandrous
    9 Gulmohar Petaloid
    10 Hibiscus Epicalyx, Bisexual
    11 Maize Monoecious
    12 Mango Bisexual
    13 Mustard Polysepalous, Polypetalous, Syncarpous
    14 Nasturtium Nectaries
    15 Orchid Unisexual
    16 Palm Unisexual, Dioecious
    17 Papaya Unisexual, Dioecious
    18 Pea Diadelphous
    19 Petunia Gamopetalous, Syncarpous
    20 Pumpkin Monoecious
    21 Raddish Polysepalous
    22 Rose Polypetalous, Apocarpous, Bisexual
    23 Sesbania Diadelphous
    24 Silk castor Polyadelphous
    25 Sunflower Syngenesious

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    Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 6
    FALGUNI MISS

    Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 7
    FALGUNI MISS

    Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 8

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