Network Models

TCP/IP

3.1
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
3.2
 Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

3.3
 Figure TCP/IP and OSI model

3.4
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

Network interface (layer 1): Deals with all physical components of

network connectivity between the network and the IP protocol.

Internet (layer 2): Contains all functionality that manages the

movement of data between two network devices over a routed
network.

Host-to-host (layer 3): Manages the flow of traffic between two

hosts or devices, ensuring that data arrives at the application on the
host for which it is targeted.

Application (layer 4): Acts as final endpoints at either end of a

communication session between two network hosts.
3.5
 2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

3.6
 Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

3.7
 Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

3.8
 PHYSICAL ADDRESS
The physical address, also known as the link address, is the
address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.

It is included in the frame used by the data link layer.

It is the lowest-level address.

The physical addresses have authority over the network (LAN or

WAN).

The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the

network. For example, Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical
address that is imprinted on the network interface card (NIC).

Local Talk (Apple), however, has a I-byte dynamic address that

changes each time the station comes up.
3.9
 Example 2.1

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a

frame to a node with physical address 87.
The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology
LAN).
As the figure shows, the computer with physical address
10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address
87 is the receiver.

3.10
 Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

3.11
 Example 2.2

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical

address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

3.12
 Example 2.3

Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers

connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

3.13
 Figure 2.20 IP addresses

3.14
 Example 2.4

Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the

Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.

3.15
 Figure 2.21 Port addresses

3.16
 LOGICAL ADDRESS
Logical addresses are necessary for universal
communications that are independent of underlying
physical networks.

Physical addresses are not adequate in an internetwork

environment where different networks can have different
address formats.

A universal addressing system is needed in which each

host can be identified uniquely, regardless of the
underlying physical network.

3.17
 LOGICAL ADDRESS CONTD.

The logical addresses are designed for this purpose.

A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit
address that can uniquely define a host connected to the
Internet.

No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the

Internet can have the same IP address.

Logical addressing used to describe the network or the

networks it connects to. A logical network design displays
the IP Addresses linked with each component of the
network.
3.18
 PORT ADDRESS

The IP address and the physical address are necessary

for a quantity of data to travel from a source to the
destination host.

However, arrival at the destination host is not the final

objective of data communications on the Internet.

A system that sends nothing but data from one computer

to another is not complete. Today, computers are devices
that can run multiple processes at the same time.

3.19
 PORT ADDRESS CONTD.

The end objective of Internet communication is a process

communicating with another process. For example, computer
A can communicate with computer C by using TELNET. At
the same time, computer A communicates with computer B by
using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

For these processes to receive data simultaneously, we need a

method to label the different processes. In other words, they
need addresses.

In the TCP/IP architecture, the label assigned to a process is

called a port address. A port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in
length.
3.20
 Example 2.5

A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one

decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.

3.21
 SPECIFIC ADDRESS

Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are

designed for that specific address. Examples include the
e-mail address (for example, forouzan@fhda.edu) and
the Universal Resource Locator (URL) (for example,
www.mhhe.com).

The first defines the recipient of an e-mail; the second is

used to find a document on the World Wide Web.

These addresses, however, get changed to the

corresponding port and logical addresses by the sending
computer.
3.22
 QA Session

3.23