HOMEWORK 2

Roberth Garcia
Departamento de Eléctrica y Electrónica,Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolguí,Ecuador
ragarcia6@espe.edu.ec

Solve the exercises listed in section 1.2 and write your report using Latex .After you
generate the PDF file, you must submit your report through the on-line learning platform.

1. Exercises
1) Find the period N of the sequence

       
x [n] = cos nπ 8
cos 2nπ 15
+ sin nπ 3
sin nπ 4
cos ( nπ
8
− 2nπ
15 )+cos ( nπ
8
+ 2nπ
15 ) cos ( nπ
8
− 2nπ
15 )−cos ( nπ
8
+ 2nπ
15 )
x [n] = 2
+ 2
nπ nπ
cos (− 120 )+cos ( 31nπ
120 )
cos (− 120 )−cos ( 31nπ
120 )
x [n] = 2
+ 2
nπ nπ
cos (− 120 ) cos (− 120 )
x [n] = 2
+ 2

nπ
 
x [n] = cos −
120

2) If x [n] = 0 for n < 0 and the odd part is n (0,5)|n| find x [n] given that x [0] = 1

xo [n] = 21 (x [n] − x [−n])

[n] = 21 x [n] , n > 0
xo 
2x [n] ,n > 0
o
x [n] =
1 ,n = 0
x [n] = δ [n] + 2n(0,5)|n| µ [n − 1]

3) Express the sequence


(−1)n −2≤n≤2
x [n] =
0 otherwise

1
as a sum of scaled and shifted unit steps.

x [n] = (−1)n · (δ [n − 2] + δ [n − 1] + δ [n] + δ [n + 1] + δ [n + 2])

x [n] =
µ [n + 2] − µ [n + 1] − µ [n + 1] + µ [n] − µ [n − 1] − µ [n − 1] + µ [n − 2] + µ [n − 2] − µ [n − 3]
x [n] = µ [n + 2] − 2µ [n + 1] + µ [n] − 2µ [n − 1] + 2µ [n − 2] − µ [n − 3]
4) Listed below are several systems that relate the input x[n] to the output y[n].
For each, determine whether the system is linear or nonlinear, shift-invariant
or shift-varying, stable or unstable, causal or non-causal, and invertible or non-
invertible.

a) y [n] = x [n] + x [−n]

LINEALIDAD

αy [n] = αx [n] + αx [−n]

y 0 [n] = αx [n] + αx [−n]
αy [n] = αx [n] + αx [−n]
y’[n] = αx [n] + αx [−n]
y 1 [n] + y2 [n] = x1 [n] + x1 [−n] + x2 [n] + x2 [−n]
y’[n] = (x1 [n] + x2 [n]) + (x1 [−n] + x2 [−n])

Es Lineal

ESTABILIDAD

P∞ P∞
k=−∞ |h [k]| < ∞ ⇒ k=−∞ |2δ [k]| < ∞
Es Estable

INVARIANZA

y [n − n0 ] = x [n − n0 ] + x [−n + n0 ]
y’[n] = x [n − n0 ] + x [−n + n0 ]
Es variante

CAUSALIDAD

No es causal, ya que se puede ver que la salida depende del futuro

INVERTIBLE

No es invertible
Pn
b) k=0 x [k]

LINEALIDAD

y 0 [n] = nk=0 αx [k] = α nk=0 x [k]

P P

y’[n] = y1 [n] + y2 [n]

αy [n] = α nk=0 x [k]
P

Es Lineal

ESTABILIDAD

No es estable puesto su sumatoria es infinita

INVARIANZA

y 0 [n − n0 ] = nk=0 x [k − n0 ]
P
Pn−n0
y 0 [n − n0 ] = k=0 x [k]
Es Variante
CAUSALIDAD

No es causal puesto que la sumatoria depende de datos futuros.

INVERTIBLE

Es invertible
 Pn+n0
c) y [n] = k=n−n0 x [k]

LINEALIDAD

n+n0
y 0 [n] = k=n−n
P
αx [k]
Pn+n00
y’[n] = α k=n−n0 x [k]
P
y 1 [n] + y2 [n] = x1 [k] + x2 [k]
y’[n] = y1 [n] + y2 [n]

Es Lineal

INVARIANZA

y [n − n0 ] = n+n
P 0
x [k]
Pn+n0 k=n−n0
y[n] = k=n−n0 x [k − n0 ]

Es Invariante

ESTABILIDAD

Es estable por la sumatoria está limitada por sus limites

CAUSALIDAD

No es causal porque depende del futuro la sumatoria

INVERTIBLE

No es invertible

d) y [n] = log (x [n])

LINEALIDAD
 y’[n] = log (αx [n]) = log (α) + log (x [n])
αy [n] = α log (x [n])

No es Lineal

INVARIANZA

y [n − n0 ] = log (x [n − n0 ])
y[n] = log (x [n − n0 ])

Es Invariante

ESTABILIDAD

P∞
k=−∞ |log (δ [k])| < ∞

Es Invariante

CAUSALIDAD

Es causal porque no depende de la sumatoria

INVERTIBLE

Es invertible

d) y [n] = median (x [n − 1] , x [n] , x [n + 1])

LINEALIDAD

y [n] = median (αx [n − 1] , αx [n] , αx [n + 1])

 y’[n] = αx [n]
αy [n] = αmedian (x [n − 1] , x [n] , x [n + 1])
αy [n] = αx [n]
y 1 [n] + y2 [n] = x1 [n] + x2 [n]
y’[n] = median (x1 [n − 1] , x1 [n] , x1 [n + 1] , x2 [n − 1] , x2 [n] , x2 [n + 1])

No es Lineal

INVARIANZA

y[n − n0 ] = median (x [n − n0 − 1] , x [n − n0 ] , x [n − n0 + 1])

y’[n] = median (x [n − 1 − n0 ] , x [n − n0 ] , x [n + 1 − n0 ])

Es Invariante

ESTABILIDAD

Es Estable

CAUSAL

No es causal ya que deoende de valores futuros

INVERTIBLE

No Es invertible

5) Given below are the unit sample responses of several linear shift-invariant
systems. For each system, determine the conditions on the parameter a in order
for the system to be stable.

(a)h [n] = an µ [−n]

P+∞ P∞   P0   P+∞  k−∞  P+∞  k 

· a−∞ 
 k  k
k=−∞ |h [n]| = a µ [−k] = k=−∞ a  = k=0 a = k=0 a
 
k=−∞   
 P+∞  k 
k=0 a · a−∞  < ∞ si |a| > 1


Es Estable

(b) h [n] = an (µ [n] − µ [n − 100])

P∞ P∞  
 k
k=−∞ |h [k]| = k=−∞ a (µ [k] − µ [k − 100])

P100  k  1−a100
k=0 a  = 1−a

Es Estable

(c) h [n] = a|n|

P∞ P∞   P∞    
 |k|  P0  |k|  P∞  |k| 
k=−∞ |h [k]| =k=−∞  a  = k=−∞ |h [k]| = k=−∞  a  + k=0  a 
P∞  |k−∞|  P∞  |k| 
k=0 a  + k=0 a  si |a| < 1 es Estable ya que
P∞  |k−∞| 
|k| 
k=0  a + a <∞

6) Consider the linear shift-invariant system described by the first-order linear

constant co- efficient difference equation:

y [n] = ay [n − 1] + x [n]

Determine the conditions (if any) for which this system is stable.

x [n] = δ [n]
y p [n] = 0
y[n] − ay [n − 1] = 0
z-a=0
z=a
y H = C 1 an
h [n] = Can µ [n]
P∞H
P∞ k=−∞ |hH [n]| < ∞
n 1
k=0 |Ca | = c 1−a , si |a| < 1
 n
7) If x [n] = 3
4
µ [n − 2] and h [n] = (2)n µ [−n − 5], find the convolution y [n] =
x [n] ∗ h [n]
 y [n] = x [n] ∗ h [n] = ∞ k=−∞ x [k] h [n − k]
P

 k
Para n≥ −3  k
P∞ n P∞ 3k
3
y[n] = k=n+5 4 · 2 n−k
k=n+5 22k · 2
−k
= 2n ∞ 3
P
=2 k=n+5 8
 " n+5
#
 k P    1−( 83 )
n P∞ 3 n+4 3 k 1
=2 k=0− 8 k=0 8
= 2n 1− 38
− 1− 38
" n+5
#
( 38 )
  n+5 
n 8 3
=2 1− 38
= 2n 5
· 8

Para n≤ −3  
P ∞  3 k n−k P∞  3 k
n 1 3 9
y[n] = k=2 4
·2 =2 k=2 8 = 2n 1− 38
−1− 8
= 2n · 40
 n+5
1 3 9
y[n] = 20 4
µ [n + 2] + 20
· 2n µ [−n − 3]

8) The input to a linear shift-invariant system is the unit step,x [n] = µ [n], and
the response is y [n] = δ [n].Find the unit sample response of this system.

x [n] = µ [n]
y [n] = δ [n]
h [n] =?
P∞
y [n] = k=−∞ x [k]h [n − k]

h [n] = δ [n] − δ [n − 1]

9) Consider the linear shift-invariant system described by the LCCDE:

1
y [n] = − y [n − 1] + 2x [n]
2
Find the response of this system to the input:

2 n = 2, 4, 6..
x [n] =
0 otherwise

y [n] = − 21 y [n − 1] + 2x [n]
y[n] + 12 y [n − 1] + 2x [n] = 2x [n]
y p = C1 + C2 (−1)n
C 1 + C2 (−1) + 12 C1 + 12 C2 (−1)n−1 = 2 (1 + (−1)n )
n

3 2C1 +C2 (−1)n 1 =2+2(−1)n

2
3 2C1 =2 ⇒ C1 = 43
1 2C2 =2 ⇒ C2 =4
y p = 34 + 4(−1)n
 y[n] + 21 y [n − 1] = 0
z+ 1 2=0 ⇒ z=− 1
 n 2

y H [n] = C · − 12
y[0] + 12 y [−1] = 2x [0] = 4
y[1] + 12 y [0] = 2x [1] = −2
y H [0] = C = 4
y[n] = yp [n] + yH[n]  i
h n
y[n] = 4
3
+ 4(−1)n + 4 − 12 µ [n]

10) Consider the system described by the difference equation

y [n] − y [n − 1] + 0,25y [n − 2] = x [n] − 0,25x [n − 1]

(a) Find the unit sample response of the system.

(b) Find the response of the system to x [n] = (0,25)n µ [n]

b) x [n] = (0,25)n µ [n]

y p [n] = C1 · (0,25)n
y[n] − y [n − 1] + 0,25y [n − 2] = x [n] − 0,25x [n − 1]
C 1 · (0,25)n − C1 · (0,25)n−1 + C1 · (0,25)n−2 = (0,25)n − 0,25 · (0,25)n−1
C1=0
z 2 − z + 0,25 = 0
z 1,2= 21
n  n
y H [n] = C1 12 + C2 · n 21
y[0] − y [−1] + 0,25y [−2] = x [0] − 0,25x [−1]
y[0] = 1
y[1] = 1
y[0] = 1 = C1
y[1] = 1 = 12hC1 + 12 C2 ⇒i C2 = 1
n n
y[n] = 21 + n 12 µ [n]
a) x [n] = δ[n]
n  n
y p [n] = 0, yH [n] = C1 21 + C2 · n 12
y[0] − 0 + 0 = x [0] = 1
y[1] = 1 + 0 − 0,25 = 0,75
C1=1
h Cn 2 = 0,5 n i
y[n] = 12 + 12 n · 12 µ [n]
 n
h[n] = 21 (n + 1) · 1
2
µ [n]
2. Bibliografia
Referencias
[1] ppenheim, A., Willsky, A., Hamid Nawab, S., Mata Hernández, G. and Suárez Fernán-
dez, A. (1998). Señales y sistemas. 2nd ed. México: Prentice Hall.