Solutions Manual: Mathematics For Engineers

Solutions Manual
Mathematics for
Engineers
Fourth edition
Anthony Croft
Robert Davison
For further instructor material

please visit:
www.pearsoned.co.uk/croft
ISBN: 978-1-292-07768-0
 Pearson Education Limited 2015

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-----------------------------------
First published 1999

Second edition published 2004
Third edition published 2008
This edition published 2015
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2
© Pearson Education Limited 2015
Anthony Croft and Robert Davison, Mathematics for Engineers, 4th edition, Solutions Manual 3
The answers to most of the Exercises in the textbook are provided within the Fourth Edition of the book itself. This
Solutions Manual provides many more of the answers where these are not given in the text, or where the authors have
thought it may be helpful to provide additional information. In particular we provide the solutions to many questions
requiring graphical answers and for which there was insufficient room in the book itself.
Contents
Chapters 1-5 No additional solutions are provided

Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Block 2 4
Chapter 6 Block 4 6
Chapter 6 Block 5 8
Chapter 6 Block 6 9
Chapter 6 Block 8 10
End of Chapter Exercises 13
Chapter 8 No additional solutions are provided
Chapters 15 & 16 No additional solutions are provided
Chapters 20-23 No additional solutions are provided
Solutions to
typical examination papers Paper 1 30
Paper 2 35

4 Anthony Croft and Robert Davison, Mathematics for Engineers, 4th edition, Solutions Manual
Chapter 6 Block 2: The graph of a function

Exercises p150
5a)
15
f(x)=3x+2
10
-2 5 x
-5
domain [−2, 5], range [−4, 17]

5b)
10
g(x)=x2+4
x
-2 3
domain [−2, 3], range [4, 13]

5c)
30 p(t)=2t2+8
20
10
t
-2 4
domain [−2, 4], range [8, 40]

5d)
5 f(t)=6-t2
t
1 5
-5
-10
-15
domain [1, 5], range [−19, 5]

End of Block Exercises p151

1.
16
y=x2
x
-4 4
y = x2 ; domain [−4, 4], range [0, 16]
x
-4 4
y=-x2
-16
y = −x2 ; domain [−4, 4], range [−16, 0]

2.
20 y=7x+2
y=7x+1
10
x
-3 3
-10
-20
Both graphs have the same slope.

3.
10 y=4x
y=3x
x
-3 3
-10
Both graphs pass through the origin.

4.
TF
200
100
32
TC
0 50 100
TF = 95 TC + 32. Range [32, 212].
5.
f(x)=(x-2)(x+4)
10
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-10
Range: [−9, ∞).
Chapter 6 Block 4: One-to-one functions and inverse functions
Exercises p159
1. A one-to-many rule cannot be a function. For a rule to be a function requires a single output
to be generated from a given input.
2. For example, when x = 2 the value of y is 16. When x is −2 the value of y is also 16. So this
is a many-to-one function.
3.
y=3x-1
5
any horizontal
line cuts y=3x-1
x
only once. The graph
-3 3
is one-to-one
-5

1. a)
f(x)=-x
this function is one-to-one
b)
this function is one-to-one f(x)=-3x+7

7
c)
f(x)=x4
a horizontal line drawn through the

graph cuts more than once -
this is a many-to-one function
d)
f(x)=1/x
this is a one-to-one function

Chapter 6 Block 5: Parametric representation of a function
Exercises p165
2.
y
10
arrow shows increasing t
x
0 √
10

1.
y
2.
y
y=7-x
5
arrow shows t increasing
x
-1 5
4.
y
x
0

Chapter 6 Block 6: Describing functions
Exercises p168
4.
f(x)
7
6
5
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
Exercises p173
2. The function shown below is neither odd nor even. (It is a graph of the exponential function
f (x) = ex , explained in Chapter 8.)
f(x)

1.
f(x)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x

Chapter 6 Block 8: Common engineering functions

Exercises p197
5.
y y
y=1 / x y=1 / x2
x x
Exercises p199
1.
a) b) c)
15
f(x)=7|x-3|
10
21
f(x)=3|x|
5
1 f(x)=|x+1|
x
-5 5 -1 x 3 x

Exercises p203
1.
a) b)
u(t)
t
1
-u(t)
-1
t
c) d)
u(t-1) u(t+1)
1
1
t -1 t
1
e) f)
3u(t)
2 3 t
-1 3
u(t-3) - u(t-2)
g)
t
3
-2u(t-3)
-2

2.
25
This is the graph
of t 2 starting from t =1. t2u(t-1)
1
1 5 t
3. Solution provided in the text book.

2. y = x5 − x2 + 2, −2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
20
10
x
-2 -1 1 2
-10
-20
x−1
3. y = x+2
.
y
-5 -4 -3 -2 1 2 3 4 x
R
4. f (R) = 1+R
, R ≥ 0.
f(R)
1
O R
5. u(t − 6), u(t − 5) and u(t − 6) − u(t − 5). The final graph is obtained by subtracting the

second from the first, term by term.

1
6 t
5 t
t
5 6
-1
6. − 12 u(t + 1). Graph not provided.
7. t3 u(t − 1). This is the same as the graph of t3 for t ≥ 1.
4
2
t
-2 -1 1 2
-2
-4
Chapter 6 End of Chapter Exercises p205
8. The signum function.
sgn (x)
O x
-1
9.
u(t-1) -u(t-2)
-2 -1 O 1 2 t

10. The ramp function is defined to be zero when x < 0, and takes the form of a straight line
when x ≥ 0.
f(x)
O x
11. The graph of y = x + |x| is zero when x is negative and the same as y = 2x when x is
positive.
f(x)
-2 -1 O 1 2 x
12. The graph of f (x) = u(x − 1)|x| switches on when x = 1 and thereafter is the same as
f (x) = x.
f(x)
-2 -1 O 1 2 x
Chapter 7 Block 2: Solving quadratic equations
Computer and Calculator Exercises p232

1. x = 2.876, x = −0.447, (3.dp)
2. x = −2.360, x = 2.270, (3.dp)
3. x = −0.324, x = 0.124, (3.dp)
Chapter 7 Block 5: Solution of inequalities
1. The graph shows f (x) = 6x3 + x2 − 4x + 1. Clearly f (x) is negative when x < −1 and when
0.33 < x < 0.5. This is the solution of the inequality.

1.25 0.75 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 x
2. The graph shows f (x) = 4x4 + 9x3 − 3x2 − 10x. Clearly f (x) is positive when x < −2, when
−1.2 < x < 0 and when x > 1. This is the solution of the inequality.
-5 -4 -3 -2 1 2 3 4 5 x
x+2
3. The graph shows f (x) = x−3
. Clearly f (x) is negative when −2 < x < 3. This is the solution
of the inequality.
-10 -5 -2 3 5 x
-5
4. The graph shows f (x) = x+1

x+2
. Clearly f (x) is positive when x < −2 and when x > −1. This
is the solution of the inequality.
-10 -5 -2 5 x
-5

5. The graph shows f (x) = (x−1)(x+1)

x−3
. Clearly f (x) is negative when x < −1 and when
1 < x < 3. This is the solution of the inequality.
x
-10 -5 5 10
7. The shaded region shows where x < 3 and y > −2.
y
x=3
y=-2
Chapter 9 Block 4: Trigonometrical functions and their graphs
13.
1
y = sin(−x)
O 180o 360o x
-1

14.
x
y = tan
2
O 180o 360o x
15. Both y = A sin kx and y = A cos kx are periodic functions with the same period. Both have
amplitude A.
Chapter 9. End of Chapter Exercises p389
16.
The points of intersection give the solutions of sin x = cos(x − 20◦ ).
y = cos(x − 20◦ )
o
235
o x
55 180o 360o
y = sin(x)
Chapter 11 Block 1: Arithmetic of complex numbers
1.
a) −117 − 44j.
595 600
b) − 28561 + 28561
j = −0.0208 + 0.0210j (4dp).
2.
a) x = −7, x = 3j, x = −3j.
b) x = 1.5489 + 0.9308j, x = 1.5489 − 0.9308j, x = −0.7989 + 1.0228j, x = −0.7989 − 1.0228j
(4dp).
3. s = 0.0880, 1.9471, −0.0350 (4dp). All the poles are real.

Chapter 11 Block 2: The Argand diagram and polar form of a complex number
Exercises p460
3.
a) & b)
jz = 5j
z=5
z = 2 + 3j
jz = −3 + 2j
In general multiplication by j rotates a complex number anticlockwise through 90◦ about the
origin.
1.
4j
−5 5
3 − 3j
-5
−4 − 7j
√ √
2. If z = 3 + 8j then |z| = 32 + 82 = 73. The complex number lies in the first quadrant and
arg z = tan−1 83 = 69.4◦ .

Chapter 11 Block 3: The exponential form of a complex number
1.
π
5 5ej 3
4
3
2
π
1 ej 4
4ejπ 7e2πj
-5 5
Chapter 11 Block 5: Solving equations and finding roots of complex numbers
5.
√
z= 5∠3π/4 √
z= 5∠π/4
√ √
z= 5∠ − 3π/4 z= 5∠ − π/4

Chapter 11 End of Chapter Exercises p 496
2.
10
8
6
4 π + πj
−4 + 2j 2
13
-4 4 8 12
j 2 = −1 -2
-4
6.
The poles occur at s = −1, s = −1 − 3j and s = −1 + 3j.
−1 + 3j
−1
−1 − 3j

18.
Re(z) > 0
Re(z) ≤ −2
This is the right half plane
This corresponds to points

where the x coordinate is less
than or equal to -2
Im(z) < 3
This corresponds to all points
below the dotted line
Im(z) ≥ −3
3
This corresponds to all points

on and above the dotted line
Chapter 12 Block 5: Computer graphics
14. This is a shear by a factor of 2 in the x direction.
1 1
O 1 O 1 2

Chapter 14 Block 1: Basic concepts of vectors
Exercises p657
1.
r
2r
1r
-r
2 -3r
4r
2.
A
P
O
3.
A
a
m
O
P
b n

Chapter 14 Block 1: End of Block Exercises p657

1.
a
The result of finding a+b

(a+b)+c
a
c
b
a+b
a+b
The result of finding b+c
b+c
a+(b+c) b+c
c
a
b
Note that the result of finding a+(b+c) is the same as

finding (a+b)+c.
Chapter 17 Block 3: The area bounded by a curve
Exercises p819
1.
y
area
y=x3
5
-1 1 x
-5

Z 1
area = 2× x3 dx
0
#1
x4
"
= 2
4 0
1

= 2
4
1
=
2
2.
y
area y=cos 2t
0.5 π/4 t
Z 0.5
area = cos 2tdt
0
0.5
sin 2t sin 1

= = = 0.4207
2 0 2
3.
y
4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
y=4-x2
Z 2
area from x = 0 to x = 2, = 4 − x2 dx
0
#2
x3
"
= 4x −
3 0
8
= 8−
3
16
=
3

4.
y
area
y=x3
5
y=x
-1 1 x
-5
Z 1
area = 2× x − x3 dx
0
#1
x2 x4
"
= 2 −
2 4 0
1 1

= 2 −
2 4
1
=
2
5.
y y=ex
area
0 1 2 x
Z 2
area = ex dx
0
= [ex ]20
= e2 − 1
= 6.389

6.
area
x
1 2
Calculate the two separate areas a) between x = 0 and x = 1, and b) between x = 1 and x = 2.
Both of these equal 14 .
7. A graph of y = √ 1 is shown below. We require the area between t = 0 and t = 1. This is

9−4t2
Z 1
1
√ dt
0 9 − 4t2
which equals
1
1Z 1 1 1 −1 2t

q dt = sin
2 0 9
− t2 2 3 0
4
which simplifies to 0.365.

y
area
0 1 t

1.
1 2 3 4 t

2.
The graphs intersect when x2 − 2x = 4−x2 , that is when x2 − x − 2 = 0. That is when x = 2 and
x − 1. The area under y = 4 − x2 between x = −1 and x = 2 is 9. The area above y = x2 − 2x
between x = 0 and x = 2 is 43 . The area under y = x2 − 2x between x = −1 and x = 0 is also
4
3
. The area required is thus 9.
y y=x2-2x
-1 2 x
y=4-x2
3.
The graph cuts the x axis at x = 1 and x = 5.
y
5 y=-x2+6x-5
1 5 x
4.
The graph cuts the x axis at x = −2, x = 0 and x = 2. Each bounded segment has area 4.
y y=x3-4x
-2 2 x
Chapter 19 Block 4: Taylor series and Maclaurin series
1. a) p2 (x) = 0.
2. a) p2 (x) = x.
3. a) 0.938988 − 0.302867x + 0.032979x2 .
ex2
4. a) p2 (x) = e − 2
≈ 2.718 − 1.359x2 .

5. p4 (x) = 1.667 − 1.111x + 0.370x2 − 0.062x3 + 0.004x4 .

x3 2x5
6. x + 3
+ 15
.
3x2 x3
7. p3 (x) = − 11
6
+ 3x − 2
+ 3
.
4x3 x4
p4 (x) = − 25
12
+ 4x − 3x2 + 3
− 4
.
10x3 5x4 x5
p5 (x) = − 137
60
+ 5x − 5x2 + 3
− 4
+ 5
.
Chapter 24 Block 1: Periodic waveforms and their Fourier representation
Exercises p1167
1. a)
f(t)
t
−2π −π π π π 2π
−
2 2
b) This is an even function and so bn = 0. a0 is easily shown to be 4.
2 Z π/2
an = 4 cos nt dt
2π −π/2
4 sin nt π/2

=
π n −π/2
4 nπ nπ

= sin − sin(− )
πn 2 2
8 nπ nπ nπ
= sin since sin(− ) = − sin
πn 2 2 2
1. a)
1
f (t) = e− |t |
t
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

2.
f (t) = e− |t |
t
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
3. a)
f (t) = e−2t
f (t) = −e2t
4. a)
u(−t)
b)
7
f (t) = 7e2t u(−t)
5 a).
−π π t
f (t) = 1 − |πt | −π ≤t<π

Solutions to Typical Examination Papers
Paper 1
1.
x−8 x−8
=
2x2 + 3x − 2 (2x − 1)(x + 2)
A B
= +
2x − 1 x + 2
So
x − 8 = A(x + 2) + B(2x − 1)
Let x = −2 to obtain
−10 = B(−5) from which B = 2

1
Let x = 2
to obtain
15 5
− = A from which A = −3
2 2
So
x−8 −3 2
= +
2x2 + 3x − 2 2x − 1 x + 2
b) Using the formula for solving quadratic equations we have
q
1± 1 − 4(2)(6)
v =
2(2)
√
1± −47
=
4
√ √
1 47 1 47
= + j, − j
4 4 4 4
(c)
sin A cos A

sin 2A(tan A + cot A) = 2 sin A cos A +
cos A sin A !
sin2 A + cos2 A
= 2 sin A cos A
sin A cos A
= 2

2.
(a)
(i) Poles at x = 2 and x = −1 because at these values of x the denominator of the rational
function is zero.
(ii)
(iii) There are vertical asymptotes x = 2 and x = −1, and a horizontal asymptote y = 0.
(b)
(i) The domain is given as t ≥ 0.
(ii) The range is given by 5 ≤ g < 15.
(iii) There is no maximum value of g although g can never be greater than 15.
(iv) Solve 10 = 5(3 − 2e−t ):
10 = 5(3 − 2e−t )
2 = 3 − 2e−t
2e−t = 1
1
e−t =
2
1
−t = ln
2
1
t = − ln = ln 2
2
3.
!
6 0
(i) AB = .
−9 22
(ii) CB is not defined.
(iii) |B| = 12.
!
2 −4
(iv) B −1 = 1
12 3 0
 
2 −1
(v) C T =  3 0 
 
1 4
(b)
! ! !
4 −3 x 7
(i) =
1 6 y −32

!
6 3
(ii) D−1 = 1
27 −1 4
! ! !
1 6 3 7 1 −54
(iii) X = =
27 −1 4 −32 27 −135
Hence x = −2 and y = −5.
4.
(a)
(i)
a · b = (4)(2) + (2)(−3) + (−1)(1) = 1.
√ √
(ii) |a| = 21. |b| = 14
(iii) θ = cos−1 √ 1√
21 14
= 86.7◦ .
(b)
(i) Let the vector (a, b, c) be perpendicular to (5, 3, −2). Then the scalar product of the two
vectors must be zero. Hence any vector which satisfies 5a + 3b − 2c = 0 will be perpendicular
to (5, 3, −2). Take (1, 1, 4) for example. A unit vector is then √118 (1, 1, 4).
(ii) Let the vector (a, b, c) be perpendicular to (−1, 4, 1). Then the scalar product of the two
vectors must be zero. Hence any vector which satisfies −a + 4b + c = 0 will be perpendicular to
(−1, 4, 1). Take (1, 0, 1) for example. A unit vector is then √12 (1, 0, 1).
(iii) The vector c × d will be perpendicular to both c and d.

i j k

c × d = 5 3 −2 = 11i − 3j + 23k

−1 4 1

1
A unit vector is then √ (11i − 3j + 23k).
659
(c) Let u = u1 i + u2 j + u3 k, v = v1 i + v2 j + v3 k, w = w1 i + w2 j + w3 k. Then

i j k

v × w = v1 v2 v3 = (v2 w3 − v3 w2 )i − (v1 w3 − v3 w1 )j + (v1 w2 − v2 w1 )k

w1 w2 w3

Then
u · (v × w) = u1 (v2 w3 − v3 w2 ) − u2 (v1 w3 − v3 w1 ) + u3 (v1 w2 − v2 w1 ) (1)

Similarly,

i j k

u × v = u1 u2 u3 = (u2 v3 − u3 v2 )i − (u1 v3 − u3 v1 )j + (u1 v2 − u2 v1 )k

v1 v2 v3

and
(u × v) · w = (u2 v3 − u3 v2 )w1 − (u1 v3 − u3 v1 )w2 + (u1 v2 − u2 v1 )w3 (2)
Comparing (1) and (2) the desired result follows.

5.
(a) y 0 = 6x2 + 6x − 36.
(b) y 00 = 12x + 6.
(c) Set y 0 = 0. This gives x2 + x − 6 = 0 from which x = −3, and x = 2. When x = −3,
y = 90. Furthermore y 00 is negative so the point is a maximum. When x = 2, y = −35. Here y 00
is positive so we have a minimum.
(d) We look first for points where y 00 = 0: i.e. x = −0.5. To the left of this point y 00 < 0. To
the right, y 00 > 0. So the concavity changes and x = −0.5 is a point of inflexion. At this point
y = 27.5.
6.
(a)
Z 2 2
sin 3x sin 6

(i) (cos 3x − 1)dx = −x = − 2 = −2.093 (3dp).
0 3 0 3
#3
−2x
Z 3 "
2 e 1

−2x
(ii) e + dx = + 2 ln |x| = (e−2 − e−6 ) + 2 ln 3 = 2.264 (3 d.p.)
1 x −2 1
2
du
(b) Let u = x3 + 9; then dx
= 3x2 . The integral becomes
#17
1 Z 17 √ 1 2u3/2
"
2 3/2
u du = = 17 − 93/2 = 9.576 (3 d.p.)
3 9 3 3 9
9
(c) Use integration by parts:

#2
3xe2x 3e2x
Z 2 " Z 2
2x
3xe dx = − dx
1 2 1 1 2

#2 #2
3xe2x 3e2x
" "
= −
2 1 4 1
3 3 4 3 2
= 3e4 − e2 − e + e
2 4 4
9 4 3 2
= e − e
4 4
= 117.304
7.
(a)
√
(i) |z2 | = 10.
(ii) z1 z2 = 9 − 7j.
(iii)
z2 1 − 3j
=
z3 −2 + j
(1 − 3j)(−2 − j)
=
(−2 + j)(−2 − j)
−2 − j + 6j + 3j2
=
5
−5 + 5j
=
5
= −1 + j
√ √
(iv) |z1 | = 32 + 22 = 13 and θ = tan−1 23 = 33.69◦ . So
√
z1 = 13[cos 33.69◦ + j sin 33.69◦ ]
(b) The required equation is
[z − (−3 + 2j)][z − (−3 − 2j)] = 0

that is
(z + 3 − 2j)(z + 3 + 2j) = 0
(z + 3)2 − 4j 2 = 0
z 2 + 6z + 9 + 4 = 0
z 2 + 6z + 13 = 0

Solutions to Typical Examination Papers
Paper 2
1.
(a) Rewrite equation as tan θ = 34 . The solution in the first quadrant is 36.87◦ . The second
solution is 216.87◦ . There are no more solutions.
(b)
4 sin 2t − 3 cos 2t = R cos(2t + α)
= R[cos 2t cos α − sin 2t sin α]
Equating coefficients of sin 2t gives
4 = −R sin α (1)
Equating coefficients of cos 2t gives
−3 = R cos α (2)
Solving (1) and (2) gives R = 5 and α = tan−1 ( 43 ) = 233.1◦ . Note from (1) and (2) that α is in
the third quadrant.
Solving
4 sin 2t − 3 cos 2t = 4
is equivalent to solving
5 cos(2t + 233.1◦ ) = 4
from which
cos(2t + 233.1◦ ) = 0.8

2t + 233.1◦ = cos−1 (0.8) = 36.9◦ (reject), 323.1◦
2t = 90◦
t = 45◦
(c) Horizontally, the net force is 5 cos 40◦ + 9 cos 30◦ − 7 cos 50◦ = 7.125.
Vertically, the net force is 7 sin 50◦ + 5 sin 40◦ − 9 sin 30◦ = 4.076.
The net force has magnitude 8.208N and is directed at 29.77◦ above the positive x axis.

2.
(a) Taking the inverse of both sides gives
 
0 0 1
 0 1 −1 
7A =  
1 0 −1
from which  
0 0 1
1
A =  0 1 −1 

7 1 0 −1
(b)
Characteristic equation is λ2 − 12λ + 35 = 0. Eigenvalues are then 7 and 5.
!
−2
For λ = 7 the corresponding eigenvector is .
1
!
1
For λ = 5 the corresponding eigenvector is .
−1
3.
π

36
(a) In polar form the equation becomes r 3θ = 16 + 2kπ where k = 0, 1, 2.
2
π 2kπ
Then r = 1 and θ = + .
6 3
π 5π 3π
Explicitly we have z = 16 , z = 16 , z = 16 .
6 6 2
j
(b) Z = R + jωL − . Here ω = 2πf = 2π × 103 . Then
ωC
j 10

Z = 6 + j(2π × 103 )(3 × 10−3 ) − −4
= 6 + j 6π −
(2π × 10 )(1.5 × 10 )
3 3π
(c)
This is a complex number for which r is fixed at 2, and θ varies from 0 to π. Thus the path of
z is the upper half of a circle centred at the origin and having radius 2.
4.
(a) sketch

Z 2 Z 2
(b) volume = πy 2 dx = π (2x2 + 1)2 dx = 110.37.
1 1
(c) Z 2
221
I=ρ (2x2 + 1)x2 dx = ρ
1 15
where ρ is the mass per unit area.
Z 2
17
Now the area is (2x2 + 1)dx = . Hence 17
3
ρ = M from which ρ = 3M
17
. Finally
1 3
13M
I=
5
5.
(a)
9
(i) .
13
2
(ii) .
3
2k + 5
(iii) g[k] = , k = 0, 1, 2, . . ..
3k + 7
(b)
1 2
p3 (x) = 3 − 2x + x2 + x3
2 3
p3 (0.5) = 2.2083 4 d.p.
(c) Expand (1 + x2 )1/2 to obtain 1 + 12 x2 − 18 x4 + . . .. Valid for x2 < 1 i.e. −1 < x < 1.
6.
(a)
dy 1
(i) − y = 1.
dx x
1Z
(ii) µ = exp( − dx) = e− ln x = x−1 .
x
(iii) y = x ln x + cx.
(iv) c = 2 and so y = x ln x + 2x.

(b) The c.f. is y = Ae−x + Be2x . Note that one of the terms in the c.f. also appears on the
right-hand side. This affects the form of the trial function used in finding the p.i.
For the p.i. try y = ax + b + αxe2x .
This gives a = − 12 , b = 1
4
and α = 13 .
So the general solution is
1 1 1
y = Ae−x + Be2x − x + + xe2x
2 4 3
Imposing the given conditions shows that A = −2/9 and B = −1/36.
7.
(a)
6s
(i) .
(s2 + 9)2
6(s + 2) 6(s + 2)
(ii) 2 2
= 2 .
((s + 2) + 9) (s + 4s + 13)2
(b)
(i) f (t) = e−2t sin t.
(ii) f (t) = e−2t cos t − 2e−2t sin t
(c)
2 t 2
x(t) = − e−3t + +
9 3 9
8.
(a) Using L for lifetime (hrs) and f for frequency we have

L f Lf L − x̄ (L − x̄)2 f (L − x̄)2
40 13 520 −16.4 268.96 3496.48
50 12 600 −6.4 40.96 491.52
60 9 540 3.6 12.96 113.40
70 13 910 13.6 184.96 2404.48
80 2 160 23.6 556.96 1113.92
90 1 90 33.6 1128.96 1128.96
- Σf = 50 ΣLf = 2820 - - Σ = 8748.76

2820
(i) Mean = x̄ = 50
= 56.4
50+60
(ii) Median = Mean of 25th and 26th value = = 55
2
8748.76
√
(iii) Variance = 50
= 174.98, standard deviation = 174.98 = 13.23
(b)
(i) Out of 650 bars, 57 are rejected. So for 100 bars selected at random, expected number of
57
rejections is 650 × 100 = 8.77.
(ii) Of the 57 bars that are rejected, 20 had undergone process A. So
20
P (undergone process A | rejected) = = 0.35
57
(iii) Standardising 440 and 455 gives
440 − 450
440 → = −0.83
12
455 − 450
455 → = 0.42
12
P (−0.83 < x < 0.42) = P (x < 0.42) − P (x < −0.83)

= P (x < 0.42) − [1 − P (x < 0.83)]
= 0.6628 − [1 − 0.7967]
= 0.46(2d.p)
Thus the number of bars with a hardening time between 440 minutes and 455 minutes is
650 × 0.46 = 299
9.
" #π
1Zπ 1 t2 π
(a) a0 = tdt = = .
π 0 π 2 0 2
t sin nt π Z π sin nt
( )
1Zπ 1

an = t cos nt dt = − dt
π 0 π n 0 0 n

1 cos nt π

=
π n2 0
1
= [cos nπ − 1]
πn2
1Zπ 1 t cos nt π Z π cos nt

bn = t sin ntdt = − − − dt
π 0 π n 0 0 n
cos nπ
= −
n
from which the Fourier series is
π 2 1 2 1
f (t) = − cos t + sin t − sin 2t − cos 3t + sin 3t + . . .
4 π 2 9π 3
(question only asked for the first four non-zero terms).
(b)
Z 1 Z 2
−e−2jω + 2e−jω − 1
te−jωt dt + (2 − t)e−jωt dt =
0 1 ω2

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 Pearson Education Limited 2015

First published 1999

© Pearson Education Limited 1999, 2004, 2009, 2015

Chapters 1-5 No additional solutions are provided

© Pearson Education Limited 2015

Chapter 6 Block 2: The graph of a function

domain [−2, 5], range [−4, 17]

domain [−2, 3], range [4, 13]

domain [−2, 4], range [8, 40]

domain [1, 5], range [−19, 5]

© Pearson Education Limited 2015

End of Block Exercises p151

y = x2 ; domain [−4, 4], range [0, 16]

y = −x2 ; domain [−4, 4], range [−16, 0]

Both graphs have the same slope.

Both graphs pass through the origin.

© Pearson Education Limited 2015

TF = 95 TC + 32. Range [32, 212].

Range: [−9, ∞).

Chapter 6 Block 4: One-to-one functions and inverse functions

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End of Block Exercises p162

this function is one-to-one

this function is one-to-one f(x)=-3x+7

a horizontal line drawn through the

© Pearson Education Limited 2015

Chapter 6 Block 5: Parametric representation of a function

arrow shows increasing t

End of Block Exercises p165

arrow shows increasing t

© Pearson Education Limited 2015

Chapter 6 Block 6: Describing functions

End of Block Exercises p174

© Pearson Education Limited 2015

Chapter 6 Block 8: Common engineering functions

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© Pearson Education Limited 2015

3. Solution provided in the text book.

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second from the first, term by term.

6. − 12 u(t + 1). Graph not provided.

7. t3 u(t − 1). This is the same as the graph of t3 for t ≥ 1.

Chapter 6 End of Chapter Exercises p205

8. The signum function.

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Chapter 7 Block 2: Solving quadratic equations

Computer and Calculator Exercises p232

Chapter 7 Block 5: Solution of inequalities

Computer and Calculator Exercises p260

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1.25 0.75 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 x

4. The graph shows f (x) = x+1

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5. The graph shows f (x) = (x−1)(x+1)

Chapter 7 End of Chapter Exercises p276

7. The shaded region shows where x < 3 and y > −2.

Chapter 9 Block 4: Trigonometrical functions and their graphs

End of Block Exercises p360

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Chapter 9. End of Chapter Exercises p389

Chapter 11 Block 1: Arithmetic of complex numbers