MODULE 1 – CASE STUDY 1

Assignment - 1

Arzoo Chaudhary , STUDENT NO- 955993

[Email address]
Task – 1 – Impact of flow restrictions on velocity and flow depths of water
Part – 1
Assumption

𝐾𝐴𝑅32 𝑆21
𝑄= 𝑛
Assuming,

• K=1
• n = Rough channel with long deep pools consisting of mud and clayey soil = 0.05 (Ref.)
• N = Coefficient of mannings for hard and fissure less rock embedded in deep pools = 0.04 (Ref)

Modifying cross-section for making calculation easier

Original shape Modified cross section

Old Thomson cross section comparision
100

99

98

97

96

95

94

93

92
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Rainbow Creek cross section comparision Original Modified cross section

46

45

44

43

42

41

40
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

LHS RHS
X (m) -15 -3.5 5.2 15.21
Old Thomson
Y (m) 97.85 93.3 93.3 98.51
Side slope 2.527 1.921
For Old Thomson channel,

▪ B = Top width in m = 2.53 * y + 1.92 * y + 8.7

 ▪ M1 = 1: 2.53 and M2 = 1: 1.92
▪ Total cross-sectional area (A) = y * (8.7 + 4.7 * y) / 2
▪ From the above table the mannings equation (n) for sinuous ground was taken 0.05.
▪ Wetted perimeter of the given cross section (P) = 8.7 + ( √1 + 𝑚12 + √1 + 𝑚22 ) ∗ 𝑦
o Where m1 and m2 are slopes of sides, given above.

Y - Depth of
B A P Qcalc Elevation Velocity
water
0.51 10.969 5.016 11.191 6.161 93.81 1.2285
0.54 11.102 5.347 11.337 6.795 93.84 1.2709
0.65 11.592 6.595 11.875 9.346 93.95 1.4173
0.72 11.903 7.417 12.217 11.155 94.02 1.5040
0.83 12.392 8.753 12.754 14.287 94.13 1.6321
0.81 12.304 8.506 12.656 13.691 94.11 1.6095
0.86 12.526 9.127 12.900 15.201 94.16 1.6655

Table 1 - Old Thomson channel results

For Rainbow creek,

LHS RHS
X (m) -25.78 -23.35 0 61.29
Rainbow
Y (m) 45.06 43.1 40.6 44.62
creek
1.240 9.340 15.246
1.24 will only be used when water level exceeds 43.1 m. Till 43.1 m water level
▪ Left hand side of cross section - M1 = 1: 1.24
▪ Left hand side of cross section - M2 = 1: 9.34
▪ Right hand side of cross section – M3 = 1: 15.246
▪ Area
o Cross-sectional area till 2.5 m depth of water = A = 12.3 * y * y
o C/S area when water depth exceeds 2.5 m =
▪ 𝐴 = 8.23 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 + 21.9 ∗ 𝑦 − 29.19
▪ Wetted perimeter
o Wetter Perimeter till 2.5 m depth of water = = 24.75 *y
o W/P when water depth exceeds 2.5 m = = 23.5 + 16.8 * y

Y - Depth of water B A P Qcalc Elevation Velocity

0.42 10.326 2.169 15.811 0.645 41.02 0.2973
0.427 10.498 2.241 15.918 0.678 41.027 0.3026
0.52 12.785 3.324 17.338 1.236 41.12 0.3717
0.536 13.178 3.532 17.583 1.354 41.136 0.3835
0.62 15.243 4.725 18.866 2.099 41.22 0.4442
0.42 10.326 2.169 15.811 0.645 41.02 0.2973
Table 2 – Rainbow creek channel results

%
Q in % Y = depth of
V in m./sec. increase Ele. In m.
m3/sec. decrease water
in D
Rainb Natural (pre) 1.37 0.38 0.54 41.14
ow 0.21 0.20
Current (post) 0.68 0.30 0.43 41.03
creek
Old Natural (pre) 4.38 1.61 0.81 94.11
thoms 0.21 0.33
Current (post) 2.19 1.27 0.54 93.84
on
 Table 3 - final table for topic1

From the above table it can be seen that the regulations introduced are effective as the flow depth is decreased
considerably.

Task – 2 -Setting up the weir height

Part – A
From the given data,

There are 3 no. of gates of width 2m each and channel bed/bottom level below the gate is 93 m from AHD. Minimum
flow is 2 cum./s and 3 cum./s for Old Thompson channel and Rainbow creek respectively.

Assuming for channel, which is straight, n=0.03.

To find free flow in sluice gate the above equation is used,

Putting all the known values in equation, Q= 3 m3/sec, w=6 m, y1=1.23 when Q is 2 m3/sec for Old Thompson river.

Assuming Cd= 0.6

We get, b = 0.167 m, hence to maintain 93.24 m b should be 0.167 m with the respective flow required for Old
Thompson and Rainbow Creek.

To obtain y2,

Y2= Cc*b=0.6*0.167=0.1 m with Cc= 0.6 assumed

𝑄 3
𝑣(𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) = = = 4.9 𝑚
𝐵 ∗ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 6 ∗ 0.1
𝑉(𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) 4.91
𝐹𝑟 = = = 4.91
√𝑔 ∗ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ √9.81 ∗ 0.102

Now to get y3, there is relationship which is given by the following equation,

From putting all the values, we get y3= 0.639 m

Using Manning's equation for flow rate calculation,

𝟓
𝟏 𝑨𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟗)𝟓/𝟑
𝑸= 𝑺𝟐 = ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎.𝟓
𝒏 𝟐𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 (𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟗 ∗ 𝟐)𝟎.𝟔𝟕
𝑷
= 𝟑. 𝟕𝟒 𝒄𝒖𝒎. 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝟑 𝒄𝒖𝒎. 𝒑𝒆𝒓, 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒐𝒘 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒌
As the flow rate is greater than 3 cum. Per, so the condition of Fr vs y3 is fulfilled.
Part- B

β= depth/(Cc*b) = 1.23/(0.611*0.1666)=12.08 and

k= 0.062
Table 4 - Figure 4 - Cd/Cc value corresponding to the value of
beta

The graph clearly depicts that  is equal to 12.08

where k = 0.062 and Cc = 0.61 for free flow
condition. Then the ratio of Cd/Cc is to be
calculated. So according to the figure above,
Cd/Cc=0.9

Hence, Cd=0.9 and Cc=0.9*0.611=0.55 which is less

than the assumed value by 10%.

Turbulence induced can be said the reason for the

reduction of flow.

Part- C
a) The flow rate directly affects the depth of the water given that the cross-section area of given creek is
constant. Hence, the flow increase will obviously increase the depth of water.
b) Increase in water level of weir can also lead to increase of water level and thus indirectly increasing the flow
rate of Old Thompson.

Task – 3
Part – A

Y - Depth Ele.
B A P Qcalc Elevation Velocity Difference
of water measured

Rainbow
0.710 17.456 6.197 20.241 3.147 41.310 0.508 41.25 0.05 m
creek
Old
0.519 11.009 5.114 11.235 2.008 93.819 0.393 94.19 0.15 m
Thomson
Table 5 - Calculation of normal depth for both cross-section

From the above table, it can be seen significance increase in the measured values by HEC-RAC than calculated
theoretically. The reasons for these changes can be assumed as the manning’s value wasn’t exact and that can
change the value calculated and the other possible reason can be the software using GVF model. As the water
reaches upstream, due to cross section changes it, it cause depth to rise more than normal one, which is not GVF.

Part – B
Y - Depth
B A P Qcalc Elevation Velocity Fr
of water
Rainbow
0.710 17.456 6.197 20.241 3.147 41.310 0.508 0.192
creek
Old
0.519 11.009 5.114 11.235 2.008 93.819 0.393 0.174
Thomson
Table 6 - Calculation of Froude number for both channels
As Fr< 1 so the flow is sub critical for both cases.

Part – C
1. Regulating structures such as check dams and weir has to be given to control the downstream water level.
2. As this channel does not change bed slope for long segments hence calculation done by GVF is not suitable.
3. Throughout long channel, there can be sections which are rapidly changing that cam also change the values
of our calculation. Segments of shorter lengths can be considered for better results.

Part – D
From the results given by the software, we
can see that from 0-220 m the flow is
subcritical and has channel slope and water
level causing decrease in specific energy.
However, after 220m decrease in slope is
observed and flow is supercritical. So the
section at 220m is to be considered while
calculations.
Table 7 - Energy curve

References
Brizga, S. O. (1990). River channel changes in Gippsland, Victoria. The University of Melbourne. Retrieved from
http://cat.lib.unimelb.edu.au/record=b1675012
Cengel. (2006). Fluid Mechanics - Fundamentals and Applications. Fluid Mechanics, 603–697.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405935-1.00012-5
Sindelar, C., & Smart, G. (2014). Transition flow in step-pool systems: Pressure distributions and drag forces. Journal
of Hydraulic Engineering, (May 2012), 04016035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY
Chadwick, A. and Moffitt, J. 1998 Hydraulics in civil and environmental engineering. London: E&FN Spon.